List of gig economy companies explained

The following is a list of gig economy companies. The list includes only companies that have been noted by sources as being former or current gig economy companies.

Background

The Congressional Research Service defines the "gig economy" as:

the collection of markets that match providers to consumers on a gig (or job) basis in support of on-demand commerce. In the basic model, gig workers enter into formal agreements with on-demand companies to provide services to company's clients. Prospective clients request services through an Internet-based technological platform or smartphone application that allows them to search for providers or to specify jobs. Providers (gig workers) engaged by the on-demand company provide the requested service and are compensated for the jobs.^{[1] [2]}

In 2019, Queensland University of Technology published a report stating 7% of Australians participate in the gig economy.^[3] 10% of the American workforce participated in the gig economy in 2018.^[4] According to a 2019 Bank of Canada report, 18% of Canadians worked in the gig economy for non-recreational reasons.^[5] Around 2018, 15% of China's workforce, representing over 110 million people, was involved in the gig economy.^[4] In 2019, the World Bank estimated that globally, fewer than 0.5% of people in the "active labor force" take part in the gig economy.

List of gig economy companies

Accommodation

Company	Based in	Description
Airbnb	United States	An online home rental service[6] [7]
CouchSurfing	United States	An online home rental service[8]
FlipKey	United States	An online home rental marketplace[9]
Peerspace	United States	An online hourly venue rental service
Onefinestay	United Kingdom	An online rental service
Vrbo/HomeAway	United States	An online home rental service.[10] In July 2020, HomeAway was merged with Vrbo.[11]
Xiaozhu	China	An online short-term home and apartment rental platform[12]

Caregiving

Company	Based in	Description
Care.com	United States	An online platform for hiring caregivers[13] [14]
Sittercity.com	United States	An online platform for hiring caregivers[15]
Soothe	United States	An online massage service provider[16] [17]
UrbanSitter	United States	An online babysitter company[18]

Delivery

Company	Based in	Description
Amazon Flex	United States	An online delivery service
Cargomatic	United States	An online delivery platform that connects drivers with customers[19]
CitySprint	United Kingdom	A courier service[20] [21]
Deliv	United States	An online delivery service[22] [23]
DPDgroup	France	An online parcel delivery service[24]
Dunzo	India	An online delivery service[25]
eCourier	United Kingdom	A courier service[26]
ekart	India	A courier service
GoPuff	United States	A convenience store delivery service[27]
Hermes Group	Germany	An online delivery company[28]
Lalamove	Hong Kong	An online delivery service[29]
Rappi	Colombia	An online delivery service[30] [31] [32]
Roadie	United States	Online delivery[33] [34] [35]
Shipt	United States	An online delivery service[36] [37]
Shyp	United States	Was a courier service company. Now dissolved.[38]
UK Mail	United Kingdom	An online parcel delivery service[39]
Yodel	United Kingdom	An online parcel delivery service

Grocery

Company	Based in	Description
Farmdrop	United Kingdom	An online grocer with food sourced from local farmers[40]
Blinkit	India	An online grocery delivery service[41]
The Food Assembly	France	An online farmers' market[42]
honestbee	Singapore	Was an online grocery and food delivery service. Now dissolved.[43] [44]
Instacart	United States	An Internet-based grocery delivery service

Food

Company	Based in	Description
Deliveroo	United Kingdom	An online food delivery company[45] [46] [47]
DoorDash	United States	Online food delivery[48]
Delivery Hero	Germany	Online food delivery[49]
Drizly	United States	An alcohol delivery service[50]
EatStreet	United States	An online food ordering service[51]
Ele.me	China	An online food delivery service[52]
Favor Delivery	United States	An online food delivery service[53]
Foodora	Germany	An online food delivery service[54]
Foodpanda	Germany	An online food delivery platform[55]
Glovo	Spain	An online food delivery service
Grubhub	United States	Online food delivery[56]
iFood	Brazil	An online food delivery service[57] [58]
Just Eat	United Kingdom	Online takeaway food delivery
Just Eat Takeaway	Netherlands	Online food delivery[59]
Menulog	Australia	Online food delivery[60] [61]
Munchery	United States	Was an online food delivery service
OrderUp	United States	Was an online food delivery service[62]
Postmates	United States	Delivers restaurant-prepared meals and other goods
Seamless	United States	An online food delivery service. Now a subsidiary of Grubhub[63]
SkipTheDishes	Canada	An online restaurant ordering and food delivery company[64] [65]
Swiggy	India	An online food delivery platform[66] [67] [68]
Uber Eats	United States	An online food delivery platform
Wolt	Finland	Online food delivery[69]
Zomato	India	An online food delivery platform

Education

Company	Based in	Description
italki	United States	An online language learning platform
VIPKid	China	An online platform for Chinese students to receive lessons from fluent English-speaking teachers[70]

Knowledge Work (Freelancing platforms)

Company	Based in	Description
Airtasker	Australia	An online marketplace for outsourcing tasks
Amazon Mechanical Turk	United States	An online crowdsourcing website for performing tasks[71]
Toloka	United States	An online crowdsourcing website for performing tasks
Figure Eight Inc.	United States	An online work platform to complete tasks
Freelancer.com	Australia	An online freelancing platform
Upwork	United States	An online freelancing platform
Fiverr	Israel	An online freelancing platform
PeoplePerHour	United Kingdom	An online freelancing platform
Toptal	United States	An online freelancing platform[72]
Hello Alfred	United States	An online platform for completing tasks[73]
InnoCentive	United States	An online platform where problem solvers can receive monetary rewards from organizations

Business and technical services

Company	Based in	Description
Andela	United States	An online platform for training software programmers in Africa and connecting them with clients[74]
Catalant	United States	A matchmaking platform for office work. Was formerly known as HourlyNerd[75] [76]
Expert360	Australia	An online platform for matching independent business consultants with clients [77]
Field Agent	United States	A platform for retailers to request in-store information from users
Field Nation	United States	An online marketplace that matches IT and other freelancers with corporate clients[78]
Gigster	United States	An online platform to complete software projects[79]
Liveops	United States	An online platform offering call center services[80] [81] [82]
Kaggle	United States	An online platform for data science competitions
Managed by Q	United States	An online office management platform company
PeoplePerHour	United Kingdom	An online freelancing platform
Shiftgig	United States	An online staffing firm[83]
Toptal	United States	An online freelancing platform
Upwork	United States	An online freelancing platform
WorkMarket	United States	Online platform for businesses to contract technical contracting

Creative services

Company	Based in	Description
99designs	Australia	An online platform to connect graphic designers and clients[84]
Crowdspring	United States	An online platform for creative services[85]
Fiverr	Israel	An online marketplace for freelance services[86]
Tongal	United States	An online platform that connects businesses in need of creative work with writers and directors[87]

Home services

Company	Based in	Description
AskforTask	Canada	An online marketplace where people can outsource their daily tasks[88]
Bellhops	United States	An online moving service[89]
GreenPal	United States	An online landscaping network company[90]
Handy	United States	An online home services company
Helpling	United Kingdom	An online platform for cleaning services[91]
HomeAdvisor	United States	An online platform that connects homeowners to contractors[92]
Homejoy	United States	Was an online maid company. Now closed[93] [94] [95]
Pimlico Plumbers	United Kingdom	A plumbing firm[96]
Porch	United States	An online platform that connects homeowners to home improvement contractors[97]
Rover.com	United States	An online dog-walking service
SudShare	United States	An online laundry service[98] [99]
TaskRabbit	United States	An on-demand freelance labor service
Thumbtack	United States	An online platform that connects people to professionals[100] [101]
Wag	United States	An online dog-walking service
YourMechanic	United States	An online platform that connects car owners with mechanics[102]
Urban Company	India	An online home services company[103]

Health services

Company	Based in	Description
Nomad Health	United States	An online platform that joins freelance physicians and nurses with hospitals[104] [105] [106] [107]
Pager	United States	An online platform that connects healthcare providers and patients
Talkspace	United States	An online platform to connect to therapists[108]
Chunyu	China	An online platform for medical information[109]

Legal services

Company	Based in	Description
LegalZoom	United States	An online platform that connects consumers with lawyers[110]
Rocket Lawyer	United States United Kingdom	An online platform that connects consumers with lawyers
UpCounsel	United States	An online marketplace for legal services[111] [112] [113]

Retail

Company	Based in	Description
Carousell	Singapore	An online marketplace for selling goods[114] [115]
Etsy	United States	An online marketplace for handmade goods[116] [117]
Lazada Group	Singapore	An online marketplace for selling goods
Meituan-Dianping	China	An online food delivery, consumer products and retail service

Transportation and parking

Company	Based in	Description
Addison Lee	United Kingdom	A minicab firm[118]
Bird	United States	An online electric scooter sharing platform[119] [120] [121]
BlaBlaCar	France	An online marketplace for carpooling[122] [123]
Blacklane	Germany	An online transportation network[124]
Bolt	Estonia	An online transportation network company[125] [126]
Bridj	Australia	A private commuter shuttle service
Cabify	Spain	A ridesharing company[127] [128]
Careem	United Arab Emerites	A transportation network company[129]
Carma	Ireland	An online transportation network company
Chariot	United States	Was a commuter shuttle service. Now closed[130] [131]
DiDi	China	An online ride-hailing service[132]
Hello	China	An online platform for bicycle-sharing service[133]
DriveNow	Germany	An online carsharing service
Easy Taxi	Brazil	An online transportation network company[134]
EasyCar	United Kingdom	An online carsharing service[135]
Free Now	Germany	A transportation network company[136]
Getaround	United States	An online car-sharing service[137]
Gett	Israel	A transportation network company
GOGOX	Hong Kong	An online transportation network company[138]
Gojek	Indonesia	An online transportation network company[139]
Grab	Singapore Indonesia	An online transportation network company[140]
Hailo	United Kingdom	An online transportation network company[141]
HopSkipDrive	United States	A transportation network company for children
Juno	United States	An online transportation network company
JustPark	United Kingdom	An online platform that matches drivers with parking spaces
Kakao T	South Korea	An online transportation network company
Lime	United States	An online transportation company
Luxe	United States	An online parking service
Lyft	United States	A transportation network company
Meru Cabs	India	An online ridesharing company[142]
Quiqup	United Kingdom	An online transportation network[143] [144]
Ola Cabs	India	An online transportation company
Sidecar	United States	Was an online transportation company. Now closed
Spin	United States	An online scooter sharing platform[145]
Turo	United States	An online carsharing platform[146] [147]
Uber	United States	An online transportation network company
Via	United States	An online transportation network company
ViaVan	Netherlands	An online transportation network company[148] [149] [150]
Wingz	United States	An online transportation network company[151]
Yandex	Russia	An online transportation network company
YourParkingSpace	United Kingdom	An online platform that matches drivers with parking spaces[152]

See also

• Business model
• Peer-to-peer
• Sharing economy
• Temporary work
• Crowdsourcing
• List of multi-level marketing companies

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

• Book: Carter, Chris James . Martin . Lee . Wilson . Nick . 2018 . The Palgrave Handbook of Creativity at Work . Social Media and the Future of Creativity at Work . Cham, Switzerland . . 978-3-319-77349-0 . 2019-10-07 .
• Book: Cavallini, Gionata . Alessi . Cristina . Barbera . Marzia . Guaglianone . Luciana . 2019 . Impresa, lavoro e non lavoro nell'economia digitale . Foodora, Deliveroo & Co.: le fattispecie della gig-economy italiana, tra previsioni contrattuali ed effettive modalità di esecuzione del rapporto* . Italian . https://air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/543080/1022430/Cavallini%20-%20paper%20brescia%20- . Bari . . . 978-88-99068-51-6 . 2019-09-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190930010215/https://air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/543080/1022430/Cavallini%20-%20paper%20brescia%20- . 2019-09-30 .
• Book: English-Lueck, J.A. . 2017 . 2002 . Cultures@SiliconValley: Second Edition . Stanford . . 978-1-5036-0023-2 . 2019-09-29 .
• Book: Fishman, Stephen . Fitzpatrick . Diana . 2018 . Tax Guide for Gig Workers . Berkeley . . 978-1-4133-2603-1 . 2019-09-30 .
• Book: Gratton . Lynda . Scott . Andrew . 2016 . The 100-Year Life: Living and Working in an Age of Longevity . London . . 978-1-4729-3015-6 . 2019-10-07 .
• Book: Hall, Jo-Carby . Redinha . Maria Regina . Guimarães . Maria Raquel . Fernandes . Francisco Liberal . 2019 . The Sharing Economy: Legal Problems of a Permutations and Combinations Society . Innovatory Forms of Employment in the Twenty-First Century Versus Employment Status . Newcastle upon Tyne . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . 978-1-5275-2076-9 . 2019-09-30 .
• Book: Kennedy, Paul . 2016 . Vampire Capitalism: Fractured Societies and Alternative Futures . London . . 978-1-137-55265-5 . 2019-09-29 .
• Book: Madariaga . Javier . Buenadicha . Cesar . Molina . Erika . Ernst . Christoph . 2019 . Economía de plataformas y empleo: ¿Cómo es trabajar para una app en Argentina? . Buenos Aires . . 1121089882 . 2019-09-30 .
• Book: Manthorpe, Jonathan . 2020 . Restoring Democracy in an Age of Populists and Pestilence . Toronto . . 978-1-77086-583-9 . 2021-11-07 .
• Book: Massotte, Pierre . 2017 . Ethics in Social Networking and Business 2: The Future and Changing Paradigms . London . . 978-1-119-45703-9 . 2019-09-29 .
• Book: Mulcahy, Diane . 2016 . The Gig Economy: The Complete Guide to Getting Better Work, Taking More Time Off, and Financing the Life You Want . New York . . 978-0-8144-3734-6 .
• Book: Oppong, Thomas . 2018 . Working in the Gig Economy: How to Thrive and Succeed When You Choose to Work for Yourself . London . . 978-0-7494-8355-5 . 2019-09-23 .
• Book: Pagano . Michael A. . 2017 . Jobs and the Labor Force of Tomorrow: Migration, Training, Education . Urbana . . 978-0-252-04153-2 . 2019-09-29 .
• Book: Park, Hai-Woong . Sakamoto . Akiko . Sung . Johnny . 2018 . Skills and the Future of Work: Strategies for inclusive growth in Asia and the Pacific . New forms of business and increased nonregular forms of employment: Opportunity and challenge for skills for inclusion and innovation in the Republic of Korea . Bangkok . . 978-92-2-132306-8 . 2019-10-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191006095944/https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@sro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_650239.pdf . 2019-10-06 .
• Book: Ravenelle, Alexandrea J. . 2019 . Hustle and Gig: Struggling and Surviving in the Sharing Economy . Oakland . . 978-0-520-30056-9 . 2019-09-30 .
• Book: Sinicki, Adam . 2018 . Thriving in the Gig Economy: Freelancing Online for Tech Professionals and Entrepreneurs . Bicester . . 978-1-4842-4089-2 . 2019-09-23 .
• Book: Udell . Chad . Woodill . Gary . 2019 . Shock of the New: The Challenge and Promise of Emerging Technologies . Alexandria, Virginia . . 978-1-947308-81-7 . 2019-09-29 .
• Book: Weltman, Barbara . 2018 . J.K. Lasser's Small Business Taxes 2018: Your Complete Guide to a Better Bottom Line . Hoboken . . 978-1-119-38041-2 . 2019-09-30 .
• Book: World Bank . 2019 . The Changing Nature of Work . Washington, DC . . 10.1596/978-1-4648-1328-3 . 978-1-4648-1328-3 . 169770934 . 2019-10-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191006085426/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/816281518818814423/2019-WDR-Report.pdf . 2019-10-06 .

Further reading

• Web site: Donovan . Sarah A. . Bradley . David H. . Shimabbukuro . Jon O. . 2016-02-05 . What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers? . . 2019-09-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190810053719/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44365.pdf . 2019-08-10 .

Notes and References

1. Web site: Donovan . Sarah A. . Bradley . David H. . Shimabbukuro . Jon O. . 2016-02-05 . What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers? . . 2019-09-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190810053719/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44365.pdf . 2019-08-10 .
2. Kalleberg . Arne L. . Arne L. Kalleberg . Dunn . Michael . 2016 . Good Jobs, Bad Jobs in the Gig Economy . 10–13, 74 . . 2019-09-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190923000856/http://michael-dunn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ALK-MD.-JQ-in-Gig-Economy.pdf . 2019-09-23 .
3. News: Carey . Rachel . 2019-06-19 . The so-called 'gig economy' changing the Australian workforce . . 2019-09-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190923071703/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-so-called-gig-economy-changing-the-australian-workforce . 2019-09-23 .
4. News: Rothschild . Viola . 2018-09-07 . China's Gig Economy is Driving Close to the Edge. . 2019-09-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190923064655/https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/09/07/chinas-gig-economy-is-driving-close-to-the-edge/ . 2019-09-23 .
5. Web site: Kostyshyna . Olena . Luu . Corinne . The Size and Characteristics of Informal ("Gig") Work in Canada . 3 . June 2019 . . 2019-10-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191007081822/https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/san2019-6.pdf . 2019-10-07 .
6. News: Gelles . David . 2018-11-06 . Give Gig Economy Workers Equity? The S.E.C. Is Considering It . . 2019-09-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190923002829/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/06/business/dealbook/gig-economy-equity-sec-rule-701-uber-airbnb.html . 2019-09-23 .
7. News: Meyer . David . 2019-04-30 . Why Airbnb Could Escape the Uber Trap in Europe . . 2020-03-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191004135639/https://fortune.com/2019/04/30/airbnb-europe-uber-ecj-opinion/ . 2019-10-04 .
8. Sanders . Donald E. . Pattison . Patricia . 2016-10-01 . Worker Characterization in a Gig Economy Viewed through an Uber Centric Lens . 26 . 1 . Southern Law Journal . . 2019-10-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191007065631/https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-4305516551/worker-characterization-in-a-gig-economy-viewed-through . 2019-10-07 .
9. News: Peng . Jenny . 2015-07-22 . Asia must get to grips with Airbnb and the growing 'gig economy' to make business competition fair . . 2019-09-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190929073952/https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1842776/asia-must-get-grips-airbnb-and-growing-gig-economy-make . 2019-09-29 .
10. News: Overly . Steven . 2016-10-13 . Uber and Airbnb helped expand the gig economy. These researchers think they've measured how much. . . 2019-09-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190929075749/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/10/13/uber-and-airbnb-helped-expand-the-gig-economy-these-researchers-think-theyve-measured-how-much/ . 2019-09-29 .
11. Web site: This July, HomeAway is becoming Vrbo — a single brand giving families even more ways to travel better together. . 2020-07-01 . homeaway.com . 2020-07-02 . 2020-07-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200702003050/https://www.homeaway.com/ . live .
12. News: Jing . Meng . 2017-02-26 . Pots of gold await in China's gig economy: how mobile technology is transforming the world's biggest jobs market . . 2019-09-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190923064144/https://www.scmp.com/tech/china-tech/article/2073048/pots-gold-chinas-gig-economy . 2019-09-23 .
13. News: Scheiber . Noam . Noam Scheiber . 2016-09-14 . Care.com Creates a $500 Limited Benefit for Gig-Economy Workers . . 2019-09-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190929014534/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/14/business/carecom-creates-a-500-limited-benefit-for-gig-economy-workers.html . 2019-09-29 .
14. News: Kessler . Sarah . 2018-06-13 . The future of work will raise difficult questions. Are we prepared to confront them? . . 2019-09-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190929014245/https://qz.com/1304591/the-future-of-work-will-raise-difficult-questions-an-excerpt-from-gigged-by-sarah-kessler/ . 2019-09-29 .
15. News: Said . Carolyn . 2017-11-22 . Nonprofit offers free course on how to do gig work . . 2019-10-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191007051056/https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Nonprofit-offers-free-course-on-how-to-do-gig-work-12378761.php . 2019-10-07 .
16. News: Bass . Debra D. . 2016-06-24 . Massage on-demand app comes to St. Louis . . 2020-02-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200216091641/https://www.stltoday.com/business/local/massage-on-demand-app-comes-to-st-louis/article_4f4ee185-afbf-5ff4-b2df-0cc18ebb7d8a.html . 2020-02-16 .
17. News: Wen . Tiffanie . 2018-02-02 . The entourages of the travel elite . . 2020-02-16 . https://archive.today/20200216092025/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20171130-the-health-hacks-of-elite-travellers . 2020-02-16 . live .
18. News: Gee . Kelsey . 2017-08-08 . In a Job Market This Good, Who Needs to Work in the Gig Economy? . . 2019-09-23 . https://archive.today/20170808125819/https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-a-job-market-this-good-who-needs-to-work-in-the-gig-economy-1502184607 . 2017-08-08 . live .
19. News: Ward . Marguerite . 2015-08-03 . How apps are transforming US trucking . . 2019-09-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190930042242/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/08/03/how-apps-are-transforming-us-trucking.html . 2019-09-30 .
20. News: Butler . Sarah . 2018-09-26 . Uber and CitySprint among gig economy firms to face parliament . . 2019-09-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190923010912/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/sep/26/uber-and-citysprint-among-gig-economy-firms-to-face-parliament . 2019-09-23 .
21. News: Chapman . Ben . 2018-04-06 . Gig economy union files £200,000 holiday pay claim against courier company CitySprint . . 2019-09-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190923011140/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/citysprint-gig-economy-union-iwgb-holiday-pay-claim-courier-employment-tribunal-a8292531.html . 2019-09-23 .
22. News: Said . Carolyn . 2019-06-22 . Deliv switching California couriers to employees – 'start of a wave' . . 2019-09-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190930081744/https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Deliv-switching-California-couriers-to-employees-14029663.php . 2019-09-30 .
23. News: Mims . Christophoer . 2019-05-04 . In a Tight Labor Market, Gig Workers Get Harder to Please . . 2019-09-30 . https://archive.today/20190930082137/https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-a-tight-labor-market-gig-workers-get-harder-to-please-11556942404 . 2019-09-30 . live .
24. News: 2018-03-26 . DPD improves workers' rights after driver's death . . 2019-09-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190930014038/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-43545589 . 2019-09-30 .
25. News: Rao . Mohit M . 2019-08-30 . The 'gig' economy is creating lakhs of jobs, but workers don't see a future . . 2019-09-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190930092349/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/the-gig-economy-is-creating-lakhs-of-jobs-but-workers-dont-see-a-future/article29299673.ece . 2019-09-30 .
26. News: Booth . Robert . 2017-05-12 . Royal Mail firm launches review after admitting it denied courier benefits: eCourier says it wrongly classified Demille Flanore as an independent contractor, thus denying him holiday and sick pay . . 2019-09-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190923011549/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/may/12/gig-economy-ecourier-admits-denying-courier-employment-benefits . 2019-09-23 .
27. News: Cowan . Emery . 2018-03-26 . The good and the bad of gig work in Flagstaff . . 2019-09-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190923035950/https://azdailysun.com/news/local/the-good-and-the-bad-of-gig-work-in-flagstaff/article_705e0519-72e7-5b48-92de-ec24632ef864.html . 2019-09-23 .
28. News: Wright . Robert . 2019-02-03 . Hermes couriers awarded union recognition in gig economy first . . 2019-09-23 . https://archive.today/20190923010254/https://www.ft.com/content/255950d2-264d-11e9-b329-c7e6ceb5ffdf . 2019-09-23 . live .
29. News: 2020-06-16 . Socso hopes more gig workers will benefit from social protection [NSTTV] ]. . . 2021-03-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210301105901/https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/06/601164/socso-hopes-more-gig-workers-will-benefit-social-protection . 2021-03-01 .
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31. News: Rueda . Manuel . 2019-07-29 . Venezuelan migrants propel billion-dollar delivery app: Rappi, like similar companies, has also come under criticism for its modern-day labour practices, which reflect some of the shortcomings of the gig economy. . . . 2020-02-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200216092740/https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/latin-america/venezuela-migrants-propel-billion-dollar-delivery-app.phtml . 2020-02-16 .
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