List of off-season Atlantic hurricanes explained

An off-season Atlantic hurricane is a tropical or subtropical cyclone that existed in the Atlantic basin outside of the official Atlantic hurricane season. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration currently defines the season as occurring between June 1 and November 30 each calendar year, which is when 97% of all Atlantic tropical cyclones occur.[1] Peak activity is known to be between August and October.[2] [3] Between 1938, when the United States Weather Bureau began issuing tropical cyclone warnings as a collaborative observation network for cities along the U.S. coastline, and 1963, the season was defined between June 15 and November 15.[4] In 1964, the season was extended to begin on June 1 and end on November 30,[5] which remains the official length of the season.

, there have been 92 off-season cyclones recorded in the official Atlantic hurricane database, which dates back to 1851. In addition, six earlier such storms have been documented, but are not part of the database. The first off-season storm in the database was an 1865 storm that developed in the Caribbean Sea; an earlier documented 1863 hurricane is not part of the database. The most recent off-season system was an unnamed January subtropical storm in 2023.

Background

Off-season storms are most likely to occur in May, with approximately 60% of such storms occurring during that month. Off-season cyclones are most likely to develop in the central to western Atlantic Ocean, and most do not make landfall. Of the storms that have, a tropical storm in 1948 that struck the Dominican Republic, killing 80 people in the Dominican Republic, was the deadliest. However, the unofficial hurricane in 1863 killed 110 people, in a shipwreck off Florida and on land. That same storm was estimated to have reached winds of 105mph, making it the strongest hurricane between December and May; the strongest currently in the official database was a March hurricane in 1908 that reached winds of 100mph. In addition, the strongest off-season cyclone to make landfall in the United States was Tropical Storm Beryl in May of 2012, which made landfall near Jacksonville Beach, Florida with 65mph winds.[6] Hurricane Alice was the only one of the cyclones to strike land as a hurricane, doing so to islands in the northern Lesser Antilles; it caused locally heavy rainfall and moderate damage. Of all cyclones during the off-season, Hurricane Lili in 1984 lasted the longest, for a total of 12 days. In 2005, Hurricane Epsilon maintained hurricane status for five days, longer than any other storm in December; the previous record was two and a half days, set by Hurricane Lili.

The year with the most off-season storms was 1887, with a total of five existing in the off-season. The 1951 season had four, one of which a depression. Several others had three tropical cyclones, of which only 2003 had three tropical storms. The 1908 and 1951 seasons were the only ones with two hurricanes forming in the off-season. In eight seasons, there were storms both prior to the start of the season as well as after the season ended, those being 1887, 1911, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1970, 2003, and 2007; all but 1911 had tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm status before and after the season. The longest streak of consecutive years featuring at least one pre-season storm was seven, from 2015 through 2021.

Chronology

Tropical cyclones have been named in the Atlantic since the 1947 Atlantic hurricane season, and subtropical cyclones have been recognized in HURDAT since 1968. The National Hurricane Center issues names for tropical and subtropical cyclones once their winds reach 39mph. Before 1950, storms were numbered based on their appearance in the Atlantic hurricane database; tropical depressions were unnumbered.[7] [8] Storms before 1851 are unofficial and are not part of the official Atlantic hurricane best track. In addition, a hurricane from May 1863, labeled "Amanda", is included after being rediscovered in 2013.

The wind speeds listed are maximum one-minute average sustained winds, and the pressure is the minimum barometric pressure; tropical cyclones listed with N/A under pressure indicates there is no known estimated pressure. For deaths, "None" indicates that there were no reports of fatalities; death tolls listed as "several" mean there were fatalities reported, but an exact total is unavailable. For both deaths and damage, N/A refers to no known total, although such storms may have impacted land. The damage totals are the United States dollar of the year of the storm.

|-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Cuba || || ||[9] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Cuba || || || [9] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Cuba || || ||[9] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Eastern Caribbean Sea || || ||[9] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Cuba, United States East Coast || || ||[9] [10] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Jamaica || || ||[9] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Florida || || || [11] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Caribbean Sea || || |||-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Jamaica || || |||-| || || bgcolor=#| || || ≤ || Atlantic Canada || || ||[7] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || ≤ || Jamaica, Cuba, Bahamas || || ||[7] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Bahamas || || ||[7] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Central Atlantic Ocean || || ||[7] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Lesser Antilles, Colombia, Nicaragua || || ||[7] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Western Atlantic Ocean || || ||[7] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Cuba || || ||[7] [12] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Haiti, Cuba || || ||[7] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Central Atlantic Ocean || || ||[7] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || ≤ || Lesser Antilles || || ||[7] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || North Carolina || || ||[7] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Central Atlantic Ocean || || ||[13] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Central Atlantic Ocean || || ||[13] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Haiti, Cuba || || ||[13] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Central Atlantic || || ||[13] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Northern Atlantic Ocean || || ||[13] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Central Atlantic Ocean || || ||[7] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || 990sigfig=4NaNsigfig=4 || Cuba, United States East Coast || || ||[7] [14] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Nicaragua || || ||[7] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Cuba, United States East Coast
Bermuda, Azores || || ||[7] [15] [16] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Dominican Republic || || ||[17] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Yucatán Peninsula || || ||[18] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Hispaniola || || ||[19] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Texas || || ||[20] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Eastern Atlantic Ocean || || ||[20] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Eastern Atlantic Ocean || || ||[21] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || < || Western Atlantic Ocean || || ||[22] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Dominican Republic || || ||[12] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Western Atlantic Ocean || || || |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Bahamas, North Carolina || || ||[23] [24] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || (29.77 inHg) || Western Atlantic Ocean || || ||[7] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Azores || || || |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Florida || || |||-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Cuba, Florida || || ||[25] [7] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || ≤ || Central Atlantic Ocean || || |||-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Lesser Antilles || || ||[7] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Central Atlantic Ocean || || ||[7] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Northeastern Atlantic Ocean || || ||[7] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || ≤ || North Carolina || || |||-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Lesser Antilles || || ||[26] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Western Atlantic Ocean || || |||-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || United States Gulf Coast || || ||[27] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Western Atlantic Ocean || || ||[28] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Southeastern United States || || || [28] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Western Atlantic Ocean || || ||[28] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Cuba, Florida || || ||[29] [30] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Western Atlantic Ocean || || || [31] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Southeastern United States || || ||[32] [33] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Central Atlantic Ocean || || |||-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Central Atlantic Ocean || || |||-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Belize, Mexico, Cuba
Jamaica, United States Gulf Coast || || ||[34] [35] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Northeast Atlantic Ocean || || |||-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Florida || || |||-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Central Atlantic Ocean || || |||-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Cuba, Bahamas || || ||[36] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Hispaniola || || ||[37] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Western Caribbean || || |||-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Bahamas || || |||-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Cuba || || ||[38] [39] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Cuba || || ||[40] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Cuba, Florida || || ||[41] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Central Atlantic Ocean || || ||[42] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Cuba, Florida || || ||[43] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Northeastern Atlantic Ocean || || ||[44] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Western Atlantic Ocean || || ||[45] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Florida || || ||[46] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Hispaniola || || ||[46] [47] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Eastern Atlantic Ocean || || ||[46] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Central Atlantic Ocean || || ||[48] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Central Atlantic Ocean || || ||[49] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Central Atlantic Ocean || || ||[49] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Southeast United States coast || || ||[50] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Greater Antilles || || ||[50] [51] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Belize, Yucatán Peninsula || || ||[52] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Western Atlantic Ocean || || ||[53] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia || || ||[54] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Florida, Georgia, Cuba, The Bahamas || || ||[6] [55] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Azores || || ||[56] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Southeastern United States || || ||[57] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Bermuda, Azores || || ||[58] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Southeastern United States, The Bahamas || || ||[59] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Central Atlantic Ocean || || ||[60] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, Southeastern United States || || ||[61] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Bermuda || || || [62] |-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Florida, Bahamas, North Carolina, Bermuda || || |||-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || The Bahamas, Florida, Georgia, The Carolinas, Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania || || |||-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || Bermuda || || |||-| || || bgcolor=#| || || || New England, Atlantic Canada || || || [63] |}

Systems by month

Off-season storms are most likely to occur in May, followed by December. Several late November systems have persisted into December thus enhancing its count. Conversely, only one storm has formed in March, followed by February with two. Additionally, a pair of hurricanes have spanned two calendar years: Hurricane Alice in 1954–1955, and Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005–2006.[7]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Dorst, Neil. Hurricane Research Division. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. 2012. Subject: G1 – When is hurricane season?. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. 2010-03-02.
  2. Web site: Dorst, Neil. Hurricane Research Division. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. 2012. Subject: G1 – When is hurricane season?. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. 2010-03-02.
  3. News: Staff writer. United Press International. 2. Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 1964-06-01. Annual Man Against Nature Battle Opens This Morning. 2010-02-28.
  4. News: Staff writer. 14. Associated Press. The Evening Independent. 1938-06-15. Hurricane Warning Service Expanded. 2010-02-28.
  5. News: Staff writer. United Press International. 2. Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 1964-06-01. Annual Man Against Nature Battle Opens This Morning. 2010-02-28.
  6. Beven II, John L. [{{NHC TCR url|id=AL022012_Beryl}} Tropical storm Beryl]. Tropical Cyclone Report. December 12, 2012. National Hurricane Center. December 14, 2012. PDF. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service.
  7. Hurricane Research Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT. May 14, 2015.
  8. Book: Colin J. McAdie . Christopher W. Landsea . Charles J. Neumann . Joan E. David . Eric S. Blake . Gregory R. Hammer . Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1851 – 2006 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . August 20, 2009 . Sixth . 18 . July 7, 2010 .
  9. Chenoweth, Michael. 2006. A Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity, 1700–1855. 0165-0009. 76. 1–2. Climatic Change. January 12, 2013. 169–240. 10.1007/s10584-005-9005-2. 2006ClCh...76..169C. 10.1.1.693.8761. 154932650.
  10. Web site: Ludlum, David M . Florida State University . The Early June Hurricane of 1825 – II — June 3 – 5 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120728190548/http://mailer.fsu.edu/~jelsner/HHITProject/HHITyears/1825/storm1_pt2_ludlum.pdf . July 28, 2012 . live .
  11. Chenoweth, Michael. Mock, Cary J. Hurricane "Amanda": Rediscovery of a Forgotten U.S. Civil War Florida Hurricane. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94. 11. 1735–1742. 2013. 10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00171.1. 2013BAMS...94.1735C. 123011306 . free.
  12. Rappaport, Edward N . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center . March 1, 2013 . Fernandez-Partagas, Jose . live . January 1995 . The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492 – 1994 . NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-47 . January 13, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130301223758/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/NWS-NHC-1995-47.pdf . 23 .
  13. Hurricane Research Division . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . 2005 . Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT – 2005 Changes/Additions for 1911 to 1914 . January 13, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130218101322/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_dec12.html . February 18, 2013 . live .
  14. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1916135N21280}} 1916 Tropical Storm Not Named (1916135N21280)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. June 13, 2022.
  15. Day, W P. December 1925. Tropical Cyclones During 1925. Monthly Weather Review. 53. 540–555. January 13, 2013. 10.1175/1520-0493(1925)53<540a:TCD>2.0.CO;2. 1925. 1925MWRv...53..540D. free.
  16. News: Morning Avalanche. December 2, 1925. Four Lives Lost in Storm Off Tampa Coast.
  17. Web site: Hurricane Research Division . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . 2012 . Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1932 . January 13, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140107020610/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_1932.html . January 7, 2014 . live .
  18. Web site: Hurricane Research Division . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . 2012 . Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1933 . January 13, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061240/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_1933.html . September 21, 2013 . live .
  19. Web site: Hurricane Research Division . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research . 2012 . Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1935 . January 13, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083616/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_1935.html . August 19, 2014 . live .
  20. Web site: Hurricane Research Division . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research . 2012 . Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1936 . January 13, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225016/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_1936.html . May 12, 2014 . live .
  21. Web site: 2012 . Hurricane Research Division . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research . Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1938 . January 13, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213946/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_1938.html . October 4, 2013 . live .
  22. Web site: 2012 . Hurricane Research Division . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research . Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1940 . January 13, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082545/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_1940.html . August 19, 2014 . live .
  23. Hurricanes of 1951. Monthly Weather Review. January 1, 1952. 80. 1. Norton, Grady. 1–4. 10.1175/1520-0493(1952)080<0001:HO>2.0.CO;2. January 13, 2013. 1952MWRv...80....1N. free.
  24. Moore, Paul L. 189–195. 79. 10. Davis, Walter R.. A Preseason Hurricane of Subtropical Origin. Monthly Weather Review. October 1, 1951. 10.1175/1520-0493(1951)079<0189:APHOSO>2.0.CO;2. 1951MWRv...79..189M.
  25. Norton, Grady. Hurricanes of 1953. Monthly Weather Review. December 1, 1953. 81. 12. 388–391. 10.1175/1520-0493(1953)081<0388:HO>2.0.CO;2. January 14, 2013. 1953MWRv...81..388N. free.
  26. Colón, José A. 1955. On the formation of Hurricane Alice, 1955. 10.1175/1520-0493(1956)084<0001:OTFOHA>2.0.CO;2. January 14, 2013. Monthly Weather Review. 84. 1. 1–14. 1956MWRv...84....1C. free.
  27. Dunn, Gordon E. The Hurricane Season of 1959. Monthly Weather Review. December 1, 1959. 87. 12. 441–450. 10.1175/1520-0493-87.12.441. 1959MWRv...87..441D.
  28. 1961 Atlantic Hurricane Database Reanalysis. Hurricane Research Division. Sandy Delgado. Chris Landsea. January 10, 2020. December 26, 2019.
  29. News: The Miami News. 6-A. May 25, 1970. Seven Cubans Drown in Floods of Alma. September 28, 2021. Newspapers.com.
  30. Web site: National Hurricane Center. 1970. Deaths from Hurricane Alma. December 26, 2009.
  31. Web site: 1966–1970 Metadata. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. January 18, 2022.
  32. News: C1. Palm Beach Post. May 29, 1972. Four Drown in Area Mishaps. September 28, 2021. Newspapers.com.
  33. Storm Data . May 1972 . 14 . 5 . May 20, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240520005739/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-08BE50EA-EBB3-4322-B7B1-853915D000C0.pdf. May 20, 2024 . dead .
  34. Frank, Neil L. Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1974. Monthly Weather Review. April 1, 1975. 103. 4. 294–300. 10.1175/1520-0493(1975)103<0294:ATSO>2.0.CO;2. 1975MWRv..103..294F. free.
  35. News: Associated Press. The Spartanburg Herald. May 21, 1974. July 21, 2011. Tropical Depression South Of New Orleans. 1.
  36. Lawrence, Miles B. Pelissier, Joseph M. Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1981. Monthly Weather Review. July 1, 1982. 110. 7. 852–866. 10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0852:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. 1982MWRv..110..852L. free.
  37. 7. Lawrence, Miles B. Clark, Gilbert B. Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1984. Monthly Weather Review. July 1, 1985. 113. 1228–1237. 10.1175/1520-0493(1985)113<1228:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. 1985MWRv..113.1228L.
  38. Web site: Características generales de los factores del régimen hidrológico de Cuba . March 3, 2007 . 2003 . Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos . es . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070312215337/http://www.hidro.cu/hidrologia1.htm . March 12, 2007 .
  39. Avila, Lixion A . Clark, Gilbert B . Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1988 . Monthly Weather Review . October 1, 1989 . 117 . 10 . 2260–2265 . 10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2260:ATSO>2.0.CO;2 . 1989MWRv..117.2260A . free .
  40. Mayfield, Britt M. Case, Bob. Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1989. Monthly Weather Review. May 1, 1990. 118. 5. 1165–1177. 10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1165:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. 1990MWRv..118.1165C. free. See p. 1176.
  41. Avila, Lixion A. Pasch, Richard J. Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1990. Monthly Weather Review. August 1, 1991. 119. 8. 2027–2033. 10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<2027:ATSO>2.0.CO;2. https://web.archive.org/web/20180921134231/https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0493%281992%29120%3C2688%3AATSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2. September 21, 2018. 1991MWRv..119.2027A. free. Alt URL
  42. Mayfield, Britt M. Avila, Lixion A. Rappaport, Edward N. Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1992. Monthly Weather Review. March 1, 1994. 122. 3. 517–538. 10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<0517:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. 1994MWRv..122..517M. free.
  43. Avila, Lixion A. National Hurricane Center. June 30, 1993. Tropical Depression One. Preliminary Report. March 1, 2010. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service.
  44. Pasch. Richard J.. Avila. Lixion A.. Guiney. John L.. Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1998. Monthly Weather Review. December 2001. 129. 12. 3115–3116. American Meteorological Society. 10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<3085:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. 2001MWRv..129.3085P. 119709886 . free.
  45. Beven, John L. Stewart, Stacy R. Lawrence, Miles B. Avila, Lixion A. Franklin, James L. 1520-0493. Pasch, Richard J. Monthly Weather Review. July 1, 2003. 131. 7. 1454–1484. Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2001. 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1454:ASHSO>2.0.CO;2. 2003MWRv..131.1454B. 10.1.1.406.2342. 123028502 .
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  47. Web site: DR1 . 2003 . January 4, 2013 . dead . Odette damage: RD$294 million . March 13, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130104110000/http://dr1.com/news/2003/dnews121103.shtml#10 .
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