List of natural disasters by death toll explained

A natural disaster is a sudden event that causes widespread destruction, major collateral damage, or loss of life, brought about by forces other than the acts of human beings. A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, landslide, hurricanes, etc. To be classified as a disaster, it must have profound environmental effects and/or loss of life and frequently causes financial loss.

Ten deadliest natural disasters by highest estimated death toll excluding epidemics and famines

This list takes into account only the highest estimated death toll for each disaster and lists them accordingly. It does not include epidemics and famines. The list also does not include the 1938 Yellow River flood, which was caused by the deliberate destruction of dikes.

Death toll (Highest estimate)	Event	Location	Date
[1]	1931 China floods	China
[2] [3] [4]	1887 Yellow River flood
[5]
[6]		East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
[7]	2010 Haiti earthquake	Haiti
[8]	526 Antioch earthquake	Byzantine Empire (now Hatay/Turkey)
[9]	1839 Coringa cyclone	Andhra Pradesh, India
[10]	1737 Calcutta cyclone	Bengal, India
[11]	1920 Haiyuan earthquake	China
[12]	1139 Ganja earthquake	Seljuk Empire (present-day Azerbaijan)

Deadliest natural disasters by year excluding epidemics and famines

20th century

Year	data-sort-type=number	Death tolls	Event	Countries affected	Type	Date
1900	6,000–12,000	1900 Galveston hurricane	United States	Tropical cyclone	September 9
1901	9,500	1901 eastern United States heat wave	United States	Heat wave	June–July
1902	29,000	1902 eruption of Mount Pelée	Martinique	Volcanic eruption	April–August
1903	3,500	1903 Manzikert earthquake	Turkey	Earthquake	April 29
1904	400	1904 Sichuan earthquake	China		August 30
1905	20,000+	1905 Kangra earthquake	India		April 4
1906	15,000	1906 Hong Kong typhoon	Hong Kong,China	Tropical cyclone	September 18
1907	12,000–15,000	1907 Qaratog earthquake	Uzbekistan	Earthquake	October 21
1908	75,000–82,000	1908 Messina earthquake	Italy		December 28
1909	6,000–8,000	1909 Borujerd earthquake	Iran		January 23
1910	2,450	1910 Costa Rica earthquakes	Costa Rica		May 4
1911	41,072[13]	1911 France heat wave	France	Heat wave	June–August
1912	50,000–220,000	1912 China typhoon	China	Tropical cyclone	August 29
1913	942–1,900	1913 Eshan earthquake	China	Earthquake	December 21
1914	2,344	1914 Burdur earthquake	Turkey		October 4
1915	29,978-32,610	1915 Avezzano earthquake	Italy		January 13
1916	2,000–10,000	White Friday avalanches	Italy	Avalanche	December 13
1917	1,500	1917 Bali earthquake	Indonesia	Earthquake	January 21
1918	1,000	1918 Shantou earthquake	China		February 13
1919	5,000	1919 Kelud mudflow	Indonesia	Volcanic eruption	May 19
1920	258,707–273,407	1920 Haiyuan earthquake	China, Mongolia	Earthquake	December 16
1921	215	September 1921 San Antonio floods	United States	Flood	September 7 –11
1922	50,000–100,000+	1922 Shantou typhoon	Philippines, China	Tropical cyclone	July 27 –August 3
1923	105,385-142,800	1923 Great Kantō earthquake	Japan	Earthquake	September 1
1924	1,000	Great flood of 99	India	Flood	July
1925	5,000	1925 Dali earthquake	China	Earthquake	March 16
1926	709	1926 Havana–Bermuda hurricane	Cuba, United States, Bahamas, Bermuda	Tropical cyclone	October 14 –28
1927	40,912	1927 Gulang earthquake	China, Tibet	Earthquake	May 22
1928	4,112+	1928 Okeechobee hurricane	United States, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Bahamas, Dominica,	Tropical cyclone	September 12 –21
1929	3,257–3,800	1929 Kopet Dag earthquake	Iran, Turkmenistan	Earthquake	May 1
1930	2,000–8,000	1930 San Zenón hurricane	Dominican Republic	Tropical cyclone	September 3
1931	422,499–4,000,000	1931 China floods	China	Flood	July – November
1932	3,103+	1932 Cuba hurricane	Cayman Islands, Cuba	Tropical cyclone	November 9
1933	6,865–9,300	1933 Diexi earthquake	China	Earthquake	August 25
1934	10,700–12,000	1934 Nepal–India earthquake	Nepal, India		January 15
1935	145,000	1935 Yangtze flood	China	Flood	July 6
1936	5,000+	1936 North American heat wave	United States, Canada	Heat wave	June – September
1937	11,021	1937 Great Hong Kong typhoon	China	Tropical cyclone	September 2
1938	715+	1938 Hanshin flood	Japan	Flood	July
1939	32,700–32,968	1939 Erzincan earthquake	Turkey	Earthquake	December 27
1940	1,000	1940 Vrancea earthquake	Romania		November 10
1941	1,200	1941 Jabal Razih earthquake	Yemen		January 11
1942	61,000	1942 West Bengal cyclone	India	Tropical cyclone	October 14 – 18
1943	2,824-5,000	1943 Tosya–Ladik earthquake	Turkey	Earthquake	November 27
1944	10,000	1944 San Juan earthquake	Argentina		January 15
1945	4,000	1945 Balochistan earthquake	Pakistan		November 28
1946	2,550	1946 Dominican Republic earthquake	Dominican Republic		August 4
1947	1,077	Typhoon Kathleen	Japan	Tropical cyclone	September 15
1948	10,000–110,000	1948 Ashgabat earthquake	Soviet Union, Iran	Earthquake	October 6
1949	7,200	1949 Khait earthquake	Tajikistan	Earthquake	July 10
1950	4,800		India, China		August 15
1951	4,800	1951 Manchuria flood	China	Flood	September 18
1952	2,336	1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake	Russia	Earthquake	November 4
1953	2,551	North Sea flood of 1953	Netherlands, Belgium, England, Scotland	Flood	January 31–February 1
1954	33,000	1954 Yangtze floods	China		June – September
1955	1,023+	Hurricane Janet	Lesser Antilles, Mexico	Tropical cyclone	September 22 – 30
1956	4,935	Typhoon Wanda	China		August 1
1957	1,500	1957 Sangchal earthquake	Iran	Earthquake	July 2
1958	1,269	Typhoon Ida	Japan	Tropical cyclone	September 26
1959	5,098	Typhoon Vera
1960	14,174	Severe Cyclonic Storm Ten	East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)		October 31
1961	11,468	Cyclone Winnie			May 6 – 9
1962	50,935	Tropical Storm Harriet	Thailand, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)		October 19 – 31
1963	22,000		East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)		May 28
1964	7,000	Tropical Storm Joan	Vietnam		November 4 – 11
1965	47,000	1965 Bengal cyclones	East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)		May 11 – 12 and June 1 – 2
1966	8,064	1966 Xingtai earthquakes	China	Earthquake	March 22
1967	10,000	1967 Paradip cyclone[14]	India	Tropical cyclone	October 26
1968	15,000	1968 Dasht-e Bayaz and Ferdows earthquakes	Iran	Earthquake	August 31
1969	3,000	1969 Yangjiang earthquake	China		July 26
1970	300,000-500,000	1970 Bhola cyclone	India, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)	Tropical cyclone	November 13
1971	100,000	Hanoi and Red River Delta flood	North Vietnam	Flood	August 1
1972	5,374	1972 Qir earthquake	Iran	Earthquake	April 10
1973	2,175–2,204	1973 Luhuo earthquake	China		February 6
1974	8,210+	Hurricane Fifi–Orlene	Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico	Tropical cyclone	September 18 – 20
1975	26,000-240,000	1975 Banqiao Dam Failure disaster triggered by Typhoon Nina	China		August 7
1976	242,419–655,000	1976 Tangshan earthquake		Earthquake	July 28
1977	10,000–50,000	1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone	India	Tropical cyclone	November 19
1978	15,000–25,000	1978 Tabas earthquake	Iran	Earthquake	September 16
1979	2,078	Hurricane David	Dominican Republic, Dominica	Tropical cyclone	August 15 – September 8
1980	2,633-5,000		Algeria	Earthquake	October 10
1981	3,000		Iran		June 11
1982	2,800	1982 North Yemen earthquake	Yemen		December 13
1983	1,342		Turkey		October 30
1984	1,474		Philippines	Tropical cyclone	August 26 – September 6
1985	23,000		Colombia	Volcanic eruption	November 13
1986	1,746		Cameroon		August 21
1987	1,000		Ecuador	Earthquake	March 6
1988	25,000-50,000		Armenia		December 7
1989	3,814	1989 Sichuan flood	China	Flood	July 27
1990	35,000-45,000		Iran	Earthquake	June 21
1991	138,866		Bangladesh	Tropical cyclone	April 24 – 30
1992	2,500		Indonesia	Earthquake, Tsunami	December 12
1993	9,748	1993 Latur earthquake	India	Earthquake	September 30
1994	3,063		China, Taiwan	Tropical cyclone	August 21
1995	6,434		Japan	Earthquake	January 17
1996	1,077	1996 Andhra Pradesh cyclone	India	Tropical cyclone	November 4 – 7
1997	3,123	Tropical Storm Linda	Vietnam, Thailand	Tropical cyclone, Flood	November 1 – 9
1998	11,374		Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico	Tropical cyclone	October 22 – November 9
1999	10,000-30,000		Venezuela	Mudslide, Flood	December 14 – 16
2000	700–800		Mozambique	Flood	February – March

21st century

Year	data-sort-type=number	Death toll	Event	Countries affected	Type	Date
2001	13,805–20,023		India	Earthquake	January 26
2002	1,200		Afghanistan		March 25
2003	72,000		Europe	Heat wave	July – August
2004	227,898		Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Maldives, Somalia	Earthquake, Tsunami	December 26
2005	86,000–87,351		India, Pakistan	Earthquake	October 8
2006	5,749–5,778		Indonesia		May 26
2007	15,000		Bangladesh, India	Tropical cyclone	November 11 – 16
2008	138,373		Myanmar		April 27 – May 3
2009	1,115		Indonesia	Earthquake	September 30
2010	100,000–316,000		Haiti	Earthquake	January 12
2011	19,749		Japan	Earthquake, Tsunami	March 11
2012	1,901		Philippines	Tropical cyclone	December 4 – 5
2013	6,340		Philippines, Vietnam, China		November 8 – 10
2014	2,700	2014 Badakhshan mudslides	Afghanistan	Landslide	May 2
2015	8,964		Nepal, India	Earthquake	April 25
2016	1,111[15]		India	Heat wave	April – May
2017	3,059		Puerto Rico, Dominica	Tropical cyclone	September 19 – 21
2018	4,340	2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami	Indonesia	Earthquake, Tsunami	September 28
2019	3,951+		Europe	Heat wave	June – July
2020	6,511	2020 South Asian floods	Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka	Flood	May – October
2021	2,248	2021 Haiti earthquake	Haiti	Earthquake	August 14
2022	24,501	2022 European heatwaves	Europe	Heat wave	June 12 – September 12
2023	59,259–62,013	2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes	Turkey, Syria	Earthquake	February 6
2024	1,084	2024 Afghanistan-Pakistan floods	Afghanistan, Pakistan	Floods	6 March 2024 – 4 September 2024[16]

Lists of deadliest natural disasters by cause

Avalanches/landslides (or landslips)

See main article: List of avalanches by death toll, List of landslides, Avalanche and Landslide.

Rank	Death toll (estimate)	Event	Location	Date
1.		1786 Dadu River landslide dam; triggered by the 1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake[17]	China
		1920 Haiyuan landslides; triggered by the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake
3.	+	Landslides triggered by the 1718 Tongwei–Gansu earthquake.[18]	China
4.		1970 Huascarán avalanche triggered by the 1970 Ancash earthquake[19]	Peru
5.	–30,000	Vargas tragedy[20]	Venezuela	1999
		White Friday avalanches[21] [22]	Italy
7.	–28,000	Khait landslide[23] [24]	Tajikistan
8.	–6,000	1941 Huaraz avalanche[25]	Peru
		1962 Huascarán avalanche
10.		1310 Western Hubei landslide	China

Disease outbreaks

See main article: List of epidemics, Epidemic and Pandemic. Death counts are historical totals unless indicated otherwise.Events in boldface are ongoing.

Rank	Death toll (estimate)	Event	Location	Date	Pathogen − (disease caused)
1.	data-sort-value="075000000	75–200 million[26]	Black Death	Europe, Asia and North Africa	1346–1353	Yersinia pestis − (Plague)
2.	data-sort-value="50000000"	50 million+ (17–100 million)[27] [28]	Spanish flu	Worldwide	1918–1920	Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 − (Influenza/"the flu")
3.	data-sort-value="40100001"	43 million (as of 2024)[29]	HIV/AIDS pandemic	Worldwide	1981–present	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) − (HIV/AIDS)
4.	data-sort-value="030000000"	30–50 million[30] [31] [32]	Plague of Justinian	Europe and West Asia	541–542	Yersinia pestis − (Plague)
5.	data-sort-value="023000000"	7–29 million[33] [34] [35]	COVID-19 pandemic	Worldwide	2019–2023[36]	SARS-CoV-2 − (COVID-19)
6.	data-sort-value="012000000"	12–15 million (India and China)[37]	Third plague pandemic	Worldwide	1855–1960	Yersinia pestis − (Bubonic plague)
7.	data-sort-value="010000000"	5–15 million[38] [39] [40] [41]	Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548	Mexico	1545–1548	Uncertain. Likely Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica − (Enteric fever) or viral hemorrhagic fever but no consensus.
8.	data-sort-value="07500000"	5–10 million[42]	Antonine Plague	Roman Empire	data-sort-value="0165"	165–180 (possibly up to 190)	Likely Variola − (Smallpox), possibly alongside Measles morbillivirus − (Measles)
9.	data-sort-value="6500000"	5–8 million	1520 Mexico smallpox epidemic	Mexico	1519–1520	Variola virus − (Smallpox)
10.	data-sort-value="2500000"	2.5 million[43]	1918–1922 Russia typhus epidemic	Russia	1918–1922	Rickettsia prowazekii − (Epidemic typhus)

Earthquakes

See main article: Earthquake.

Rank	Death toll (estimate)	Event	Location	Date
1.	–655,000[44]	1976 Tangshan earthquake	China
2.		2010 Haiti earthquake	Haiti
3.	–300,000	526 Antioch earthquake	Byzantine Empire (now Turkey)
4.		1920 Haiyuan earthquake	Ningxia, Republic of China (now People's Republic of China)
5.	270,000	1303 Hongdong earthquake[45]	Mongol Empire (now China)
6.	[46]	115 Antioch earthquake	Roman Empire (now Turkey)
7.		1138 Aleppo earthquake	Zengid dynasty (now Syria)
		1139 Ganja earthquake	Seljuk Empire (now Azerbaijan)	20 September 1139
9.		2004 Indian Ocean earthquake	Indonesia
10.		856 Damghan earthquake	Abbasid Caliphate (now Iran)

Famines

See main article: List of famines and Famine.

Note: Some of these famines may have been caused or partially caused by humans.

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	11,000,000–40,000,000		China	–1961
2.	25,000,000[47]	Chinese famine of 1906–1907	Qing China	–1907
3.	9,000,000–13,000,000[48]			–1879
4.	11,000,000		North India	–1784
		Doji bara famine or Skull famine	India	–1793
6.	10,000,000	Great Bengal famine of 1770, incl. Bihar & Orissa	British company India	–1773
7.	7,500,000		Europe	–1317
8.	7,400,000		Mughal Empire, now India	–1632
9.	5,000,000–8,000,000			–1933
10.	5,500,000	Indian Great Famine of 1876–1878		–1878

Floods

See main article: List of floods, List of deadliest floods and Flood.

Note: Some of these floods and landslides may be partially caused by humans – for example, by failure of dams, levees, seawalls or retaining walls.
This list does not include the man-made 1938 Yellow River flood caused entirely by a deliberate man-made act (an act of war, destroying dikes).

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	422,499–4,000,000[49]		China	1931
2.	930,000–2,000,000			1887
3.	230,000	1975 Banqiao Dam failure		1975
4.	145,000			1935
5.	100,000+	St. Felix's flood, storm surge		1530
7.	100,000	1911 Yangtze River flood	China	1911
8.	100,000[50] [51] [52] [53]	The flood of 1099	Netherlands & England	1099
9.	50,000–80,000	St. Lucia's flood, storm surge	Holy Roman Empire	1287
10.	60,000	North Sea flood, storm surge		1212

Heat waves

See main article: List of heat waves and Heat wave.

Note: Measuring the number of deaths caused by a heat wave requires complicated statistical analysis, since heat waves tend to cause large numbers of deaths among people weakened by other conditions. As a result, the number of deaths is only known with any accuracy for heat waves in the modern era in countries with developed healthcare systems.

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	72,000		Europe	2003
2.	56,000		Russia	2010
3.	41,072	1911 France heat wave	France	1911
4.	24,501-61,672	2022 European heat waves	Europe	2022
5.	9,500		United States	1901
6.	5,000–10,000	1988–1990 North American drought	United States	1988
7.	3,951	2019 European heat waves	Europe	2019
8.	3,418	2006 European heat wave		2006
9.	2,541[54]	1998 Indian heat wave	India	1998
10.	2,500			2015

Limnic eruptions

See main article: Limnic eruption.

Note: Only 2 cases in recorded history.

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	1,744			August 21, 1986
2.	37			August 15, 1984

Tornadoes

See main article: List of tornadoes causing 100 or more deaths and Tornado.

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	1,300		Manikganj, Bangladesh	1989
2.	751		United States (Missouri–Illinois–Indiana)	1925
3.	681	1973 Dhaka tornado		1973
4.	660	1969 East Pakistan tornado	East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)	1969
5.	600			1551 or 1556
6.	500		Sicily, Two Sicilies (now Italy)	1851
		Narail-Magura tornado	Jessore, East Pakistan, Pakistan (now Bangladesh)	1964
		Madaripur-Shibchar tornado		1977
9.	400		Soviet Union (Volga Federal District, Central Federal District, and Northwestern Federal District in Russia)	1984
10.	317		United States (Mississippi–Louisiana)	1840

Tropical cyclones

See also: List of the deadliest tropical cyclones and Tropical cyclone.

Note: Earlier versions of this list have included the so-called 'Bombay Cyclone of 1882' in tenth position, but this supposed event has been proven to be a hoax.

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	500,000+		East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
2.		1839 Coringa cyclone	British India (now India)
3.	300,000+
4.	229,000	Super Typhoon Nina—contributed to Banqiao Dam failure	China
5.	200,000[55]		British Raj (now Bangladesh)
6.	138,866
7.	138,373
8.	100,000	July 1780 typhoon[56]
9.	60,000+		India
10.	50,000-220,000		China

Tsunamis

See also: List of tsunamis and Tsunami.

Note: A possible tsunami in 1782 that caused about 40,000 deaths in the Taiwan Strait area may have been of "meteorological" origin (a cyclone).^[57]

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.			Indian Ocean
2.	[58]		Italy
3.
4.	–50,000[59]
5.	–100,000			2nd Millennium BC
6.			Japan
7.
8.	[60]	1896 Sanriku earthquake
9.
10.	[61] –50,000[62]

Volcanic eruptions

See main article: List of volcanic eruptions by death toll and Volcanic eruption.

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	71,000+[63]	1815 eruption of Mount Tambora (see also Year Without a Summer)	Indonesia
2.	36,000+[64]
3.	30,000[65]
4.	23,000[66]
5.	15,000[67]		Japan
6.	13,000[68]	Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD
7.	10,000+
8.	6,000[69]
9.	5,000[70]		Indonesia
10.	4,011[71]	1822 Galunggung eruption

Wildfires

See main article: List of wildfires and Wildfire.

Rank	data-sort-type="number"	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	1,200–2,500		Wisconsin, United States
2.	1,000+	Kursha-2 fire
3.	453	Cloquet fire[72]	Minnesota, United States
4.	418–476
5.	282		Michigan, United States
6.	240	1997 Indonesian forest fires[73] [74]	Sumatra and Kalimantan, Indonesia
7.	160–300		Canada
8.	223		Ontario, Canada
9.	211	1987 Black Dragon fire	China and Soviet Union
10.	173	Black Saturday bushfires	Australia

Winter storms

See main article: List of blizzards, Blizzard and Winter storm.

Rank	Death toll (estimate)	Event	Location	Date
1.		1972 Iran blizzard	Iran
2.		Carolean Death March	Norway
3.		2008 Afghanistan blizzard	Afghanistan
4.		Great Blizzard of 1888	United States
5.		Great Appalachian Storm of 1950
6.		1993 Storm of the Century
7.		2021 North American winter storm	United States and Mexico
8.		December 1960 nor'easter	United States
9.		Great Lakes Storm of 1913	United States and Canada (Great Lakes region)
10.		Schoolhouse Blizzard	United States

See also

• List of countries by natural disaster risk
• List of all known deadly earthquakes since 1900
• List of disasters in Canada
• List of disasters in Indonesia
• List of disasters in the Philippines
• List of disasters in Thailand
• List of natural disasters in the British Isles
• List of natural disasters in Haiti
• List of natural disasters in New Zealand
• List of natural disasters in Pakistan
• List of natural disasters in the United States
• Natural disasters in India
• Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
• Global catastrophic risk

Other lists organized by death toll

• List of accidents and disasters by death toll
• List of battles by casualties
• List of disasters in Antarctica by death toll
• List of disasters in Australia by death toll
• List of disasters in Canada by death toll
• List of disasters in Croatia by death toll
• List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland by death toll
• List of disasters in New Zealand by death toll
• List of disasters in Poland by death toll
• List of disasters in Romania by death toll
• List of disasters in the United States by death toll
• Tsunamis affecting the British Isles

External links

• Natural Hazards Data from NOAA National Geophysical Data Center
• "When Nature Attacks" from Newsweek
• World's worst natural disasters since 1900
• Earthquake Hazards Program – USGS
• EM-DAT: The International Disaster Database managed by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters
• Disasters Database Report from Emergency Management Australia

Notes and References

1. Web site: August 30, 2010. May 8, 2008. The world's worst natural disasters. September 21, 2023. CBC News.
2. Web site: Top 10 Deadliest Natural Disasters. September 7, 2007. Listverse. March 28, 2020. March 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200328153429/https://listverse.com/2007/09/07/top-10-deadliest-natural-disasters/. live.
3. Web site: NOVA Online | Flood! | Dealing with the Deluge. PBS. August 11, 2010. March 18, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100318015234/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/flood/deluge.html. live.
4. Web site: Pappas. Stephanie. Means. Tiffany. March 3, 2022. Top 11 Deadliest Natural Disasters in History. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130702232018/https://www.livescience.com/33316-top-10-deadliest-natural-disasters.html. July 2, 2013. January 28, 2020. livescience.com.
5. News: '76 Termed Among Worst in Toll from Earthquakes. The New York Times. January 24, 1977. March 28, 2023. February 5, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230205090025/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/01/24/archives/76-termed-among-worst-in-toll-from-earthquakes.html. live.
6. Web site: The 16 deadliest storms of the last century. Business Insider India. September 13, 2017. February 23, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220107131218/https://www.businessinsider.in/science/the-16-deadliest-storms-of-the-last-century/slidelist/60486966.cms. January 7, 2022. live.
7. Web site: December 12, 2013. Haiti Earthquake Fast Facts. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201001033415/https://www.cnn.com/2013/12/12/world/haiti-earthquake-fast-facts/index.html. October 1, 2020. September 26, 2020. CNN.
8. Web site: Significant Earthquake Information. National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 1972. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
9. Web site: [ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/NOAA_related_docs/death_toll_natural_disasters.pdf The Worst Natural Disasters by Death Toll]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 6, 2008. March 11, 2011. July 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200712092601/ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/NOAA_related_docs/death_toll_natural_disasters.pdf. dead.
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