Lists of most common surnames in European countries explained

This article contains lists of the most common surnames in most of the countries of Europe, including Armenia, Kosovo, and five transcontinental countries but excluding five European microstates. Countries are arranged in alphabetical order.

Albania

See also: Albanian name.

At the moment, listings for the most common names are unavailable for Albania. However the most common names include the following:

• Common names denoting profession. Of these, religious professional names have been particularly widespread, including Hoxha (a Muslim priest, Sunni or Bektashi, with its variant Hoxhaj), Prifti (a Christian priest, Catholic or Orthodox), Shehu (a Bektashi priest) and Dervishi (Bektashi clergy). Bektashi itself is also a common surname. Ironically, Hoxha was the surname of Enver Hoxha, the leader of Communist Albania who banned all religions. There are numerous other professional names which are not as common. Begu also denotes a former ruler and also the surname(s) Gjoni or Gjonaj.
• Common names which originated as patrinomials. Common names of this sort include Leka or Lekaj (Alex), Gjoni or Gjonaj (John), Murati (Murad), Mehmeti (Mehmed), Hysi (typically short for Hussein), Gjika/Gjoka (short for Jacob, cf Jake), Marku (Mark), Kola/Kolla/Nikolla (Nicholas), Hasani (Hassan), Kristi/Kristo, Luka (Lucas), Brahimi (Abraham, from Turkish), Sinani, Thanasi (Athanasius), Halili (Halil), and Abazi (Abbas). Albanians of Muslim background often bear Christian last names (denoting former Christian origin), and those with Christian often bear Muslim last names (which many in Northern regions adopted thinking it would lead to better treatment from the Ottoman authorities), although the holders of Bektashi surnames are usually actually of Bektashi background
• Common names which originated as place names. May denote former residence, or, if the bearer has a Muslim patrilineal background, that their ancestors ruled the place. Common places used as surnames include Dibra, Laci, Shkodra, Prishtina, Delvina, Koroveshi and Permeti, as well as the famous Frasheri surname of the Frasheri family. Additionally common some names indicate regional origins: Gega/Gegaj (for one of Gheg origin), Tosku/Toskaj (signifying Tosk origin) and Chami (for Cham origin).
• Some common names are Northern Albanian clan names that double as place names such as Kelmendi and Shkreli. Other notable clan-origin names include Berisha, Krasniqi and Gashi. These sorts of names are very common in far Northern Albania and in Kosovo.
• Colors: of which Kuqi (red) and Bardhi (white) are the most commonly used as surnames.

Rank	Surname	Note (equivalent or else meaning)
		a Muslim priest, Sunni or Bektashi, with its variant Hoxhaj
		a Christian priest, Catholic or Orthodox
		a Bektashi priest
		Bektashi clergy
	Bektashi	follower of Bektashism
	Gjoni or Gjonaj	John
	Leka or Lekaj	Alex
	Gjoni or Gjonaj	John
	Murati	Murad
		Mehmed
	Hysi	short for Hussein
	Gjika/Gjoka	short for Jacob, cf Jake
	Marku	Mark
	Kola/Kolla/Nikolla	Nicholas
	Hasani	Hassan
	Kristi/Kristo	Christian
	Luka	Lucas
	Brahimi	Abraham, from Turkish
	Sinani
	Thanasi	Athanasius
	Halili	Halil
		Abbas
	Dibra	from Dibër
	Laçi	from Laç
	Shkodra	from Shkodër
	Prishtina	from Pristina
	Delvina	from Delvinë
	Koroveshi
	Përmeti	from Përmet
	Frashëri	from Frashër
	Gega/Gegaj	of Gheg origin or son of Gegë
	Toska/Toskaj	signifying Tosk origin
	Çami	Cham origin
		from the namesake settlement (of Serbian origin)
	Kuqi	red
	Bardhi	white

Armenia

See also: Armenian name.

Source: Armenia's Voter List^[1]

Rank	Name	Armenian	Root name
1			Grigor (Gregory)
2			Harutyun ("resurrection")
3			Sargis (Sergius)
4			Hovhannes (John)
5			Khachatur ("given by cross")
6			Hakob (Jacob)
7			Petros (Peter)
8			Vardan
9			Gevorg (George)
10			Karapet ("forerunner")
11			Mkrtich ("baptist")
12			Ghazar (Lazarus)
13			Manuk ("child")
14			Avetis/Avetik ("good news")
15			Poghos (Paul)
16			Martiros ("martyr")
17			Sahak (Isaac)
18			Arakel ("apostle")
19			Margar
20			Davit (David)

Austria

The forty-one most common surnames in Austria as published in 2006 are shown below beside the approximate percentage of the Austrian population sharing each surname.^[2]

Rank	Surname	Meaning	Approximate percentage
1		one who lives in the valley	0.3991
2			0.3873
3			0.3373
4			0.3100
5			0.3012
6		one who lives on or by a hill	0.2753
7		one who dwells by the stone	0.2713
8		one who lives on moorland	0.2674
9			0.2653
10		probably for steward, property or horse maintenance, even blacksmith or related	0.2479
11		one who lives at a hillside	0.2429
12		one who lives in the mountains	0.2383
13			0.2250
14		one who lives in a barren land	0.2144
15			0.2141
16			0.2115
17		a small trader	0.2015
18			0.1995
19			0.1961
20			0.1946
21			0.1915
22		horse rider or 'from the forest clearing'	0.1790
23			0.1751
24			0.1740
25		Vintner	0.1628
26			0.1610
27			0.1602
28			0.1599
29		Forrester (lit. 'tree gardener')	0.1586
30		'from the meadow'	0.1555
31			0.1458
32			0.1435
33			0.1395
34			0.1394
35			0.1386
36		'from the plateau or flatland'	0.1342
37			0.1301
38			0.1268
39		Hare	0.1261
40			0.1168
41		Holy	0.1161

Azerbaijan

Rank[3]	Surname	Romanization	Meaning
1	Azerbaijani: Məmmədov	Mammadov	son of Mammad
2	Azerbaijani: Əliyev	Aliyev	son of Ali
3	Azerbaijani: Hüseynov	Huseynov	son of Hüseyn
4	Azerbaijani: Həsənov	Hasanov	son of Hasan
5	Azerbaijani: Quliyev	Guliyev	son of Qulu
6	Azerbaijani: İsmayılov	Ismayilov	son of Ismayil
7	Azerbaijani: Əhmədov	Ahmadov	son of Ahmad
8	Azerbaijani: Abdullayev	Abdullayev	son of Abdulla
9	Azerbaijani: Abbasov	Abbasov	son of Abbas
10	Azerbaijani: Cəfərov	Jafarov	son of Jafar

Belarus

Statistics available for the Belarusian capital of Minsk only:^[4]

Rank	Surname in Russian	Surname in Belarusian	Romanization	Population
1	Russian: Иванов	Belarusian: Іваноў	Ivanoŭ	7,000
2	Russian: Козлов	Belarusian: Казлоў	Kazloŭ	4,700
3	Russian: Ковалёв	Belarusian: Кавалёў	Kavalioŭ	4,300
4	Russian: Козловский	Belarusian: Казлоўскі	Kazloŭski	3,900
5	Russian: Новик	Belarusian: Новік	Novik	3,300

Belgium

Belgium is a European nation composed of three main regions: Flemish Region (Flanders), Walloon Region (Wallonia), and Brussels-Capital Region. Flanders has a Dutch-language tradition, while Wallonia has a French-language tradition. The Brussels-Capital Region is a mix of both Dutch- and French-language influences, with a large influx of foreign names. These different linguistic backgrounds are reflected in differing frequencies of surnames, as shown in the table below. On 31 December 1997 there were 316 295 different surnames in Belgium (total population: 11,521,238).

• Note — the following table contains the ten most common surnames in each of the three federal regions as of 1 January 2021.^{[5] [6]}

Rank				Surname	Population	Language	Meaning
National	Brussels	Flanders	Wallonia
1	72	1	63		31,079	Dutch	(son) of Peter [earlier form: Peeter]
2	60	2	52		28,532	Dutch	(son) of John
3	64	3	66		24,594	Dutch	(son) of Thomas [earlier form: Thomaes]
4	60	4	88		19,077	Dutch	(son) of Jacob / James
5	78	6	66		17,906	Dutch	(son) of Maarten [earlier form: Merten]
6	39	5	65		17,747	Dutch	(son) of Willem
7	79	7	102		15,798	Dutch	(son) of Nicolaas [earlier form: Niclaes]
8	65	9	124		15,269	Dutch	(son) of Goos
9	68	8	181		14,999	Dutch	(son) of Walter
10	57	10	259		13,484	Dutch	the smith
13	7	237	1		12,387	French	of the forest
17	21	262	2		11232	French	bright land
21	22	162	4		9,795	French	of the bridge
31	9	546	3		8,677	French	of or pertaining to the Roman god Mars
36	1	295	109		8,159		unclear (one of four common Fula surnames)
37	15	1134	5		7,533	French
40	25	797	7		7,389	French	of the mountain
45	30	1283	6		7,117	French	the clerk
47	29	1119	8		6,785	French
50	35	944	10		6,636	French	Derived from Greek god of wine, Dionysus, but original etymology unclear
59	87	1638	9		6,246	French	the young one
119	2	564	381		4,516		unclear (one of four common Fula surnames)
234	3	1010	370		3,332		unclear (one of four common Fula surnames)
318	5	1114	268		2,736		Sino-Vietnamese 阮 ('ruan')
451	4	1751	999		2,132		unclear (one of four common Fula surnames)
956	10	2482	2970		1,267		son of Ali

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosniaks

See also: Bosniaks.

Rank	Surname	Meaning
1		Imam
2		Hajji
3		Turkish for Genghis
4		son of a delija (brave)
5		son of Demir
6		son of the blacksmith
7		son of Tahir
8		son of Ferhat
9		son of Murat
10	Ibrahimović	son of Ibrahim
11	Hasanović	son of Hasan
12	Mehmedović	son of Mehmed
13	Salihović	son of Salih
14	Terzić	tailor
15	Ademović	son of Adem
16		son of Adil
17	Delemović	son of Delem
18	Zukić
19	Krličević
20	Suljić	son of Suliman (Salomon)
21	Ahmetović	son of Ahmad

Serbs

See also: Serbs.

The following names are the most common names for Serbs from Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[7]

Rank	Surname	Meaning
1		son of the blacksmith
2		of Saturday
3		son of Sava
4		son of the priest
5		son of Jovan
6		son of Petar
7		son of Đura
8		of grandmother, old woman
9		son of Luka
10		son of the prince
11		son of Marko
12		son of Ilija
13		son of Đuka
14		son of Vuk/ of wolf
15		son of Vujo
16		son of Simo
17		son of Rade
18		son of Nikola
19		son of Mara
20		son of Mitar
21		son of Toma/Tomo
22		son of Božo
23		of dove/pigeon
24		son of Mirko

Bulgaria

See also: Bulgarian name.

Feminized names included (m. Dimitrov – f. Dimitrova). Figures are from 2018 and provided by the Bulgarian National Statistics Institute.^[8]

Statistic of the Bulgarian surnames

Rank	Surname	Transliteration	Number of males	Number of females
1	Bulgarian: Иванов/Иванова	Ivanov/Ivanova	136,125	141,183
2	Bulgarian: Георгиев/Георгиева	Georgiev/Georgieva	105,209	108,302
3	Bulgarian: Димитров/Димитрова	Dimitrov/Dimitrova	101,020	104,754
4	Bulgarian: Петров/Петрова	Petrov/Petrova	67,804	71,082
5	Bulgarian: Николов/Николова	Nikolov/Nikolova	58,189	61,339
6	Bulgarian: Христов/Христова	Hristov/Hristova	53,818	57,034
7	Bulgarian: Стоянов/Стоянова	Stoyanov/Stoyanova	53,088	56,387
8	Bulgarian: Тодоров/Тодорова	Todorov/Todorova	52,139	54,275
9	Bulgarian: Илиев/Илиева	Iliev/Ilieva	44,732	46,343
10	Bulgarian: Ангелов/Ангелова	Angelov/Angelova	43,985	45,629

Croatia

Rank[9]	Frequency	Surname	Surname derivation[10]
1			ethnic name for a Croat
2			patronymic, from Croatian: kovač 'blacksmith'
3			matronymic, or nickname, from Croatian: baba '(old) woman', 'grandmother'
4			1. matronymic, from Mara – short variant of Marija 'Mary'; 2. patronymic, from Maro – short variant of Marije 'Marius' or Marijan 'Marianus'
5			patronymic, from Jure or Juro – regional variants of Juraj 'George'
6			1. a newcomer, from novy 'new'; 2. topographic name, for peasant who settled on newly cleared land
7			patronymic, from Croatian: kovač 'blacksmith'
8			from Croatian: knez 'prince' or 'duke'
9			patronymic, from Vuk – ancient Slavic name meaning 'wolf'
10			patronymic, from Marko 'Marcus'
11			patronymic, from Petar and Peter
12			patronymic, from Matija 'Matthias' or Matej 'Matthew'; or possibly from their short variants Mate or Mato
13			patronymic, from Tomo or Toma 'Thomas'
14			patronymic, from Pavao, Pavle, and Pavel 'Paul'
15			occupational name, from Croatian: kovač 'blacksmith'
16			patronymic, from Božo (from Croatian: bozhy meaning 'of God')
17			patronymic, from Blaž lat. Blasius 'Blaise'
18			patronymic, from Grga or Grgo – short variants of Grgur 'Gregory'
19			patronymic, from Pavo – short or regional variant of Pavao 'Paul'
20			patronymic, from Rade (Slavic name meaning 'happy')
21			patronymic, from Pero (Peter)
22			patronymic, from Filip
23
24			patronymic, from Lovro (Lawrence)
25			patronymic, from Vid (Vitus)
26			patronymic, from Perko (Peter)
27			patronymic, from Pop (priest)
28			regional name, person from Bosnia
29			patronymic, from Juko or Juka – regional variants of Juraj 'George'
30			patronymic, from Bariša – short or regional variant of Bartol, Bartul, Bartolomej 'Bartholomew'

Czechia

Feminized names are included (m. Novák/f. Nováková). Figures are from 2009 and provided by the Czech Ministry of the Interior.

Statistic of the Czech Republic surnames^{[11] [12] [13]}

Rank	Surname	Meaning	Number of men	Number of women
1	Novák/Nováková	new man/woman	34,168	35,558
2	Svoboda/Svobodová	freeholder	25,292	26,569
3	Novotný/Novotná	newman	24,320	25,328
4	Dvořák/Dvořáková	grange owner	22,299	23,445
5	Černý/Černá	dark or black	17,813	18,504
6	Procházka/Procházková	walker	16,074	16,817
7	Kučera/Kučerová	curly man/woman	15,187	15,689
8	Veselý/Veselá	cheerful, merry man/woman	12,882	13,494
9	Horák/Horáková	highlander	12,165	12,796
10	Němec/Němcová	German	11,192	11,563	-	11		orig. given name	22,548
12		humble, submissive	22,203
13		lit. 'he hurried'	22,189
14		little grove	21,276
15		little deer	20,733
16		king	20,510
17		little rose	19,846
18		orig. diminutive of given name Benedikt	19,600
19		the violet	19,121
20		little farmer	18,484 -->

Denmark

Nineteen of the twenty most common Danish surnames as of 1 January 2022 are patronymic ending in Norse -sen ('son of'), the only exception being Møller (Miller).^[14]

Rank	Surname	Meaning (*variant/s also listed)
1			236,397
2			233,713
3			197,548
4		son of Peder*	150,161
5			149,643
6		son of Christen*	111,816
7			107,721
8			102,848
9			88,351
10			82,285
11		son of Peter*	72,757
12			60,676
13		son of Kristen*	57,758
14			44,629
15			38,244
16		son of Christian*	35,143
17			30,545
18		son of Johan/Johannes*	29,866
19		Miller	29,481
20			28,124

Faroe Islands

The 20 most common surnames in the Faroe Islands as published in 2017 are shown below beside the number of people of the Faroese population sharing each surname.^[15]

Rank	Surname	Number of individuals
1		2,372
2		2,181
3		2,051
4		1,670
5		1,298
6		1,257
7		973
8		719
9		647
10		539
11		537
12		535
13		526
14		524
15		492
16		471
17		462
18		432
19		420
20		418

Estonia

Data from 2008.^[16]

Names of Estonian origin:

Rank		Surname	Meaning
1	5,241		oak
2	4,352		island/ash (tree)
3	3,624		smith
4	3,613		hill, mountain
5	2,847		birch
6	2,728		rooster
7	2,265		fox
8	2,165		lynx
9	1,933		linden tree
10	1,882		paddock

Names of Russian origin:

Rank		Surname
1	6,789	Ivanov
2	3,402	Smirnov
3	3,153	Vassiljev
4	2,932	Petrov
5	2,339	Kuznetsov
6	2,265
7	1,968	Mihhailov
8	1,927	Pavlov
9	1,909	Semjonov
10	1,862	Andrejev
11	1,845	Aleksejev

Finland

Rank	Surname	Meaning	Population	Percentage[17]
1		Uncertain meaning; see article	23,312	0.425
2		Finnish: virta 'stream'	23,020	0.420
3		Finnish: mäki 'hill'	21,014	0.383
4		Finnish: niemi 'cape'	20,969	0.382
5		hill place	19,538	0.356
6		Tavastian, comes from Tavastia	19,129	0.349
7		wave	18,752	0.342
8		first name Heikki, "Henry", "Henrik"	17,926	0.327
9		Finnish: koski 'rapids'	17,737	0.324
10		Finnish: järvi 'lake'	16,802	0.306
11		Finnish: lehto 'grove'	16,649	0.304
12		Finnish: lehti 'leaf'	15,602	0.285
13		Finnish: saari 'island'	15,295	0.279
14		Finnish: salmi 'strait'	15,087	0.275
15		Finnish: heinä 'hay'	14,957	0.273
16	Niemi	cape	14,951	0.273
17		first name Heikki, "Henry", "Henrik"	14,558	0.266
18		from the Swedish Swedish: skinnare 'skinner'	14,319	0.261
19		Finnish: salo 'backwoods'	14,270	0.260
20		Finnish: turku 'market, selling place', nowadays only the name of a city (Turku)	13,802	0.252
21		backwoods	13,487	0.246
22		Finnish: laita 'side, margin'	13,085	0.239
23		Finnish: tuomi 'bird cherry'	12,852	0.234
24		Finnish: ranta 'shore, beach'	12,834	0.234
25		Karelian, comes from Karelia	12,830	0.234
26		Finnish: joki 'river'	12,514	0.228
27		first name Matti, "Matt", "Mathew", Finnish: -la, place suffix	12,330	0.225
28		Savonian, comes from Savonia	11,592	0.211
29		Finnish: lahti 'bay'	11,470	0.209
30		Finnish: aho 'meadow'	11,238	0.205

Most of the names on this list are typical examples of surnames that were adopted when modern surnames were introduced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In the romantic spirit, they refer to natural features: Finnish: virta 'river', Finnish: koski 'rapids', Finnish: mäki 'hill', Finnish: järvi 'lake', Finnish: saari 'island' — often with the suffix -nen added after the model of older, mainly eastern Finnish surnames such as Korhonen and Heikkinen. Hämäläinen literally means 'an inhabitant of Häme'. The suffix -nen is an adjective ending.

Most common Swedish surnames in Finland

See also: Swedish language.

Rank	Surname	Population	Percentage
1		8,679	0.158
2		7,552	0.138
3		7,382	0.135
4		7,096	0.129
5		6,403	0.117

France

Rank[18]		Surname	Meaning
1	235,846
2	105,132
3	95,998		woods dweller
4	95,387
5	91,393
6	90,689
7	88,318		short
8	84,252		strong, resilient
9	78,868		the king
10	78,177		brown; like the Moors
11	76,655
12	75,307
13	74,564		blacksmith
14	74,318
15	68,720
16	61,762
17	59,817
18	59,440		redhead
19	57,351
20	57,047		baker
21	56,760		brown; like the Moors
22	55,642
23	55,228
24	53,670		smith
25	53,622		textile trader
26	53,405		bridge dweller
27	51,543
28	50,999		good-mannered
29	50,612
30	49,762		son of Martín

Georgia

See main article: List of Georgian surnames.

Rank	Surname	Romanization	Total Number[19] (2018)
1	Georgian: ბერიძე	Beridze	29,173
2	Georgian: მამედოვი	Mamedovi	28,358
3	Georgian: ალიევი	Alievi	19,327
4	Georgian: კაპანაძე	Kapanadze	19,257
5	Georgian: გელაშვილი	Gelashvili	18,310
6	Georgian: მაისურაძე	Maisuradze	16,198
7	Georgian: გიორგაძე	Giorgadze	14,162
8	Georgian: ლომიძე	Lomidze	13,062
9	Georgian: წიკლაური	Tsiklauri	13,019
10	Georgian: ბოლქვაძე	Bolkvadze	12,824

Germany

See main article: List of the most common surnames in Germany.

Rank[20]	Surname	Meaning	Percentage[21]
1			0.95[22]
2			0.69[23]
3			0.40
4			0.35
5		'mayor' (originally estate administrator, later farmer)	0.33[24]
6			0.30
7		wainwright (worn-down form of wagoner)	0.27
8		Schultheiß (village headman or constable / sheriff)	0.27
9			0.27
10		'man of the court/farm' (courtier/steward, later farmer)	0.26

Greece

See also: Greek name.

The majority of Greek names are patronymic. There are also several names derived from professions (Samaras, Greek, Modern (1453-);: Σαμαράς 'saddle maker', Papoutsis, Greek, Modern (1453-);: Παπουτσής 'shoe maker'), area of (former) residence (Kritikos, Greek, Modern (1453-);: Κρητικός 'from Crete', Aivaliotis, Greek, Modern (1453-);: Αϊβαλιώτης 'from Ayvalık'), nicknames relating to physical or other characteristics (Kontos, Greek, Modern (1453-);: Κοντός 'short', Mytaras, Greek, Modern (1453-);: Μυταράς 'large-nosed', Koufos, Greek, Modern (1453-);: Κουφός 'deaf') and more.

The patronymic suffix varies between dialects; thus Giannidis, Giannakos, Giannatos, Giannopoulos, Giannelis, Giannioglou all mean 'son of Giannis'.^[25]

Rank	Surname	Transliteration	Meaning
	Greek, Modern (1453-);: Σαμαράς	Samaras	saddle maker
	Greek, Modern (1453-);: Παπουτσής	Papoutsis	shoe maker
	Greek, Modern (1453-);: Κρητικός	Kritikos	from Crete
	Greek, Modern (1453-);: Αϊβαλιώτης	Aivaliotis	from Ayvalık
	Greek, Modern (1453-);: Κοντός	Kontos	short
	Greek, Modern (1453-);: Μυταράς	Mytaras	large-nosed
	Greek, Modern (1453-);: Κουφός	Koufos	deaf

Hungary

As of 2011, 2,095,788 individuals (21% of the population) bear the most common 20 names, and 3,347,493 individuals (33.5%) bearing the top 100 names.^[26] 25 most common surnames in Hungary as of January 2019:^[27]

Rank	Population	Surname	Meaning
1	227,671		big/large/great
2	210,213		smith (occupational name)
3	205,582		Slovak (Slovenian, Slav)
4	203,126		tailor (occupational name)
5	197,153		Croat
6	133,959		leatherworker (occupational name)
7	126,587		little/small
8	103,865		miller (occupational name)
9	88,150		German
10	82,193		wolf
11	81,938		left-handed
12	50,959		priest (occupational name)
13	50,172		locksmith (occupational name)
14	49,761		weaver (occupational name)
15	49,197		shepherd (occupational name)
16	38,428		butcher (occupational name)
17	38,385		Vlach (Romanian)
18	36,810		Simon
19	35,116		Serb (South Slavic)
20	33,237		black
21	31,554		hailing from Szilágyság
22	25,963		Turkish
23	25,685		white
24	25,294		Blaise
25	24,672		Gallic (uncertain)

Iceland

While the vast majority of Icelanders do not use regular surnames but rather patronyms or matronyms, around 4% of Icelanders have proper surnames. See also Icelandic names.

The 20 most common surnames in the Iceland as published in 2017 are shown below beside the number of people of the Icelandic population sharing each surname.^[28]

Rank	Surname	Number of individuals
1		324
2		293
3		282
4		224
5		206
	Petersen
7		198
8		180
9		171
10		158
11		156
12	Thorlacius	155
13		146
14		137
15		135
16		126
17		123
	Fjeldsted
19		113
20	Berndsen	105

Ireland

See also: Irish name.

The prevalence of some of these names is the result of more than one distinct Irish language names being represented by the same anglicised version.

	Surname		Original Irish	Meaning
1		Ó Murchú/Mac Murchú	Ó Murchadha Mac Murchaidh	Son or Descendant of Murchadh (a personal name meaning 'sea hound/warrior')[29]
2		Mac ceallaigh/Ó Ceallaigh		son or Descendant of Ceallach ('strife')[30]
3		Ó Súilleabháin		Descendant of Súilleabhán ('dark-eyed one', 'one-eyed' or 'hawk-eyed')
4		Breathnach	Breatnach	'Breton', 'Welshman'
5		Mac Gabhann		Son of a smith
6		Ó Briain		Descendant of Brian
7		Ó Broin		Descendant of Bran
8		Ó Riain	Ó Riain Ó Maoilriain Ó Ruaidhín	Descendant of Rian (possibly meaning 'king') Descendant of Maoilriaghan ('bald king') Descendant of Ruaidhín ('little red-haired one')
9		Ó Conchúir	Ó Conchobhair	Descendant of Conchobhar ('hound/chief assistance')
10		Ó Néill		Descendant of Niall (possibly meaning 'cloud', 'passionate' or 'champion')
11		Ó Raghallaigh		Descendant of Raghallach
12		Ó Dubhghaill		Descendant of Dubhghall ('dark-haired foreigner')
13		Mac Cárthaigh		Son of Cárthach ('loving')
14		Ó Gallchóir	Ó Gallchobhair	Descendant of Gallchobhar ('foreign assistance')
15		Ó Dochartaigh		Descendant of Dochartach ('hurtful')
16		Ó Cinnéide	Ó Ceannéidigh or Mac Ceannéidigh	Descendant of Cinnéide ('adorned head')[31]
17		Ó Loingsigh		Descendant of Loingseach ('longboat')
18		Ó Muireadhaigh	Mac Muireadhaigh Mac Giolla Mhuire	Descendant of Muireadhach ('chieftain') Descendant of a servant of Mary
19		Ó Cuinn/Coinne/Mac Cuinn		Descendant of Conn ('hound/chief')[32]
20		Ó Mórdha		Descendant of Mórdha ('majestic')

Names starting with O' and Mac/Mc were originally patronymic. Of the names above, with the exception of Smith and Walsh, all originally began with O' or Mac/Mc but many have lost this prefix over time. Mac/Mc, meaning Son, and Ó, meaning Little (or Descendant), are used by sons born into the family. In the case of a daughter being born into the family she would use Ní/Nic, for example Ó Muireadhaigh becomes Ní Mhuireadhaigh. A woman who marries into the family and takes her husband's name uses Uí/Mic- e.g. Uí Mhuireadhaigh.^{[33] [34]}

Italy

See also: Italian name.

From Mappa dei Cognomi website.^[35]

Rank[36]	Surname	Frequency	Meaning
1		60,487	red (Northern and Central Italy)
2		42,877	red (Southern Italy)
3		33,707	blacksmith
4		31,980	exposed (abandoned child; orphan)
5		25,121	white
6		24,062	Roman
7		23,484	dove (abandoned child)
8		20,509	brown
9		19,879	curly
10		18,225	Greek
11		17,939	marine, seaman
12		17,622	French
13		17,438	son of Luke
14		17,173	Count
15		16,875	coast
16		16,784	left-handed
17		16,636	Jordan
18		16,394	curly
19		15,220	Lombard
20		14,304	barber
21		14,255	brown (diminutive form)
22		14,214	fountain
23		13,756	boy, apprentice
24		13,652	Marian
25		13,236	blacksmith
26		13,141	Sanctorum omnium (all saints' day)
27		12,861	Reynold
28		12,661	lion
29		12,620	son of Angelo
30		12,273	long
31		12,240	French
32		12,090	Martin
33		11,819	Martin (diminutive)
34		11,484	saw (carpenter)
35		11,347	Count
36		11,266	Vitale (given name)
37		11,208	of the saints
38		11,115	little Marco
39		11,113
40		11,019	gentle
41		11,011	dwelling
42		10,875	seafarer
43		10,803	Lombard
44		10,783	beret
45		10,679	iron's
46	Parisi	10,675	from Paros
47		10,509	of the angels
48		10,467	white
49		10,449	beloved
50		10,330	blacksmith
51		10,303	cats
52		10,283	Sala
53		10,181
54		10,076	fat
55		10,027	pilgrims
56		10,020	blacksmith
57		10,007	mountains
58		9,775	pigeon
59		9,749	fat
60		9,728	head
61		9,435	valiant, bold
62		9,293	coal
63		9,258	blessed/son of Benedict
64		9,250	son of Sylvester
65		9,168	flour (occupational surname)
66		9,125	son of Amico
67		8,877	Martin
68		8,849	Barnard
69		8,826	big headed
70		8,756	toolmaker, smith
71		8,740	Fang (Sardinian)[37]
72		8,734	flower
73		8,727	from the rose
74		8,678	pilgrim
75		8,647	son of Julian
76		8,594	curly
77		8,521	son of Steven
78		8,479	captain
79	Rossetti	8,454	red one
80	Orlando	8,423	Roland
81		8,368	Basil
82		8,358	black
83		8,344	Baron
84		8,297	Palmer
85		8,203	shore
86	Romeo	8,074	Roman
87		8,047	Frank
88		8,017	from Sorrento
89		8,007	pagan
90		7,904	Son of Augustin
91		7,889	pear tree (Sardinia)
92		7,812	Rodger
93		7,795	highlander
94		7,713	battle
95		7,690	little beautiful one
96		7,671	castles
97		7,572	war
98		7,538
99		7,493	valiant, bold
100		7,489	smith

Kazakhstan

Provided here is a list of the 33 most common surnames in Kazakhstan according to the Ministry of Justice of Kazakhstan as of 2014.^[38]

• List of the most popular surnames of Kazakhs of Kazakhstan

Rank	Cyrillic script	Latin script	Language (and meaning)	Occurrence
1	Ахметов		Kazakh, "son of Ahmet"	73,627
2	Омаров	Omarov	Kazakh, "son of Omar"	45,123
3	Ким	Kim	Korean	42,274
4	Оспанов	Ospanov	Kazakh	41,068
5	Иванов	Ivanov	Russian, "son of Ivan"	39,296
6	Алиев	Aliev	Kazakh, "son of Ali"	36,084
7	Сулейменов	Suleimenov	Kazakh, "son of Suleimen"	33,940
8	Искаков	Iskakov	Kazakh	31,988
9	Абдрахманов	Abdrahmanov	Kazakh, "son of Abdrahman"	29,091
10	Ибрагимов	Ibragimov	Kazakh, "son of Ibragim"	28,755
11	Калиев	Kaliev	Kazakh, "son of Kali"	28,219
12	Садыков	Sadykov	Kazakh, "son of Sadyk	27,810
13	Ибраев	Ibraev	Kazakh	26,531
14	Кузнецов	Kuznetsov	Russian, "son of a blacksmith"	25,990
15	Попов	Popov	Russian, "son of a priest"	24,956
16	Смагулов	Smagulov	Kazakh	24,005
17	Абдуллаев	Abdullaev	Kazakh, "son of Abdulla"	23,729
18	Исаев	Isaev	Kazakh, "son of Isa"	22,910
19	Султанов	Sultanov	Kazakh, "son of Sultan"	22,808
22	Юсупов	Iusupov	Uzbek, "son of Yusup"	22,763
21	Исмаилов	Ismailov	Kazakh, "son of Ismail"	21,392
22	Нургалиев	Nurgaliev	Kazakh, "son of Nurgali"	21,133
23	Каримов	Karimov	Kazakh, "son of Karim"	20,575
24	Серік/Серик	Serik	Kazakh	19 550
25	Ли	Li	Korean	17,049
26	Цой	Tsoi	Korean	12,088
27	Амангельды	Amangeldy	Kazakh	15,125
28	Болат		Kazakh	11,234
29	Бондаренко	Bondarenko	Ukrainian	10,648
30	Марат	Marat	Kazakh, "Murad"	10,417
31	Серікбай/Серикбай	Serıkbay/Serikbay	Kazakh	10,193
32	Мурат	Murat	Kazakh, "Murad"	10,106
33	Кусаинов	Kusainov	Kazakh, "son of Kusain"	10,103

Kosovo

These statistics are based on the Kosovo Agency of Statistics report on names and surnames in Kosovo, which took place in 2017.^[39]

Rank	Surname	Number of individuals
1	Krasniqi	58,199
2		57,396
3		43,727
4		27,222
5		25,585
6		18,840
7		13,187
8		13,015
9		12,882
10		12,709

Latvia

Latvian surnames

Rank[40] [41]	Surname	Meaning
1		birch (diminutive)
2		hill (diminutive)
3		oak (diminutive)
4		son of Jānis (Germanized)
5		oak
6		linden (diminutive)
7		bush (diminutive)
8		pigeon
9		fir (diminutive)
10		branch (diminutive)
11		son of Pēteris (Germanized)
12		willow
13		maple (diminutive)
14	Kārkliņš	willow (diminutive form of Kārkls)
15		hawk

Lithuania

Lithuania, 2015[42]
Rank	Male	Female	Meaning
1		Kazlauskienė	equivalent of Polish Kozłowski from 'billy goat', certainly from before Christianity.
2		Jankauskienė	from Jankowski from Janek from Jan in Polish, the apostle John.
3		Petrauskienė	of Peter or Piotr in Polish
4		Stankevičienė	from Polish Stanisławski from Stanisław 'state of glory'
5		Vasiliauskienė	of Vasil from Greek Greek, Modern (1453-);: Basileus 'royal, kingly' reference to Christ, the king of heaven.
6		Butkienė	from Polish Budzisław 'awakening glory'
7		Žukauskienė	from Polish Żukowski from 'beetle', also taken from before Christianity.
8		Paulauskienė	of the apostle Paul
9		Urbonienė	from Latin Latin: urbanus 'from the city' meaning 'connected to Rome and Christianity'.
10		Kavaliauskienė	from Polish Kowalski from Kowal 'blacksmith'

Luxembourg

Out of 236,000 entries in the EDITUS phone book:

Rank[43]		Surname	Meaning
1	1929		smith
2	1473		miller
3	1380		weaver
4	1335		farmer
5	1300		wain maker
6	1027
7	939		smith's
8	793	Schroeder
9	712	Reuter
10	706		little
11	674		baker
12	660		pine wood
13	650		chapman
14	610		Latin Latin: faber 'smith'
15	556	Meyer
16	550		tailor
17	543	Weiss	white
18	538		shield's
19	537		Simon
20	533		Walter
21	504		little John
22	496	Majerus
23	467		Reeds
24	459	Meyers
25	451		emperor
26	441		Steven
27	438	Krier
28	421		brown
29	411		wain maker
30	405		from first name D.

Malta

Rank[44]	%		Surname
1	3.3	13,610	Borg
2	3.1	13,090	Camilleri
3	2.9	12,192	Vella
4	2.9	11,953	Farrugia
5	2.3	9,769	Zammit
6	2.1	8,767	Galea
7	2.1	8,677	Micallef
8	2.0	8,178	Grech
9	1.8	7,680	Attard
10	1.8	7,316	Spiteri

Moldova

Rank	Surname	Meaning	Total number of families[45]
1	Rusu	from Rus	23,028
2	Ceban	shepherd	20,929
3	Ciobanu	shepherd	17,167
4	Țurcan	(archaic) farmer	16,984
5	Cebotari	shoemaker	15,464
6	Sîrbu	Serb	14,171
7	Lungu	long, tall	14,090
8	Munteanu	from the mountain	13,904
9	Rotari	from Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: roată 'wheel'	13,511
10	Popa	priest	12,923
11	Ursu	bear	11,456
12	Guțu	dove	11,433
13	Roșca	red-haired, ginger	11,194
14	Melnic	miller	10,632
15	Cojocari	coat crafter	10,526

Montenegro

Rank	Surname	Meaning[46]
1		son of a priest
2		son of Marko
3		son of Vujo
4		son of Rado
5		son of Ivan
6		son of Radul or Radule
7		son of Jovan
8		son of Pero
9		Son of Vuk (Vuk means wolf)
10		Son of a blacksmith

Netherlands

See also: Dutch name and List of Dutch family names.

The most recent complete count of surnames in the Netherlands is based on the September 2007 county registrations.

Rank	Surname	Number in 2007	Percent	Number in 1947	English equivalent (or meaning)
1	De Jong	86,534	0.53%	55,256	the young
2	Jansen	75,699	0.46%	49,213	Johnson
3	De Vries	73,157	0.45%	49,298	the Frisian
4	Van den Berg *	60,130	0.37%	37,678	of (from) the mountain
5	Van Dijk, Van Dyk	57,944	0.35%	36,578	of (from) dike
6	Bakker	56,864	0.35%	37,483	Baker
7	Janssen	55,394	0.34%	32,824	Johnson
8	Visser	50,929	0.31%	34,721	Fisher
9	Smit	43,493	0.27%	29,783	Smith
10	Meijer, Meyer	41,497	0.25%	28,256	Mayor (local official such as bailiff or steward)
11	De Boer	39,576	0.24%	25,662	the farmer
12	Mulder	37,250	0.23%	24,665	Miller
13	De Groot	37,221	0.23%	24,724	The Great
14	Bos	36,478	0.22%	23,790	Bush (literally); woods/forest
15	Vos	31,154	0.19%	19,461	Fox
16	Peters	30,864	0.19%	18,583	Peters
17	Hendriks	30,199	0.18%	18,538	Henderson
18	Van Leeuwen	28,774	0.18%	17,754	of (from) Leeuwen; likely also from other places
19	Dekker	28,682	0.17%	18,782	Thatcher
20	Brouwer	26,224	0.16%	17,468	Brewer
21	De Wit	24,904	0.15%	15,156	the white
22	Dijkstra	24,175	0.15%	15,647	a (from the) dike
23	Smits	23,816	0.15%	15,151	Smith
24	De Graaf	21,699	0.13%	13,718	The reeve (local official, e.g. bailiff); literally: the count
25	Van der Meer	21,354	0.13%	13,011	of (from) the lake

When closely related names are combined, the top 15 are:

Rank	Surname	Number of people
1	Jansen, Janssen, Janse	135,003
2	de Jong, de Jonge, de Jongh, Jong	108,240
3	Smit, Smits, Smid, de Smit, Smet, Smith	76,604
4	de Vries, Vries, de Vriese	74,058
5	vd Berg, vd Bergh, vd Berge, vd Bergen*	69,080
6	Visser, Visscher, Vissers, de Visser	68,952
7	van Dijk, van Dyk, Dijk, van Dijck	64,070
8	Bakker, Bekker, de Bakker, Backer	62,183
9	de Boer, Boer, den Boer, van de Boer	57,072
10	Mulder, Muller, Müller, Mulders, de Mulder	52,394
11	Peters, Peeters, Pieters, Peterse, Peter	52,389
12	vd Veen, vd Ven, van Veen, van 't Veen *	49,935
13	Bos, Bosch, de Bos	47,995
14	Meijer, Meyer, Meijers	47,761
15	de Groot, Groot, de Groote	47,511

* "vd" is an abbreviation which stands for all variants of "van de", "van den", or "van der"

Source: Nederlands Repertorium van Familienamen, Meertens-Instituut, 1963–2009. Data can be viewed in the Corpus of Family Names in the NetherlandsSee specifically De top 100 van de familienamen in Nederland (Dutch)

Names ending in -stra or -ma are usually of Frisian origin. For example, Terpstra, Bijlsma, Halsema.

Names ending in -ink or -ing are usually of Low Saxon origin. For example, Hiddink, Meyerink, Mentink.

North Macedonia

The most recent complete count of surnames is based on end of year 2022 State Statistical Office.^[47]

Rank		Surname	Versions	Meaning
1	31,670	Stojanovski	Stojanoski, Stojanov, Stojanovska, Stojanoska, Stojanova, Stojanović	patronymic descendant of Stojan (Stoyan)
2	27,285	Jovanovski	Jovanoski, Jovanov, Jovanovska, Jovanoska, Jovanova, Jovanović	patronymic; descendant of Jovan (John in Macedonian)
3	26,918	Nikolovski	Nikoloski, Nikolov, Nikolovska, Nikoloska, Nikolova, Nikolić	patronymic; descendant of Nikola
4	25,101	Ristovski	Ristoski, Ristov, Ristevski, Risteski, Ristovska, Ristoska, Ristova, Ristevska, Risteska, Ristić	patronymic; descendant of Risto or Riste (Christ in Macedonian)
5	18,307	Petrovski	Petroski, Petrov, Petrevski, Petreski, Petrovska, Petroska, Petrova, Petrevska, Petrova, Petrović	patronymic; descendant of Petar or Petre (Peter in Macedonian)
6	17,476	Bajrami	Bajram, Bajramovski, Bajramoski, Bajramov, Bajramovska, Bajramoska, Bajramova, Bajramović	patronymic; descendant of Bajram
7	15,640	Ivanovski	Ivanoski, Ivanov, Ivanovska, Ivanoska, Ivanova, Ivanović	patronymic; descendant of Ivan
8	13,705	Osmani	Osman, Osmanli, Osmanovski, Osmanoski, Osmanov, Osmanovska, Osmanoska, Osmanova, Osmanović	patronymic; descendant of Osman ("wise", in Ottoman Turkish)
9	12,578	Ademi	Adem, Ademovski, Ademoski, Ademov, Ademovska, Ademoska, Ademova, Ademić	patronymic; descendant of Adem (Adam in Ottoman Turkish)
10	12,367	Shabani	Shaban, Shabanovski, Shabanoski, Shabanov, Shabanovska, Shabanoska, Shabanova	patronymic; descendant of Shaban (name of the eight month in the Islamic Calendar)

Macedonian surnames inflect through grammatical cases (in this case, gender). It is common for male surnames to end in -ski and -ov, while female ones end in -ska and -va.

Norway

Rank[48]		Surname	Meaning
1	53,011		patronymic son of Hans
2	50,088		patronymic; son of Johan or Johannes
3	49,303		patronymic; son of Olav, Ole, Olaf or Ola
4	37,869		patronymic; son of Lars, Lauritz or Laurits
5	37,206		patronymic; son of Anders (or Andres)
6	35,402		patronymic; son of Peder, (Petter, Peter or Per)
7	34,941		patronymic; son of Nils (or Niels)
8	23,595		patronymic; son of Kristian (or Christian)
9	23,079		patronymic; son of Jens
10	21,330		patronymic; son of Karl (or Carl)
11	20,755		patronymic; son of John (or Jon)
12	20,226		patronymic; son of Petter, (Peter, Peder or Per)
13	19,241		patronymic; son of Erik, (Eirik or Erich)
14	18,133		farm name; a mountain
15	14,392		farm name; the Hill
16	14,126		farm name; the garden
17	13,387		patronymic; son of Johannes (or Johan)
18	12,139		patronymic; son of Andreas
19	11,925		patronymic; son of Jacob (or Jakob)
20	11,540		farm name; a valley
21	11,481		patronymic; son of Jørgen
22	11,477		patronymic; son of Halvor (or Hallvard)
23	11,364		patronymic; son of Henrik (or Henrich)
24	11,282		farm name; a grove

Poland

Rank	Surname	Meaning	Numbers[49]
1		newman	207,348
2		from Polish: kowal 'smith'	140,471
3		from Polish: wiśnia 'cherry'	111,174
4		from Polish: wójt, a noun describing chief officer of a municipality (gmina), or from a popular name Wojciech; from the word Polish: wojak' 'warrior'	100,064
5		from Polish: kowal 'smith', literally 'smith's son'	98,739
6		from Polish: kamień 'stone'	95,816
7		from Polish: lawenda 'lavender'	93,404
8		from Polish: zielony 'green'; from Polish: zioło, Polish: ziele 'herb'	91,522
9		from Szymon, equivalent to Simon or Polish for German Schuhmann 'shoemaker'	89,698
10		from Polish: woźny, 'usher'	89,015
11		from Polish: dąbrowa 'oak grove'	87,304
12		from Polish: kozioł 'goat'	76,657
13			69,280
14			68,090
15		from Polish: kwiatek 'flower (dim.)'	66,917
16		from the name Wojciech; from the word Polish: wojak 'warrior'	66,879
17		from Polish: krawiec 'tailor', 'tailor's son'	64,543
18		from Polish: karczmarz 'innkeeper'	62,399
19		from Piotr (Peter)	61,844
20		from Polish: grab 'hornbeam' or Polish: grabarz 'gravedigger'	59,052

Polish names which end with -ski or -cki or -dzki have both male and female forms – Kamiński/Kamińska, Wielicki/Wielicka, Zawadzki/Zawadzka etc. This needs to be considered when taking a count by, for instance, scanning a telephone book. Historically, -ski, -cki and -dzki, cognate with English -ish and French -esque, was a particle of nobility, like German von.

See also: Polish name.

Portugal

The 50 most frequent surnames in Portugal are listed below.^{[50] [51] [52]} A number of these surnames may be preceded by of/from (Portuguese: de, Portuguese: d') or of the/from the (Portuguese: do, Portuguese: da, Portuguese: dos, Portuguese: das) as in de Sousa, da Costa, d'Oliveira. Those elements are not part of the surname and are not considered in an alphabetical order.

Order	Surname	Meaning	Frequency %	Origin
1	Silva	toponymic woodland	9.44%	Latin Latin: silva
2	Santos	saints	5.96%	Latin sanctus
3	Ferreira	blacksmith	5.25%	Latin Latin: ferrarius
4	Pereira	pear tree	4.88%	Latin Latin: pirus
5	Oliveira	olive tree	3.71%	Latin Latin: oliva
6	Costa	toponymic; '[from the] coast'	3.68%	Latin Latin: costa
7	Rodrigues	patronymic 'son of Rodrigo'	3.57%	Germanic Roderich
8	Martins	patronymic; 'son of Martim'	3.23%	Latin Martinus
9	Jesus	'Jesus'	2.99%	Latin Iesus < Hebrew Yeshua
10	Sousa	toponymic; '[from] Sousa'	2.95%	Latin Latin: saxa
11	Fernandes	patronymic; 'son of Fernando'	2.82%	Germanic Ferdinand
12	Gonçalves	patronymic; 'son of Gonçalo'	2.76%	Germanic Gundisalv
13	Gomes	patronymic; 'son of Gome', 'Gomo'	2.57%	Germanic guma
14	Lopes	patronymic; 'son of Lopo'	2.52%	Latin lupus
15	Marques	patronymic; 'son of Marco'	2.51%	Latin Marcus
16	Alves	patronymic; 'son of Álvaro'	2.37%	Germanic alfhari, alfarr
17	Almeida	toponymic	2.27%	Arabic Arabic: al majid
18	Ribeiro	toponymic; 'brook'	2.27%	Latin Latin: riparius
19	Pinto	painted or spotted	2.09%	Latin Latin: pictus
20	Carvalho	oak	1.97%	Celtic Celtic languages: cassos, cassanos
21	Teixeira	toponymic; 'yew'	1.69%	Latin Latin: taxus
22	Moreira	toponymic; 'mulberry'	1.54%	Latin Latin: mora
23	Correia	belt	1.53%	Celtic (Latinised) Celtic languages: korriį
24	Mendes	patronymic; 'son of Mendo'	1.39%	Germanic Hermengild
25	Nunes	patronymic; 'son of Nuno'	1.32%	Latin Latin: nonus, nunnus
26	Soares	patronymic; 'son of Soeiro'	1.28%	Germanic (Latinised) Suarius
27	Vieira	scallop	1.2%	Latin Latin: veneria
28	Monteiro	toponymic; '[from the] mountain'	1.11%	Latin Latin: mons
29	Cardoso	toponymic; 'thistle'	1.07%	Latin Latin: carduus
30	Rocha	toponymic; 'rock'	1.04%	Celtic (Latinised) Celtic languages: roc'h
31	Neves	snows, devotion to (Our Lady of the Snows)	0.98%	Latin Latin: nigvem
32	Coelho	rabbit	0.97%	Celtiberian cunicos
33	Cruz	cross (of Jesus)	0.94%	Latin Latin: crux
34	Cunha	wedge	0.93%	Latin Latin: cuneus
35	Pires	patronymic; son of Pero	0.92%	Greek Greek, Modern (1453-);: Πετρος (Petros)
36	Duarte	patronymic; 'keeper of riches'	0.86%	Germanic Edward
37	Reis	devotion to the Three Kings	0.85%	Latin Latin: rex
38	Simões	patronymic; 'son of Simão'	0.85%	Greek Greek, Modern (1453-);: Σιμων (Simon)
39	Antunes	patronymic; 'son of António'	0.82%	Etruscan Antonius
40	Matos	toponymic; 'bush'	0.82%	Late Latin Latin: matta
41	Fonseca	toponymic; 'dry fountain'	0.81%	Latin Latin: fons siccus
42	Machado	axe	0.76%	Latin Latin: marculatum
43	Araújo	patronymic	0.69%	Germanic ruderic
44	Barbosa	beard	0.69%	Latin Latin: barba
45	Tavares	toponymic	0.67%	Latin Talavaris
46	Lourenço	Laurentius, related to laurels	0.65%	Latin Laurentum
47	Castro	toponymic; 'castle, fortress'	0.62%	Latin castrum
48	Figueiredo	toponymic; 'fig'	0.62%	Latin Latin: fīcus
49	Azevedo	toponymic; 'holly'	0.60%	Latin aquifolium
50	Freitas	toponymic; 'hillside'	0.60%	Latin Latin: fracta

Romania

Rank[53]	Surname	Pronunciation	Meaning
1		pronounced as /ro/	priest
2		pronounced as /ro/	lit. son of a priest
3		pronounced as /ro/	short form of Popa
4		pronounced as /ro/
5		pronounced as /ro/
6		pronounced as /ro/	shortened form of Stanislav
7		pronounced as /ro/
8		pronounced as /ro/	form of George
9		pronounced as /ro/	Romanian form of Matthew
10		pronounced as /ro/	shepherd
11		pronounced as /ro/	lit. Johnson from Ion, Romanian form of John
12		pronounced as /ro/	Russian

Russia

See also: Eastern Slavic naming customs.

See also: Список общерусских фамилий (in Russian Wikipedia)

The most common surnames in Russia, as calculated by Yumaguzin and Vinnik (2019):^[54]

Rank	Surname	Transliteration	Meaning	Percentage
1	Russian: Ивано́в/Russian: Ивано́ва	Ivanov/Ivanova	descendant of Ivan (John)	0.64275
2	Russian: Кузнецо́в/Кузнецо́ва	Kuznetsov/Kuznetsova	smith's	0.35634
3	Russian: Смирно́в/Russian: Смирно́ва	Smirnov/Smirnova	descendant of Smirnoy (meek one)	0.31630
4	Russian: Попо́в/Russian: Попо́ва	Popov/Popova	priest's descendant	0.31260
5	Russian: Петро́в/Russian: Петро́ва	Petrov/Petrova	descendant of Pyotr (Peter)	0.30807
6	Russian: Васи́льев/Russian: Васи́льева	Vasilyev/Vasilyeva	descendant of Vasily (Basil)	0.26549
7	Russian: Магоме́дов/Russian: Магоме́дова	Magomedov/Magomedova	descendant of Magomed (Muhammad)	0.23628
8	Russian: Али́ев/Russian: Али́ева	Aliyev/Aliyeva		0.22763
9	Russian: Кари́мов/Russian: Кари́мова	Karimov/Karimova		0.19051
10	Russian: Во́лков/Russian: Во́лкова	Volkov/Volkova	wolf's	0.18828
11	Russian: Семёнов/Russian: Семёнова	Semyonov/Semyonova	descendant of Semyon (Simon)	0.18682
12	Russian: Миха́йлов/Russian: Миха́йлова	Mikhaylov/Mikhaylova	descendant of Mikhail (Michael)	0.18355
13	Russian: Па́влов/Russian: Па́влова	Pavlov/Pavlova	descendant of Pavel (Paul)	0.18256
14	Russian: Козло́в/Russian: Козло́ва	Kozlov/Kozlova	he-goat's; metaphorically: bearded one	0.18177
15	Russian: Фёдоров/Russian: Фёдорова	Fyodorov/Fyodorova	descendant of Fyodor (Theodore)	0.17727
16	Russian: Но́виков/Russian: Но́викова	Novikov/Novikova	new man's/woman's; see novik for historical details	0.17388
17	Russian: Ибраги́мов/Russian: Ибраги́мова	Ibragimov/Ibragimova		0.17150
18	Russian: Соколо́в/Russian: Соколо́ва	Sokolov/Sokolova	falcon's	0.17071
19	Russian: Моро́зов/Russian: Моро́зова	Morozov/Morozova	frost's	0.16877
20	Russian: За́йцев/Russian: За́йцева	Zaytsev/Zaytseva	hare's	0.16217

Those Russian surnames that end with -ov/-ev or -in/-yn are originally patronymic or metronymic possessive adjectivals with the meaning 'son of' or 'daughter/wife of' (the feminine is formed with the -a ending – Smirnova, Ivanova, etc.). In older documents such surnames were written with the word syn 'son', for example, Ivánov syn 'John's son' or Il'yín syn 'Elijah's son'; the last word was later dropped. Such names are roughly equivalent to the English or Welsh surnames Richardson or Richards.

The Russian equivalent of 'Smith', 'Jones', and 'Brown' (that is, the generic most often used surnames) are Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov, or 'Johns', 'Peters', and 'Isidores', although Sidorov is now ranked only 66th.^[55]

Serbia

Rank[56]	Surname	Cyrillic script	Meaning
1		Serbian: Јовановић	son of Jovan (John)
2		Serbian: Петровић	son of Petar (Peter)
3		Serbian: Николић	son of Nikola (Nicholas)
4		Serbian: Марковић	son of Marko (Mark)
5		Serbian: Ђорђевић	son of Đorđe (George)
6		Serbian: Стојановић	son of Stojan (Stoyan)
7		Serbian: Илић	son of Ilija (Elijah)
8		Serbian: Станковић	son of Stanko (Stanislav)
9		Serbian: Павловић	son of Pavle (Paul)
10	Milošević	Serbian: Милошевић	son of Miloš (Miles)

Slovakia

Rank[57] [58]		Surname	Meaning	Origins
1	30,813			Croatian through Hungarian
2	29,079			Slavic, Indo-European
3	21,650			Hungarian[59]
4	21,604		Slovak (Slav)	Germanic through Hungarian
5	19,341		large/tall	Hungarian
6	14,114			Hungarian via Latin Blasius and Old Church Slavonic 'blessed', from Indo-European
7	13,998			Hungarian
8	12,632			Slavic through Hungarian
9	10,872			Hungarian, or from Slavic marsh, or both
10	9,718		Luke Latin Lucas,	Greek
11	9,712			Slavic, Indo-European
12	9,567			Slavic through Hungarian
13	9,352			Slavic, Indo-European
14	8,777			Slavic, Indo-European
15	8,699			Slavic, Indo-European
16	7,895			Slavic, Indo-European
17	7,491			Slavic through Hungarian
18	7,472			Slavic, Indo-European
19	7,240			Hungarian
20	7,223		from the Orava region	Slavic, Indo-European

Note: The most common surnames in Slovakia are a mixture of Indo-European and the Ugric roots reflecting the 900-year-long coexistence of the Indo-European Slovaks and speakers of other Indo-European languages with Ugric Hungarians and the Croatians, under Hungarian assimilation pressure throughout the 19th century (see Magyarization, see History of Slovakia). In 1910 Hungarians made up one-third of the population of the present-day territory of Slovakia.^[60] Hungarians are currently an 8% minority^[58] in Slovakia.^[61] (see Demographics of Slovakia). While ethnic Hungarians are relatively few in Slovakia, their large presence on the list of most common names reflects the intra-lingual frequency of the frequent names in Hungary.

Slovenia

Rank[62]		Surname	Meaning
1	11,196		new man; from a newly established farm
2	9,762		Croat
3	5,640		son of a blacksmith
4	5,585		from Carniola
5	5,019		son of a farmer or the village elder
6	4,729		near a stream
7	4,729		blacksmith
8	3,957		near a puddle
9	3,905		blackbird
10	3,885		farmer belonging to the ruler's estate
11	3,855		pigeon
12	3,506		Turk
13	3,421		Christmas
14	3,418		King
15	3,285		from Carinthia
16	3,256		mayor (originally, village elder)
17	3,209		archaic term for refugee; usually applied to Slavic Christian families that had fled from the Ottoman Empire
18	3,136		from the hill
19	3,069		from a remote area (literally, from a corner)
20	3,003		weaver
21	2,992	Rozman
22	2,873		from a castle
23	2,841		cloud
24	2,828		sawer
25	2,821		Friday
26	2,808		from Kočevje or from Gottschee County
27	2,807	Kolar
28	2,738	Košir
29	2,598	Koren
30	2,399		son of Klemen

Spain

See main article: List of common Spanish surnames.

The top ten surnames cover about 20% of the population, with important geographical differences. The regional distribution of surnames within Spain was homogenized mostly through internal migrations, especially since 1950. Names typical of the old crown of Castile have become the most common all over the country. Most of the common Spanish patronymic surnames were introduced in Spain during the fifth to seventh centuries by the Visigoths.

Rank	Surname		%	Meaning
1		1,378,000	3.48	possibly meaning 'young' from Basque
2		851,000	2.15	patronymic; son of Fernando, Fredenand, or Fridnand
3		839,000	2.12	patronymic; son of Gonzalo, from the Latinised form Gundisalvus
4		804,000	2.03	patronymic; son of Rodrigo
5		796,000	2.01	patronymic; son of Lope, Latin Latin: Lupus 'wolf'
6		788,000	1.97	patronymic; son of Martín, Latin Latin: Martis, genitive form of Mars
7		725,000	1.83	patronymic; son of Sancho, Latin Latin: Sanctius
8		709,000	1.79	patronymic; son of Pedro, Latin Latin: Petrus
9		459,000	1.16	from Latin name Martinus, a derivation of Mars;[63] alternately, a Hispanicization of the Hebrew name Mordecai[64]
10		440,000	1.11	patronymic; son of Gomes, Gomo, or Gomaro
11		321,000	0.81	patronymic; son of Rui, variation or short for Rodrigo
12		305,000	0.77	patronymic; son of Hernando, variation of Fernando
13		293,000	0.74	patronymic; son of Jimeno, Xemeno, or Ximeno
14		293,000	0.74	patronymic; son of Diego
15		273,000	0.69	patronymic; son of Álvaro, from Alvar
16		261,000	0.66	brown-haired, tanned, brunet
17		241,000	0.61	patronymic; son of Munio or Muño
18		206,000	0.52	variation of Alfonso
19		170,000	0.43	patronymic; son of Gutier, Gutierre, or Gualtierre
20		170,000	0.43	from Latin "romaeus" (lit. "roman") in the sense of 'pilgrim'
21		158,400	0.40	Navarrese, (from Navarre)
22		134,600	0.34	toponymic; 'towers'
23		134,600	0.34	patronymic; 'son of Domingo', from Latin Latin: Domenicus, Dominus, 'master'
24		134,600	0.34	patronymic; from older form Egidio
25		130,000	0.33	patronymic; son of Vasco
26		122,700	0.31	'highlander' or 'man from the mountain range'
27		118,000	0.30	'branches'; meaning born during the Christian feast of Palm Sunday
28		118,000	0.30	'white'
29		106,900	0.27	patronymic; son of Sancho, from Latin Latin: Sanctius
30		102,900	0.26	toponymic; from Latin castrum meaning 'castle, fort, fortress'
31		102,900	0.26	patronymic; son of Suero or Suaro
32		99,000	0.25	from Ortiga, meaning 'nettle plant'
33		99,000	0.25	'blond, fair-haired'; Latin Latin: Rubeus, meaning 'ruddy, reddish'
34		99,000	0.25	'mill' or 'place with mills'
35		95,000	0.24	'thin, slender, skinny'
36		95,000	0.24	patronymic; son of Ramiro, Radamir, or Radmir
37		95,000	0.24	toponymic; 'blackberry groves' or 'mulberry trees'
38		87,120	0.22	patronymic; son of Ortún; Latin Latin: Fortunius, meaning 'fortunate one'
39		83,160	0.21	Latin Latin: Marinus, meaning 'sailor'
40		83,160	0.21	'churches'

Source:^[65] – Data from December 1999. (2004 data confirmation of top 25)

Canary Islands

Rank	Surname	Approximate percentage
1		4.79
2		4.64
3		4.01
4		3.35
5		3.25
6		2.21
7		2.18
8		1.86
9		1.38
10		1.29
11		1.21
12		1.18
13		0.88
14		0.87
15		0.75
16		0.73
17		0.70
18		0.70
19		0.69
20		0.61
21		0.59
22		0.58
23		0.55
24		0.52
25		0.50
26		0.48
27		0.66
28		0.44
29		0.42
30		0.40

Sweden

Source: World Family Names

Rank[66]		Surname	Meaning
1	251,621		son of Anders
2	251,495		son of Johan
3	223,151		son of Karl
4	171,360		son of Nils
5	147,514		son of Erik
6	124,686		son of Lars
7	114,280		son of Olof, Olov, Ola, Ole or Olle (usually a nickname)
8	107,911		son of Per
9	101,834		son of Sven
10	97,536		son of Gustaf
11	96,011		son of Petter
12	73,869		son of Jon
13	50,170		son of Jan
14	43,926		son of Hans
15	34,302		son of Bengt
16	32,249		son of Jöns
17	27,533		compound of Swedish: lind (the tree tilia cordata) and Swedish: berg 'mountain'
18	26,793		son of Jakob
19	26,562		son of Magnus
20	26,424		son of Olof

List of the 10 most common names among the Sami people (compiled from one third of the Sametinget voting list 2005):^[67]

Rank	Surname	Meaning
1		son of Anders
2		son of Johan
3		son of Nils
4		son of Lars
5		son of Per
6	Blind	? of Sami descent
7		son of Jon
8		son of Erik
9	Nutti	? of Sami descent
10	Labba	? of Sami descent

Switzerland

German-speaking cantons (1998):Source:^[68]

Rank		Surname	Meaning
1	31,000		miller
2	19,150		tenant of a large farm
3	16,900		blacksmith
4	13,000		winemaker
5	11,850		weaver
6	10,550		tenant of a small large farm
7	10,350		tenant of a large farm
8	10,300		tailor
9	8,950		'stone person'
10	8,200		fisherman
11	8,100		'water well person'
12	8,000		'construction man'
13	7,950		tanner
14	7,750		free (in terms of freedom)
15	7,500		'bog person'

Surnames of the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino

Rank	Surname	Meaning
1	Bianchi	white
2	Bernasconi
3	Fontana	one who dwells by a fountain
4	Crivelli	sieve
5	Galli	Gaul Frenchman
6	Cereghetti
7	Colombo	dove (often bestowed upon orphans)
8	Rossi	red, redhead
9	Ferrari	blacksmith
10	Cavadini
11	Sante
12	Ravelli
13	Giovanni	John
14	Piero	Peter

Turkey

See main article: Turkish name.

Rank	Surname	Meaning
1		indomitable
2		rock
3		iron
4		buteo, hawk
5		steel
6		star
7		thunderbolt
8		pure Turk
9		enlightened
10		pure iron
11		lion
12		born, rising, falcon
13		sword
14		lion
15		tough
16		black
17		ram
18		wolf
19		pure blood
20		lightning
21		hardy, steel
22		pure soul
23		unfearful
24		grayish-blue
25		brave born, male/private falcon

Source: Turkish General Directorate of Population and Citizenships^[69]

Ukraine

See main article: List of surnames in Ukraine, Ukrainian surnames and Ukrainian names.

Many of the surnames use the same root but different suffixes, or even different roots of the same meaning, depending on the part of Ukraine the person hails from.^[70]

Rank	Surname	Meaning
1		miller
2		shoemaker's
3		combatant's
4		smith's
5		cooper's
6		weaver's
7		smith's
8		tailor's
9		Yakov's
10		shoemaker's
11		smith
12		the Polesian, a man from Polesia
13		cooper
14		weaver's
15		frost
16		Mark's
17		fox's (from Lys) or baldhead's (from Lysyi)
18		redhead's
19		Savka's (Savka is a form of Sava or Savva)
20		Petro's

United Kingdom

England

Rank	Surname	Percentage[71]
1		1.26
2		0.75
3		0.59
4		0.56
5		0.39
6		0.39
7		0.37
8		0.34
9		0.32
10		0.32
11		0.31
12		0.30
13		0.30
14		0.30
15		0.28
16		0.28
17		0.28
18		0.27
19		0.27
20		0.26

Greater London

The following list is for Greater London.^[72]

Rank	Surname	Origin
1		England/Scotland
2		England
3		Gujarat (India)
4		Wales
5		Wales/England
6		Scotland/England
7		England
8		Wales/England
9		Wales
10		Pakistan/India/Bangladesh
11		England/Ireland/Wales
12		England/Scotland
13		England/Scotland
14		England
15		England
16		England
17		Pakistan/Bangladesh/Arabia/Turkey
18		England/Scotland/France
19		Scotland/England
20		England/Ireland/Germany/Denmark
21		Wales
22		Wales
23		Latin America/Spain
24		Wales/Ireland
25		Scotland/Germany

Northern Ireland

Source:^[73]

Rank	Surname	Origin	%
1		England	0.75
2		Scotland	0.75
3		Ireland	0.74
4		Scotland	0.69
5		Ireland/England	0.62
6		England	0.61
7		England	0.60
8		Scotland	0.59
9		Ireland	0.57
10		Ireland	0.54
11		Scotland	0.54
12		Ireland	0.51
13		England	0.50
14		Ireland	0.49
15		England	0.48
16		England/France	0.45
17		Ireland	0.45
18		Scotland	0.44
19		Scotland/Ireland	0.43
20		Wales	0.41

Scotland

Source:^[73]

Rank	Surname	%
1		1.28
2		0.94
3		0.89
4		0.78
5		0.78
6		0.77
7		0.73
8		0.70
9		0.55
10		0.53
11		0.52
12		0.52
13		0.49
14		0.47
15		0.43
16		0.42
17		0.41
18		0.41
19		0.40
20		0.40

Wales

Source:^[73]

Rank	Surname	%
1		5.75
2		3.72
3		3.72
4		2.47
5		2.43
6		1.53
7		1.53
8		1.23
9		1.16
10		0.96
11		0.93
12		0.85
13		0.82
14		0.81
15		0.69
16		0.67
17		0.67
18		0.65
19		0.63
20		0.53 (Ireland)

See also

• List of family name affixes
• List of most popular given names
• Lists of most common surnames, for other continents

Notes

1. Web site: Manougian . Harout . Armenia's Entire Voter List is Available Online: Here's What It Shows . . https://web.archive.org/web/20221124163807/https://evnreport.com/politics/armenia-s-entire-voter-list-is-available-online-here-s-what-it-shows/ . 24 November 2022 . August 24, 2020.
2. Web site: Alles Gruber in Österreich und nicht Müller wie in Deutschland . Wiener Sprachblätter, 2006, issue 4, p. 4 . 2007-10-20 . de .
3. Web site: ru:Какие самые распространенные фамилии в Азербайджане?. http://1news.az/economy/tech/20120112111005151.html. 1news.az. 19 January 2013. ru.
4. Web site: Ale.by – Самая распространенная фамилия в Минске – Иванов. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054903/http://ale.by/news/4679. 4 March 2016. ru. 3 June 2023.
5. Web site: Familienamen | Statbel. statbel.fgov.be. 3 June 2023.
6. Web site: Structuur van de bevolking | Statbel. statbel.fgov.be. 3 June 2023.
7. Book: Јањатовић, Ђорђе . ПРЕЗИМЕНА СРБА У БОСНИ . ПРОСВЕТА-ТРГОВИНА" д. д. СОМБОР . 1993.
8. http://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/pressreleases/Names2018p.pdf Names 2018
9. Web site: Most frequent Croatian surnames . croatian-genealogy.com . 30 December 2009 .
10. Web site: What's in a name? . . 2 January 2009 .
11. News: Heather . Bowne . What's in a name? . ABC of Czech . Český rozhlas 7 – Radio Praha . 2005-01-16 . 2008-01-28 . The most common surname in the Czech Republic is Novák, which is closest to the English "Newman"..
12. Web site: Mužská příjmení – občané ČR a cizí státní příslušníci – 20 nejčetnějších . 15 September 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031224/http://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/muzska-prijmeni-obcane-cr-a-cizi-statni-prislusnici-20-nejcetnejsich-ke-dni-15-7-2009.aspx . 17 November 2015 . dead .
13. Web site: Ženská přijmení – občanky ČR a cizí státní příslušnice – 20 nejčetnějších . 15 September 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120319160510/http://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/zenska-prijmeni-20-nejcetnejsich.aspx . 19 March 2012 . dead .
14. Web site: Navne i hele befolkningen. dst.dk. Statistics Denmark. 21 November 2022. da.
15. Web site: Eftirnøvn (2001–2017) . Hagstova . Føroya . 2015-12-14 . fo .
16. News: Top 500: Eesti kõige levinumad perekonnanimed . https://web.archive.org/web/20180729113141/http://ekspress.delfi.ee/kuum/top-500-eesti-koige-levinumad-perekonnanimed?id=27677149. 2018-07-29. Eesti Ekspress. et . 29 July 2018. 25 April 2008 .
17. [Population Register Centre]
18. Web site: Les noms de famille les plus portés France . linternaute.com . fr . 29 December 2009 .
19. Georgian Civil Registry Agency.
20. Web site: Most Common Last Names in Germany. Forebears.io. forebears.io/. english . 12 February 2020.
21. Rank and percentage of population from: Kunze, Konrad (2004). Namenkunde, Vor- und Familiennamen im deutschen Sprachgebiet, 4th edn (series: dtv-Atlas). München, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 255 pp.
22. http://www.verwandt.de/karten/ In northern Germany, the alternative form 'Möller' is more common
23. Heterograph: Schmitt. In southernmost Germany, the alternative form 'Schmid' is the most common. All forms taken collectively would be #1 surname. The standard German form for 'blacksmith' is 'Schmied'.
24. Heterographs: Meier, which is common to the north, like Meyer, and Mayer, which is commoner to the south. All forms taken collectively would be #2 surname
25. Book: Triandafilidis. Manolis. Τα οικογενειακά μας ονόματα (Our Family Names). 1995. Manolis Triandafilidis Foundation. Athens. 9789602310106. 288.
26. Web site: Családnév statisztika 2011. január 1. . . Népességnyilvántartó Hivatal (Bureau of Population Registration) . hu . 9 October 2011 .
27. Web site: Születési családnevek 2019. 2019-09-17. XLSX. Közigazgatási és Elektronikus Közszolgáltatások Központi Hivatala. https://web.archive.org/web/20190917134940/https://nyilvantarto.hu/letoltes/statisztikak/kozerdeku_csaladnev2019.xlsx. 17 September 2019.
28. Web site: Mannanöfn og nafngiftir á Íslandi . Hagstofa . Íslands . 2018-02-26 . is .
29. Web site: Mac Murchadha - Irish Names and Surnames .
30. Web site: Mac Ceallaigh - Irish Names and Surnames .
31. Web site: Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): éadaigh .
32. Web site: Subscribe to Irish Ancestors .
33. The Top 500 Irish & British Surnames, The Observer, 15 April 2007.
34. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003&res_dat=xri:pqil:res_ver=0.2&res_id=xri:newsuk&rft_id=xri:newsuk:newsart:1255202161 Retrieved 23 September 2008. Registration required.
35. Web site: L'Italia dei Cognomi . mappadeicognomi.it . italian . 12 February 2021 .
36. Web site: Most Common Last Names in Italy. Forebears.io. forebears.io/. english . 12 February 2020.
37. News: Maxia . Mauro . Le origini dei cognomi sardi, il primo Sanna aveva i canini affilati come zanne. The origins of Sardinian surnames, the first Sanna had fang-like canine teeth. 22 January 2021 . . 18 November 2019 . it.
38. http://news.mail.ru/inworld/kazakhstan/society/19184248/?frommail=1 Стали известны самые распространённые фамилии в Казахстане — Новости Общества — Новости Mail.Ru
39. Web site: Names and Surnames in Kosovo . Agjencia e Statistikave të Kosovës, 2017, p. 12 . 2017-10-20 . en .
40. Web site: Latvians . li.lv . 29 December 2009 . 2006 .
41. Latvian Surname Project http://www.celmina.com/surnames
42. Web site: Populiariausi gyventojų vardai ir Labiausiai paplitusiosios gyventojų pavardės. 27 February 2015. stat.gov.lt. lt. 6 June 2016.
43. Web site: Fuerschungsportal iwwert d'Lëtzebuergescht | Grundstrukturen der luxemburgischen Familiennamenlandschaft . Infolux . 2022-08-24.
44. Web site: Census of Population and Housing 2011: A focus on Surnames. Zammit. Silvan. 7 January 2013. National Statistics Office – Malta. 28 November 2017.
45. CASATA.MD: NUME IN REPUBLICA MOLDOVA
46. Web site: OVO SU NAJČEŠĆA PREZIMENA NA BALKANU: Proverite kako se vaše kotira . 18 June 2023 .
47. https://www.stat.gov.mk/Iminja_Preziminja.aspx source
48. Web site: Surnames used by 200 or more . . 22 November 2016.
49. [Ministry of Interior (Poland)]
50. http://www.bbg.pt/sites_off/SPIE_01/faqs4.htm © 2005 SOCIEDADE PORTUGUESA DE INFORMAÇÃO ECONÓMICA S.A. – SPIE
51. http://anossavida.pt/sites/anossavida.pt/files/100_apelidos.pdf Os 100 Apelidos mais frequentes da População Portuguesa
52. Web site: Portugal Genealogy Resources & Vital Records .
53. Web site: Cele mai comune nume de familie din Romania, 2013. 5 August 2014.
54. Yumaguzin . Valeriy . Vinnik . Maria . 2019-08-18 . Surnames in modern Russia . Annals of Human Biology . en . 46 . 6 . 475–490 . 10.1080/03014460.2019.1685130 . 0301-4460.
55. Book: Балановская Е. В. . Балановский О. П. . 2007 . 978-5-87140-267-2 . Moscow . 165–216 . ru . ru:Русский генофонд на Русской равнине. See also the web version of the list.
56. Web site: http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/public/PublicationView.aspx?pKey=41&pLevel=1&pubType=2&pubKey=1502 . sr:Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. године у Републици Србији; Посебна публикација: Најчешћа имена и презимена . Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. sr. 4 May 2013.
57. Web site: Najčastejšie priezviská na Slovensku. 10 January 2010. Geni.sk. 3 June 2023.
58. Web site: Most Common Slovak Last Names . Votruba . Martin . Slovak Studies Program . University of Pittsburgh.
59. Web site: Régi magyar családnevek névvégmutató szótára (Reverse dictionary of historical Hungarian family names) . Farkas . Tamás . ELTE Magyar Nyelvtudományi és Finnugor Intézet, Magyar Nyelvtudományi Társaság (Budapest University, Faculty of Hungarian Philology and Finno-Ugric Institute, Hungarian Philology Association), Budapest, 2009.
60. Károly Kocsis (DSc, University of Miskolc) – Zsolt Bottlik (PhD, Budapest University) – Patrik Tátrai: Etnikai térfolyamatok a Kárpát-medence határon túli régióiban, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (Hungarian Academy of Sciences) – Földrajtudományi Kutatóintézet (Academy of Geographical Studies); Budapest; 2006.;, CD Atlas
61. Web site: An analysis – in a complex approach – of assimilation processes among the Hungarians of Slovakia . Gyurgyík . László . Nyelvhatárok, etnikai kontaktuszónák a Kárpát-medence három régiójában . MTA Etnikai-nemzeti Kisebbségkutató Intézet (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ethnic and National Minorities).
62. Web site: Most frequent family names . stat.si . 29 December 2009 .
63. Book: Dauzat, Albert. Albert Dauzat. Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de famille et prénoms de France. Larousse. Paris. 1980. fr. 420. 2033408043. New completed edition by Marie-Thérèse Morlet.
64. Book: Weiss-Füglister, Nelly. The Origin of Jewish Family Names. 216. Peter Lang. 2002. 978-3-906768-19-9.
65. Web site: Los 40 apellidos mas comunes en España (www.ociototal.com) . 2011-06-25 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080430161150/http://www.ociototal.com/recopila2/r_aficiones/apellidos.html . 30 April 2008 .
66. Web site: Namnstatistik . . 15 September 2013.
67. News: Vanligaste samiska efternamnet utsett . sv . 24 August 2016 . Sveriges Radio. 18 November 2010 .
68. Web site: RootsWeb: SWITZERLAND-L [SWITZERLAND-L] Most common CH surnames with citizenships in over 100 villages ]. archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130630231221/http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/SWITZERLAND/1998-05/0895251376 . 2013-06-30.
69. Web site: Most Popular Surnames, 2020. Turkish General Directorate of Population and Citizenships. 16 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623032923/https://www.nvi.gov.tr/kurumlar/nvi.gov.tr/Genel_Mudurluk/istatistikler/En_cok_Kullanilan_Soyad_istatistigi.pdf. 23 June 2020.
70. Web site: Популярні прізвища та імена України. uk. https://web.archive.org/web/20230404004053/https://sites.google.com/site/uaname/popularnist-prizvis/misca-1---10000. 4 April 2023.
71. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/paediatric-epidemiology/pdfs/Signficance_Surnames_Paper.pdf Paediatric-Epidemiology Significance Surnames Paper
72. Web site: Most common surnames in Greater London, UK. 3 June 2023.
73. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/paediatric-epidemiology/pdfs/Signficance_Surnames_Paper.pdf Significant surnames