List of heads of state and government who took their own lives explained

A number of heads of state and heads of government have taken their own lives, either while in office or after leaving office. National leaders who take their own lives while in office generally do so because their leadership is somehow threatened – for instance, by a coup or an invading army. Some have done so under compulsion.

Heads of state

Name State Year In
office? 		Method (Probable)
motive 		Ref.
data-sort-value=-10461046 BC Yes Immolation [1]
data-sort-value=-885 885 BC? [2]
data-sort-value=-714 714 BC Stabbing [3]
data-sort-value=-676676 BC? Poisoning [4]
Šamaš-šuma-ukin (disputed) data-sort-value=-648648 BC Immolation [5]
data-sort-value=-626626 BC Hanging [6]
Sîn-šar-iškun (disputed) data-sort-value=-612612 BC [7]
data-sort-value=-529529 BC Hanging Palace coup by Duke Qiji of Cai [8]
data-sort-value=-525525 BC No Poisoning
Cleomenes I (disputed) data-sort-value=-490490 BC Yes Mutilation by sword Imprisonment on grounds of insanity [9]
data-sort-value=-473473 BC Hanging or slitting throat (disputed) [10]
data-sort-value=-468468 BC Drowning [11]
data-sort-value=-425425 BC Compelled after palace coup [12]
Chandragupta Maurya (disputed) data-sort-value=-295295 BC No Starvation (sallekhana) Piety [13]
data-sort-value=-219219 BC [14]
data-sort-value=-207207 BC Yes [15]
data-sort-value=-202202 BC Slitting throat [16]
data-sort-value=-179179 BC Drowning [17]
data-sort-value=-172172 BC No Hanging Depression after death of son [18]
data-sort-value=-146146 BC Yes Poisoning [19] [20]
Diodotus Tryphon (disputed) data-sort-value=-138 138 BC [21]
data-sort-value=-119119 BC No Poisoning Prosecution for treason [22]
data-sort-value=-112112 BC [23]
data-sort-value=-8282 BC Yes [24]
data-sort-value=-8282 BC No [25]
data-sort-value=-6363 BC Yes Stabbed by bodyguard on command after failed poisoning Impending defeat by rebellion [26]
data-sort-value=-5858 BC Poisoning Threat of Roman annexation [27]
data-sort-value=-4646 BC
data-sort-value=-3030 BC No Stabbing [28]
data-sort-value=-3030 BC Yes Poisoning Death of Mark Antony and defeat by Octavian [29]
68 Stabbing (assisted by Epaphroditus) Impending overthrow
69 Stabbing [30]
106 Slitting throat [31]
data-sort-value=130 130? Starvation (vaṭakkiruttal) [32]
238 Hanging [33]
260 No Accused of plotting to assassinate successor after deposition [34]
300 Yes Hanging Palace coup owing to popular unrest [35]
310 No [36]
Diocletian (disputed) data-sort-value=312 312? Starvation Fear of reprisal by Constantine I [37]
338 Hanging [38]
400 Yes
447 No Compelled by Taiwu of Northern Wei on suspicion of plotting rebellion [39]
552 Yes [40]
data-sort-value=577577? No Compelled by Wu of Northern Zhou on suspicion of plotting rebellion
672 Yes Strangulation [41] [42]
838 Hanging [43]
839 [44]
913 [45]
923 [46]
927 [47]
937 Immolation [48]
975 No Starvation (sallekhana) Failure against Siyaka and Tailapa II, piety [49]
982 Collapse of Rashtrakuta, failure against Tailapa II, piety
1001 Immolation Defeat by Mahmud of Ghazni and abdication [50]
1068 Yes Drowning Defeat by Virarajendra Chola and illness
1081 No Stabbing Breakdown of relationship with son and successor Kalaśa after abdication [51]
1127 Hanging Compelled by Gaozong of Song after abdication [52]
1234 Yes [53]
1323 [54]
1403 No [55]
1430 Yes Poisoning [56]
1469 [57]
Moquihuix (disputed) 1473 Jumped off pyramid [58]
1527 No Hanging [59]
1592 Slitting throat Capture by Mughal forces after failed rebellion
1644 Yes Hanging or suffocation (disputed) [60]
1735 No Hanging
1794 Gunshot [61]
1795 Stabbing [62]
1797 Gunshot Mental breakdown [63]
1803 Poisoning or strangulation (disputed) [64]
Haiti1820 Yes Gunshot Poor health, impending overthrow [65]
1847 No Gunshot or slitting throat (disputed) Business failure [66] [67]
1858 Gunshot Political failure [68]
1868 Yes Ill-health [69]
1868 [70]
Abdulaziz (disputed) 1876 No Arms cut by scissors [71]
1880 Yes Gunshot Adverse press coverage, depression, exhaustion [72]
1891 No [73]
1926 Slitting throat Depression over the Bolsheviks' conquest of Georgia [74] [75]
1939 Yes Gunshot Political frustration, depression [76]
1941 No [77] [78]
1942 Jumped off a building Defeat of Poland and political frustration in exile [79]
1945 Yes Gunshot [80]
1946 Hanging Political failure [81]
Omer Nishani (disputed) 1954 No Gunshot Poor health, political failure [82] [83]
1954 Yes Opposition from the military [84]
1973 [85] [86] [87]
1975 No [88]
Carlos Prío Socarrás (disputed) 1977 [89] [90]
1982 Yes Corruption allegations [91] [92]
1983 No Poor health, bereavement [93]
1988 Yes Corruption allegations [94]
Zviad Gamsakhurdia (disputed) 1993 No [95] [96]
2001 Yes [97]
2003 No Ill-health [98]
2006 Hanging Imprisonment over war crimes [99]
2009 Jumped off a cliff Corruption allegations [100]
2019 Gunshot Allegations of corruption [101]

Heads of government

Name Country Year In
office 		Method Probable
motive 		Reference
1822 Yes Poison Defeat in the Greek War of Independence and execution threat [102]
1839 No Slit throat with a kukri Disgrace of third wife
1929 Yes Gunshot Political frustration [103] [104]
1937 No Being taken to Moscow under arrest [105]
1939 Political failure [106] [107]
1941 Yes Distress over entry of German troops into Hungary [108] [109]
1941 [110]
1945 No Gunshot or cyanide [111] [112]
1945 Cyanide Accused of war crimes [113]
Milan Nedić (disputed) 1946 Jumped from prison window [114]
Johannes Vares (disputed)1946 Gunshot Disillusion with Soviet system [115] [116]
1956 Hanging Dying of cancer[117] [118] [119]
1980 Starvation (refused food) Ill-health [120] [121]
Mehmet Shehu (disputed) 1981 Yes Gunshot Nervous breakdown [122] [123]
1991 or 1993 No [124] [125]
1993 Gunshot Depression and being investigated [126]
2000 Allegations of corruption [127]
2019 Allegations of corruption
2024 No Poor health [128]

See also

Notes and References

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