List of fastest computers explained

This is a historical list of fastest computers and includes computers and supercomputers which were considered the fastest in the world at the time they were built.

Year	Country of site	Site	Vendor / builder	Computer	Performance
1938		Personal research and development Berlin, Germany	Konrad Zuse	Z1	1.00	IPS	[1]
1940				Z2	1.25	IPS	[2]
1941				Z3	20.00	IPS	[3]
1944		Bletchley Park	Tommy Flowers and his team, Post Office Research Station	Colossus	5.00	kIPS	[4]
2024		xAI (private)	xAI	Colossus	3.4	EFLOPS* (theoretical peak)	[5]
2024		Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory	HPE Cray	El Capitan	2.0	EFLOPS* (theoretical peak)	[6]
1945		University of Pennsylvania	Moore School of Electrical Engineering	ENIAC	5.00	kIPS	[7]
1951		Massachusetts Institute of Technology	MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory	Whirlwind I	20.00	kIPS	[8]
1958		McGuire Air Force Base	IBM	AN/FSQ-7	kIPS	[9]
1960		Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory		7090	229.00	kIPS	[10]
		Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory	Remington Rand's UNIVAC	LARC	250.00	kIPS	[11]
1961		Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory	IBM	7030 Stretch	1.20	MIPS	[12]
1962		University of Manchester	University of Manchester, Ferranti International, and Plessey Co.	Atlas	1.00	FLOPS	[13]
1964		Lawrence Livermore and Los Alamos	CDC	6600	3.00	MFLOPS	[14]
1969		Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory		7600	36.00	MFLOPS	[15]
1974				STAR-100	100.00	MFLOPS	[16]
1976		Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory	Cray	Cray-1	160.00	MFLOPS	[17]
1980		Meteorological Office, Bracknell	CDC	Cyber 205	400.00	MFLOPS	[18]
1983		National Security Agency	Cray	X-MP/4	713.00	MFLOPS*	[19]
1985		Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory	Cray	Cray-2	1.41	FLOPS*	[20]
1988		NASA Ames Research Center		Y-MP/832	2.14	GFLOPS*
1990		Fuji Heavy Industries	Fujitsu	VP2600/10	4.00	GFLOPS*	[21]
1992		Atmospheric Environment Service	NEC	SX-3/44	20.00	GFLOPS*	[22]
1993		Los Alamos National Laboratory	Thinking Machines	CM-5/1024	59.70	GFLOPS*	[23]
		National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan	Fujitsu	Numerical Wind Tunnel	124.20	GFLOPS*	[24]
1994		Sandia National Laboratories	Intel	Paragon XP/S 140	143.40	GFLOPS*	[25]
		National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan	Fujitsu	Numerical Wind Tunnel	170.00	GFLOPS*
1996		University of Tokyo	Hitachi	SR2201	232.40	GFLOPS*	[26]
		University of Tsukuba		CP-PACS	368.20	GFLOPS*	[27]
1997		Sandia National Laboratories	Intel	ASCI Red	1.06	FLOPS*	[28]
2000		Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory	IBM	ASCI White	4.93	TFLOPS*	[29]
2001					7.20	TFLOPS*
2002		JAMSTEC Earth Simulator Center	NEC	Earth Simulator	35.86	TFLOPS*	[30]
2004		Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory	IBM	Blue Gene/L	70.72	TFLOPS*	[31]
2005					136.80	TFLOPS*
					280.60	TFLOPS*
2007					478.20	TFLOPS*
2008		Los Alamos National Laboratory	IBM	Roadrunner	1.02	FLOPS*	[32]
					1.10	PFLOPS*
2009		Oak Ridge National Laboratory	Cray	Jaguar	1.75	PFLOPS*	[33]
2010		National Supercomputing Center of Tianjin	National University of Defense Technology	Tianhe-1A	2.57	PFLOPS*	[34]
2011		RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science	Fujitsu	K computer	10.51	PFLOPS*	[35]
2012		Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory	IBM	Sequoia (Blue Gene/Q)	16.32	PFLOPS*	[36]
		Oak Ridge National Laboratory	Cray	Titan	17.59	PFLOPS*	[37]
2013		National Supercomputing Center of Guangzhou	National University of Defense Technology	Tianhe-2	33.86	PFLOPS*	[38]
2016		National Supercomputing Center of Wuxi	NRCPC	Sunway TaihuLight	93.01	PFLOPS*	[39]
2018		Oak Ridge National Laboratory	IBM	Summit	122.30	PFLOPS*	[40]
2019					148.60	PFLOPS*	[41]
2020		RIKEN Center for Computational Science	Fujitsu	Fugaku	415.53	PFLOPS*	[42]
					442.01	PFLOPS*
2022		Oak Ridge National Laboratory	HPE Cray	Frontier	1.102	FLOPS*	[43]
2023					1.194	EFLOPS*
2024					1.206	EFLOPS*
		Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory		El Capitan	1.742	EFLOPS*	[44]

a. An asterisk (*) denotes Rmaxthe highest score measured using the LINPACK benchmarks suite.

See also

• History of supercomputing
• Timeline of instructions per second (IPS)
• TOP500 § Systems ranked No. 1 since 1976 (FLOPS)

References

• Computer Speeds From Instruction Mixes (pre-1960 to 1971)
• TOP500 #1 systems since 1993 – TOP500.org

Notes and References

1. Web site: History of Computers and Computing, Birth of the modern computer, Relays computer, Konrad Zuse . history-computer.com . 2020-03-01.
2. Web site: Z2 . 2024-11-20 . horst-zuse.hier-im-netz.de.
3. Book: Reinhardt, Helmut . Automatisierungstechnik : theoretische und gerätetechnische Grundlagen, SPS . Springer . 1996 . 3-540-60626-2 . German . Berlin . 241 . 68764206.
4. Web site: The Colossus Machine . 2024-11-20 . cs.stanford.edu.
5. Web site: Elon Musk's xAI Colossus Supercomputer Comes Online With 100K Nvidia GPUs . 2024-12-02.
6. Web site: El Capitan Supercomputer . 2024-12-02.
7. How the World's First Computer Was Rescued From the Scrap Heap . Koerner . Brendan I. . 2014-11-25 . Wired . 2020-02-28.
8. Everett . R. R. . The Whirlwind I computer . Papers and Discussions Presented at the December 10–12, 1951, Joint AIEE-IRE Computer Conference: Review of Electronic Digital Computers . 1951 . . 70–74 . 10.1145/1434770.1434781 . 2020-02-29. free .
9. Web site: IBM AN/FSQ-7 . old-computers.com . 2020-02-29.
10. Web site: IBM Archives: 7090 Data Processing System . 2003-01-23 . IBM . en-US . 2020-02-28.
11. Web site: LARC Links . people.cs.clemson.edu . 2020-03-01.
12. Book: Padua, David . Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing . Springer . 2011 . 978-0-387-09766-4 . New York . 406 . 772461594.
13. Book: Lavington, Simon Hugh . A History of Manchester Computers . British Computer Society . 1975 . 978-1-902505-01-5 . 2nd . Swindon . 156380308.
14. Web site: The history of supercomputers . Anthony . Sebastian . 2012-04-10 . ExtremeTech . 2020-02-29.
15. Web site: CDC 7600 . Bell . Gordon . 1998-01-25 . Microsoft Research . 2020-02-29.
16. http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/10/462/10462027.pdf LARGE COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NEW ARCHITECTURES, T. Bloch, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, November 1978
17. Web site: Company History . Cray . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140712100729/http://www.cray.com/About/History.aspx . 2014-07-12 . 2020-02-29.
18. Web site: PDS: The Performance Database Server (Linpack) . 2020-09-13 . performance.netlib.org.
19. Web site: Frequently Asked Questions . TOP500.org . 2020-02-29.
20. Web site: CRAY-2/4-512 . TOP500.org . 2020-02-29.
21. Web site: VP2600/10 . 2021-10-19 . TOP500.org.
22. Web site: 1991-10-09 . AES Installs Worlds Fastest Supercomputer . 2021-10-19 . Very Computer.
23. Web site: CM-5: Los Alamos National Lab . TOP500.org . 2020-03-01.
24. Web site: Numerical Wind Tunnel: National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan . TOP500.org . 2020-03-01.
25. Web site: Intel XP/S 140 Paragon: Sandia National Labs . TOP500.org . 2020-03-01.
26. Web site: Hitachi SR2201: University of Tokyo . TOP500.org . 2020-03-01.
27. Web site: CP-PACS: University of Tsukuba . TOP500.org . 2020-03-01.
28. Web site: ASCI Red: Sandia National Laboratory . TOP500.org . 2020-03-01.
29. Web site: ASCI White: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . TOP500.org . 2020-03-01.
30. Web site: The Earth Simulator: Earth Simulator Center . TOP500.org . 2020-03-01.
31. Web site: BlueGene/L: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . TOP500.org . 2020-03-01.
32. Web site: Roadrunner: Los Alamos National Laboratory . TOP500.org . 2020-03-01.
33. Web site: Jaguar: Oak ridge National Laboratory . TOP500.org . 2020-03-01.
34. Web site: Tianhe-1A: National Supercomputing Center in Tianjin . TOP500.org . 2020-03-01.
35. Web site: K Computer: RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science . TOP500.org . 2020-03-01.
36. Web site: Sequoia: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . TOP500.org . 2020-03-01.
37. Web site: Titan: Oak Ridge National Laboratory . TOP500.org . 2020-03-01.
38. Web site: Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2) : National University of Defense Technology . TOP500.org . 2020-03-01.
39. Web site: Sunway TaihuLight: National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi . TOP500.org . 2020-03-01.
40. Web site: Summit: DOE/SC/Oak Ridge National Laboratory . TOP500.org . 2020-03-01.
41. Web site: Summit - IBM Power System AC922, IBM POWER9 22C 3.07GHz, NVIDIA Volta GV100, Dual-rail Mellanox EDR Infiniband . TOP500.org . 2020-02-29.
42. Web site: Supercomputer Fugaku - Supercomputer Fugaku, A64FX 48C 2.2GHz, Tofu interconnect D . TOP500.org . 2020-11-16.
43. Web site: Frontier - HPE Cray EX235a, AMD Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2GHz, AMD Instinct MI250X, Slingshot-11 . 2024-01-07 . TOP500.org.
44. Web site: El Capitan - HPE Cray EX255a, AMD 4th Gen EPYC 24C 1.8GHz, AMD Instinct MI300A, Slingshot-11, TOSS . 2024-11-19 . TOP500.org.