List of boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions explained

The following is a list of boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) accidents. It shows whether the accident occurred during dangerous goods transportation or at a fixed facility, the accident origin (e.g., storage, process reactor, rail tank car, tank truck), the material involved, its amount, the number of fatalities, and whether a fireball developed (which is typically the case if the material is flammable).

Boiler explosions are not listed here, see List of boiler explosions. Note, however, that not all boiler explosions are BLEVEs, with some being fuel–air explosions arising in the boiler furnace.

Gas cylinders explosions are listed only where many (typically tens of) canisters exploded in a single event.

List

Date! style="text-align: left;"
CountryLocationFixed ortransportTypeMaterialAmount (tons)FatalitiesFireballMain article, details and references
13 December 1926Saint-AubanFStorageChlorine2519N[1] [2]
28 May 1928HamburgFStorage (runaway reaction)Phosgene1010N
10 May 1929Syracuse, New YorkFStorageChlorine251N
24 December 1939ZărneștiFStorageChlorine1060N
29 July 1943LudwigshafenTRailButadiene (80%) and butene (20%) mixture1657YAt BASF plant
1944Oklahoma City, OklahomaTRoadLPG75Y[3]
5 November 1947RaumaFStorageChlorine3019N
28 July 1948LudwigshafenTRailDiethyl ether33209Y[4]
7 July 1951Newark, New JerseyFStorageLPG26000YSeventy tanks
4 April 1952DuisburgFStorageChlorine3019N
24 June 1952Kansas City, MissouriTRoadLPG2Y[5]
4 January 1954Atlanta, GeorgiaFStorageLPG0YDuring cargo transfer of a tanker truck
13 January 1954Lakeport, CaliforniaFStorageLPG0YDuring cargo transfer of a tanker truck
4 June 1954Institute, West VirginiaTRailAcrolein200Y
19 July 1955LudwigshafenTRoadLPG0Y[6]
29 July 1956Dumas, TexasFStoragePentane and hexane mixture122019YMcKee refinery tank explosion and fire
22 October 1956Cottage Grove, OregonFStorageLPG< 3912YAt an oil refinery[7] [8]
8 January 1957Montreal, QuebecFStorageLPG51001YAt Shell refinery. Caused by overfill. Maximum height of flames estimated at 1.5 km.[9] [10]
24 April 1957FProcess reactorFormalin and phenol mixture0NAt a Factory Mutual research facility. The term "BLEVE" was coined in the wake of this accident.[11] [12]
1958MichiganLPG551Y
1958CelleTRailLPG25Y
4 March 1958Shattuck, OklahomaTRailLPG1500Y[13]
22 December 1958Brownfield, TexasTRoadLPG254Y[14]
22 January 1959Monroe, LouisianaTRailPropylene268Y[15]
12 March 1959Brinkley, ArkansasFStorageLPG< 901YCaused by a truck driver starting off without unplugging a transfer hose[16]
28 May 1959McKittrick, CaliforniaFStorageLPG0Y
2 June 1959Deer Lake, PennsylvaniaTRoadLPG2011Y[17] [18]
28 June 1959Meldrim, GeorgiaTRailLPG5523YMeldrim Trestle Disaster
18 August 1959Kansas City, MissouriFStorageGasoline705Along Southwest Boulevard. Kansas City Fire Department's second largest loss of life in the line of duty.[19] [20]
28 March 1960Glasgow, ScotlandFStorageWhisky390019Cheapside Street whisky bond fire[21]
17 April 1962Brandenburg, KentuckyFProcess reactor (runaway reaction)Ethylene oxide and ammonia mixture705Y[22]
27 May 1962Berlin, New YorkTRoadLPG1310Y[23] [24]
12 October 1964Moran, KansasTRailLPG0YFour tank cars BLEVEd.[25]
13 December 1964Columbus, OhioTRailEthylene oxide0Y[26] [27]
4 January 1966FeyzinFStorageLPG100018YFeyzin disaster
28 August 1966Walton, KentuckyTRailLPG0Y[28] [29]
22 August 1967Texarkana, TexasTRailButadiene0Y[30] [31]
1 January 1968Dunreith, IndianaTRailEthylene oxide0Y
27 May 1968Cotulla, TexasTRailEthylene oxide0Y[32]
21 August 1968LiévinTRoadAmmonia196N[33]
27 November 1968Tarrytown, New YorkFStorageLPG0Y
2 January 1969RépcelakFStorageCarbon dioxide359N[34]
25 January 1969Laurel, MississippiTRailLPG652YSeveral tank cars BLEVEd.
18 February 1969Crete, NebraskaTRailAmmonia658N
29 April 1969Cumming, IowaTRailAmmonia910N
2 June 1969North CarolinaTRoadLPG0Y[35]
11 September 1969Glendora, MississippiTRailVinyl chloride550Y30,000 people evacuated
21 October 1969Troup, TexasTRailEthylene oxide0Y[36]
8 December 1969DouaiFHVAC plantAmmonia0.30Occurred at a brewery.[37]
1970Hopkinton, MassachusettsTRoadLPG40Y[38]
30 May 1970New York City, New YorkTRoadOxygen122NAt Victory Memorial Hospital in Brooklyn. Occurred after a liquid oxygen tanker finished unloading a cargo.[39] [40]
21 June 1970Crescent City, IllinoisTRailLPG2750YIn downtown area[41]
22 July 1970PerpignanTRailLPG452YInside a gas storage and bottling plant[42]
27 August 1970Byron, New YorkTRailVinyl chloride0Y[43]
23 October 1970Hull, EnglandTRoadLPG2Y[44]
19 January 1971Baton Rouge, LouisianaTRailEthylene40Y
4 February 1971Eden Prairie, MinnesotaTRoadLPG170Y[45] [46]
19 October 1971Houston, TexasTRailVinyl chloride501Y
1972MontanaFStorageLPG1Y
9 February 1972Tewksbury, MassachusettsTRoadLPG283YWhen unloading at Lowell Gas Company plant[47] [48]
9 March 1972Lynchburg, VirginiaTRoadLPG93Y[49] [50]
30 March 1972Rio de JaneiroFStorageLPG1000+38Y[51]
21 September 1972Hightstown, New JerseyTRoadPropylene182YOn New Jersey Turnpike[52]
5 July 1973Kingman, ArizonaTRailLPG10013YKingman explosion[53]
6 November 1973Wadstrom,Ventura, CaliforniaTRailLPG3YAccident was caused by two boys releasing the hand brakes of standing tank cars.[54]
17 December 1973Mountainville, New YorkFStorageLPG280Y
1974TRoadEthylene200Y
1974Aberdeen, ScotlandTRoadLPG20Y
11 January 1974West St. Paul, MinnesotaFStorageLPG274Y[55]
12 February 1974Oneonta, New YorkTRailLPG2880Y[56]
1 March 1974Londonderry, PennsylvaniaFStorageHydrogen5YAt Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station Unit 1. Occurred when firefighters introduced water in a vent stack, plugging it with ice as a result.[57] [58]
17 April 1974BielefeldTRailGasoline0YSeveral tank cars exploded.[59]
29 June 1974Climax, TexasTRailVinyl chloride1080Y
21 September 1974Houston, TexasTRailButadiene921YAt a Southern Pacific Transportation Company marshalling yard[60] [61]
29 April 1975Eagle Pass, TexasTRoadLPG1816Y[62]
22 June 1975Angleton, TexasFStorageLPG410Y[63]
1 September 1975Saylor, IowaTRailLPG0YFour tank cars BLEVEd.[64] [65]
22 October 1975Fertile, MinnesotaTRailLPG750Y[66]
14 December 1975Niagara Falls, New YorkTRailChlorine204N[67]
11 May 1976Houston, TexasTRoadAmmonia206N[68] [69]
19 August 1976Flint, MichiganTRoadLPG501Y[70]
31 August 1976Gadsden, AlabamaFStorageGasoline43YAt a gas station[71]
2 September 1976Haltern am SeeTRailCarbon dioxide2311NAt a marshalling yard[72]
18 October 1976Clifford, MichiganTRailAcrylonitrile0Y[73]
26 November 1976Belt, MontanaTRailLPG802Y[74]
6 February 1977Boynton Beach, FloridaF/TRailStorageLPG0YA train laden with propane struck a wall next to four LPG spheres.[75]
20 February 1977Dallas, TexasTRailLPG680Y[76]
19 June 1977PueblaFStorageVinyl chloride1101YAt a plastic factory[77]
12 July 1977CassinoFStorageLPG5Y[78]
8 December 1977CartagenaFProcess reactorAmmonia2130NAt Abocol urea plant[79]
31 January 1978New Martinsville, West VirginiaFStorageNitrogenNAt an Air Products & Chemicals and Mobay Chemical Corporation facility[80] [81]
24 February 1978Waverly, TennesseeTRailLPG4516YWaverly tank car explosion
29 March 1978Lewisville, ArkansasTRailVinyl chloride1100Y[82]
30 May 1978Texas City, TexasFStorageLPG15007Y[83]
11 July 1978AlcanarTRoadPropylene25217YLos Alfaques disaster
4 August 1978Donnellson, IowaTPipelineLPG4352Y[84]
22 November 1978Canyon, TexasTRailLPG0Y[85]
18 December 1978NijmegenTRoadLPG170YAt a gas station. A fixed LPG tank was also exposed but did not explode.[86]
8 April 1979Crestview, FloridaTRailAmmonia0N[87] [88]
30 August 1979Good Hope, LouisianaTShippingLPG12012YCollision between MV Inca Tupac Yupanqui and butane-laden barge TB Panama City[89]
8 September 1979Paxton, Shelby County, TexasTRailTetrahydrofuran and ethylene oxide0YDerailment of 33 tank cars and two locomotives[90] [91]
10 November 1979Mississauga, OntarioTRailLPG210YThree tan cars explode[92]
3 January 1980Berg en DalTShipping0Collision between vessels Kombi 21 and Rodort 6 on the river Waal by the hamlet of Erlecom
3 March 1980Los Angeles, CaliforniaTRoadGasoline365Y[93]
1 August 1981Cerritos, San Luis PotosíTRailChlorine11029N[94]
21 June 1982GrootebroekFStorage1[95]
26 June 1982Lundbreck, AlbertaTRailLPG0Y[96]
28 September 1982Livingston, LouisianaTRailVinyl chloride and styrene6400Y[97]
11 December 1982Taft, LouisianaFStorage (runaway reaction)Acrolein2500YMore than 20,000 evacuated[98] [99]
29 December 1982FlorenceTRoadLPG4Y[100]
12 July 1983Reserve, LouisianaFProcess vessel (runaway reaction)Chloroprene13
3 September 1983Murdock, IllinoisTRailLPG0Y
4 October 1983Houston, TexasMethyl bromide282
23 July 1984Romeoville, IllinoisFProcess vesselLPG15Y1984 Romeoville petroleum refinery disaster
19 November 1984San Juan IxhuatepecFStorageLPG3000500+YSan Juanico disaster[101]
19 May 1985Priolo GargalloFStorageLPG500YAt Enichem petrochemical plant. BLEVE was caused by a powerful jet fire from the broken pipe of a distillation column.
9 June 1985Pine Bluff, ArkansasTRailEthylene oxide0Y[102]
28 January 1986Merritt Island, FloridaTSpacecraftHydrogen and oxygen7YSpace Shuttle Challenger disaster[103]
1987MinnesotaFStorageLPG0YThree propane tanks BLEVEd at a research facility.[104]
17 August 1987Cairns, QueenslandFStorageLPG201Y[105]
21 March 1988Kings Ripton, EnglandFStorageLPG0YStorage tank for domestic use[106]
16 August 1988Spinetta MarengoFProcess vessel (runaway reaction)Diisopropyl monohydroperoxide0YUncontrolled thermal decomposition of Luperox DH at Atofina plant[107] [108]
21 November 1988WormsFStorageCarbon dioxide663N[109] [110]
23 December 1988Memphis, TennesseeTRoadLPG189YMemphis tanker truck disaster[111]
20 May 1989Alma AtaTRailLPG2320+YFollowing a train collision[112]
1 April 1990Sydney, New South WalesFStorageLPG240+0YOccurred at Boral's St. Peters facility. Fire broke out at about 9:00 pm, burning for over nine hours. A 100-ton tank and many smaller ones exploded.[113]
28 August 1992IshikariFStorageNitrogen40N[114]
19 April 1993Waco, TexasFStorageLPG86YPropane tank explosion during the Waco siege[115]
27 June 1993Warwick, QuebecFStorageLPG24YOccurred in a barn serving as maternity for calves.[116]
August 1993PanipatFProcess vesselAmmonia6N[117]
4 March 1994Weyauwega, WisconsinTRailLPG0YWeyauwega, Wisconsin, derailment
15 March 1996PaeseTRoadLPG132YFire initiated when a tanker truck was offloading cargo.[118]
18 March 1996CapaciTRoadLPG5Y[119]
1 December 1996La PlataFPipesLPG2Y[120]
29 April 1997PendikFStorageLPG100YAt a factory for packaging of aerosol containers[121]
2 October 1997Burnside, IllinoisFStorageLPG22YNear a grain dryer[122]
1998Xi'anFStorageLPG11Y
9 April 1998Albert City, IowaFStorageLPG342YAt Herrig Brothers turkey farm[123]
22 March 1999DortyrolFStorageLPG~302Y[124]
1 May 1999Kamena VourlaTRoadLPG184Y[125]
23 September 1999Toronto, OntarioTRailLPG60+0Y
30 December 1999Mont-Saint-Hilaire, QuebecTRailGasoline4Y[126]
22 March 2000CasablancaTRoadLPG0YA tanker truck exploded at offloading station. The fire engulfs two fixed tanks but cooling by firemen and relief valves prevent further BLEVEs.[127]
9 May 2000BordesTRoadLPG100YSeveral gas canisters on board a truck[128]
27 May 2000Eunice, LouisianaTRailMethyl chloride0Y[129]
19 July 2000Willoughby, OhioFStorageLPG660YAmeriGas plant, overfilled propane cylinders. Later the company recalled other cylinders it has sold to prevent further accidents.[130]
20 October 2000Downey, CaliforniaFStorageLPG20Y
22 October 2000TexasTLPG172Y
7 January 2001KanpurTRoadLPG12Y[131]
7 January 2001Truth or Consequences, New MexicoF/TStorageRoadLPG370YOne fixed tank exploded after a collision from a truck. A 2000abbr=onNaNabbr=on truck tank later also exploded.[132] [133]
1 July 2001JamnagarLPG12Y
14 July 2001Riverview, MichiganTRailMethyl mercaptan713YWithin an Atofina chemical plant[134] [135] [136]
23 November 2001Sainte-Sophie, QuebecFStorageLPG~100Y[137]
22 June 2002TivissaTRoadLNG221YFirst ever reported LNG BLEVE[138]
28 July 2002İzmitTRoadLPG631YAt a gas bottling station[139]
14 March 2003Newton, New JerseyTRoadLPG0YAt Able Energy tank farm. Unconfirmed BLEVE of an LPG tanker in the parking lot.[140] [141]
5 July 2003AnkaraFStorageLPG63+YAt a petrol station[142]
12 November 2003RazinesFStorageLPG1+0Y[143]
18 November 2003La Roche-BernardTRoadLPG2Y[144]
9 June 2005Saint-Laurent-BlangyTRoadLPGA train collided with a truck at a rail crossing. Several canisters carried by the truck exploded. The first car of the train was completely charred.[145]
24 June 2005St. Louis, MissouriFStorageAcetylene, carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, LPG, oxygen, propylene, etc.1YAt a Praxair gas cylinder filling plant. Dozens of cylinders BLEVEd.[146] [147]
1 April 2006AudincourtFStorageLPG65 gas canisters exploded.[148]
5 October 2006Apex, North CarolinaFStorageFlammable solvents and paints0YSeveral 200 L drums BLEVEd when engulfed in fire.[149]
7 May 2007DagneuxTRoadLPG30YTwo or three BLEVEs in a parking lot[150]
10 August 2008Toronto, OntarioFStorageLPG2YToronto propane explosion[151]
2 October 2008St. Paul, MinnesotaTRoad0YOn I-94[152]
13 November 2008Yuhang, HangzhouTShippingCarbon dioxide722N[153] [154]
27 July 2010Port-la-NouvelleTRoadLPG40YTanker truck in the parking lot of a gas-bottling factory[155]
11 March 2011ChibaFStorageLPG0YOccurred at Cosmo refinery. Caused by 2011 Tōhoku earthquake. Several LPG tanks involved.[156]
11 March 2011SendaiFStorageLPGYOccurred at JX oil refinery. Caused by 2011 Tōhoku earthquake. Several LPG tanks involved.[157]
20 October 2011ZarzalicoTRoadLNG221YFatality caused by collision[158]
27 August 2012ChalaTRoadLPG1820YChala LPG tanker disaster
29 September 2012HimejiFProcess vessel (runaway reaction)Acrylic acid261YAt Nippon Shokubai chemical plant[159] [160]
7 May 2013Ecatepec de Morelos, MexicoTRoadLPG1922Y[161]
13 June 2013Geismar, LouisianaFProcess vesselLPG92YWilliams Olefins Plant explosion[162]
13 July 2013MoscowTRoadLPG10YDozens of LPG canisters[163]
29 July 2013Tavares, FloridaFStorageLPG0YAt a gas bottling plant. Thousands of 9abbr=onNaNabbr=on canisters BLEVEd.[164]
30 December 2013Casselton, North DakotaTRailBakken crude oil15000Y[165] [166]
21 July 2014LiceTRoadLPG1934Y[167]
3 April 2016BassensTRoadLPG0YIn the parking lot of a hazardous cargo transport company. Two BLEVEs.[168]
3 April 2017St. Louis, MissouriFSteam plantWater4NOccurred at Loy-Lange Box Company[169]
18 September 2017ChevanceuxTRoadLPG0YSeveral LPG cylinders BLEVEd.[170]
5 June 2018Sonoma, CaliforniaFStorageLPG20YAt a lumber and pallet factory[171]
6 August 2018BolognaTRoadLPG232YBorgo Panigale explosion[172]
21 June 2019Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaFProcess vesselButene, isobutane and n-butane mixture0Y2019 Philadelphia refinery explosion. BLEVE was the third of three major explosions.
24 December 2022BoksburgTRoadLPG3341YBoksburg explosion[173] [174]
20 January 2023FillingesTRoadLPG0Y[175]
22 March 2023Pasadena, TexasTRoadLPG0YDuring tank truck offloading at INEOS Phenol Cumene plant[176] [177]

See also

References

Sources

Notes and References

  1. Prugh . Richard W. . 1991 . Quantitative Evaluation of 'BLEVE' Hazards . . 3 . 1 . 9–24 . 10.1177/104239159100300102 . 1042-3915 . 1532-172X.
  2. News: 13 December 2015 . 13 décembre 1926, 11 h 55 : L'explosion mortelle . 13 December 1926, 11:55am: The Deadly Explosion . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240207054901/https://www.laprovence.com/article/edition-alpes/3712644/13-decembre-1926-11-h-55-lexplosion-mortelle.html . 7 February 2024 . 7 February 2024 . . fr.
  3. Regulating the Storage, Distribution and Use of Propane and Butane . April 1951 . . Chicago, Ill. . 14 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180311091044/https://www.planning.org/pas/reports/report25/ . 11 March 2018 . live . PAS Report 25 .
  4. Web site: The Explosion of 1948 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240207065019/https://www.basf.com/global/en/who-we-are/history/explosions-1943-48/explosion1948.html . 7 February 2024 . 7 February 2024 . BASF.
  5. Web site: 14246 . live . https://archive.today/20240213043727/https://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/accident/14246_en/?lang=en . 13 February 2024 . 13 February 2024 . Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA) . ARIA no. 14246 . French.
  6. Web site: 6758 . live . https://archive.today/20240213042703/https://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/accident/6758_en/?lang=en . 13 February 2024 . 13 February 2024 . Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA) . ARIA no. 6758 . French.
  7. Abbasi . Tasneem . Abbasi . S.A. . 27 September 2006 . The Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE): Mechanism, Consequence Assessment, Management . . 141 . 3 . 489–519 . 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.056 . 0304-3894 . 1873-3336 . 17113225.
  8. Web site: 6835 . live . https://archive.today/20240212113955/https://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/accident/6835_en/?lang=en . 12 February 2024 . 12 February 2024 . Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA) . ARIA no. 6835 . French.
  9. News: Dubuc . André . 18 November 2015 . Plusieurs projets compromis près de Suncor . Several Projects Compromised Next to Suncor . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151119141342/https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/montreal/201511/18/01-4922133-plusieurs-projets-compromis-pres-de-suncor.php . 19 November 2015 . 9 February 2024 . . fr.
  10. News: Selwood . Brian . 8 January 1957 . Feu et explosions dans une raffinerie . Fire and Explosions at a Refinery . 9 February 2024 . . 1 . fr . 47e année . 273 . 0832-3194.
  11. Web site: Peterson . David F. . 1 April 2002 . BLEVE: Facts, Risk Factors, and Fallacies . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120224074700/http://www.fireengineering.com/articles/print/volume-155/issue-4/features/bleve-facts-risk-factors-and-fallacies.html . 24 February 2012 . Fire Engineering.
  12. Walls . W.L. . November 1978 . Just What Is a BLEVE? . 9 February 2024 . Fire Journal . . 46–47 . 0015-2617.
  13. Congressional Record: Vol. 107, Proceedings and Debates of the 87th Congress,1st Session . United States Congress . 1961 . . Washington, D.C. . 3 . 2993 . 460273769 . United States Congress . 14 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240214063449/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1961-pt3/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1961-pt3-3.pdf . 14 February 2024 . live . Death, Injury, and Destruction Caused by the Carriage of Explosives by Common Carriers.
  14. News: 24 December 1958 . Tragedy and Terror Hit City . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240214075308/https://www.towntalkradio.com/from-the-archives-tragedy-and-terror-hit-city/ . 14 February 2024 . 14 February 2024 . . 1 . TownTalk Media Productions.
  15. Railroad Accident Investigation: Missouri Pacific Railroad – Monroe, LA – January 22, 1959 . 16 June 1959 . . Report no. 3838 . Washington, D.C. . 10.21949/1509973 . 15 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240215020753/https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/45762/dot_45762_DS1.pdf . 15 February 2024 . live.
  16. Web site: 6879 . live . https://archive.today/20240212084421/https://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/accident/6879_en/?lang=en . 12 February 2024 . 12 February 2024 . Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA) . ARIA no. 6879 . French.
  17. Hymes . Ian . October 1985 . Spectators and Other Vulnerable Exposees to Major Accident Hazards: An Emergency Services Headache? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240210075737/https://www.icheme.org/media/5849/lpb_issue065p031.pdf . 10 February 2024 . 10 February 2024 . . . 31–42 . 0260-9576.
  18. AEA Technology . OSH-ROM . April 2005 . . . Boston, Mass. . MHIDAS: Major Hazard Incident Data Service . CD-ROM . 40865406 . Ricardo-AEA.
  19. Web site: Burke . Robert . 30 November 2009 . The Southwest Boulevard Fire: Kansas City Remembers a Tragedy . live . https://archive.today/20240208012604/https://www.firehouse.com/home/article/10470698/tuesday-aug-18-1959-started-out-like-many-other-summer-days-in-the-kansas-city-metropolitan-area-sunny-with-temperatures-in-the-90s-and-a-south-wind-of-13-mph-before-the-day-would-end-five-kansas-city-mo-firefighters-and-one-civilian-would-die-in . 8 February 2024 . 8 February 2024 . Firehouse . en.
  20. Web site: 14 August 2009 . The Southwest Boulevard Fire . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201123032037/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FC-h534z9uA . 23 November 2020 . 8 February 2024 . . en . YouTube.
  21. Web site: Cheapside Street fire, Glasgow – 28th March 1960 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201024041535/https://www.fbu.org.uk/history/cheapside-street-fire-glasgow . 24 October 2020 . 8 February 2024 . Fire Brigades Union.
  22. News: 17 April 1962 . 30 Are Injured; Plant Damage to Be Heavy . . 1.
  23. News: Bishop . Liz . 26 July 2022 . 'All Hell Broke Loose': 60th Anniversary of 1962 Propane Tank Explosion in Berlin, NY . live . https://archive.today/20240212035106/https://cbs6albany.com/news/local/60th-anniversary-of-1962-berlin-ny-tragedy-explosion . 12 February 2024 . 12 February 2024 . CBS6 News – WRGB Albany.
  24. Web site: 14264 . live . https://archive.today/20240212035120/https://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/accident/14264_en/?lang=en . 12 February 2024 . 12 February 2024 . Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA) . ARIA no. 14264 . French.
  25. News: 13 October 1964 . Blasts Destroy Cars Derailed Near Moran . live . https://archive.today/20240215065036/https://img.newspapers.com/img/img?clippingId=36919290&a=download&filename=1964_Katy_derailment_near_Moran__KS_&_gl=1*6rsy5s*_gcl_au*MTg1NDM3NzAyOC4xNzA3OTc5Mjc4*_ga*NDE3MzAwNzg1LjE3MDc5NzkyNzc.*_ga_4QT8FMEX30*MTcwNzk3OTI3Ny4xLjEuMTcwNzk3OTY5NC42MC4wLjA.*_ga_7T5H12SHSY*MTcwNzk3OTI3Ny4xLjEuMTcwNzk3OTY5NC42MC4wLjA. . 15 February 2024 . 15 February 2024 . . JPG . . 67 . 294 . 2833-9908.
  26. News: UPI . United Press International . 14 December 1964 . 24 Hurt as Derailed Tank Car Explodes in Ohio's Capital . 16 February 2024 . . 1 . . 120 . 166.
  27. News: AP . Associated Press . 14 December 1964 . Tank Car Explosion Described . 16 February 2024 . . 6 . . 2469-3448.
  28. News: Schiffer . Thomas . 6 April 2015 . Walton's Fire Department Has Storied History . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240220033802/https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/local/boone-county/2015/04/06/waltons-fire-department-storied-history/25361265/ . 20 February 2024 . 20 February 2024 . The Cincinnati Enquirer.
  29. News: 30 August 1966 . A Clicking, Then Fiery Chaos... . live . https://archive.today/20240216015412/https://img.newspapers.com/img/img?clippingId=5479609&a=download&filename=August_30__1966___Train_derailment___propane_fire___BLEVE___Walton_VFD&_gl=1*cdko95*_ga*NDE3MzAwNzg1LjE3MDc5NzkyNzc.*_ga_4QT8FMEX30*MTcwODA0ODAyNy4yLjEuMTcwODA0ODM4MC4zNy4wLjA.*_ga_7T5H12SHSY*MTcwODA0ODAyNy4yLjEuMTcwODA0ODM4MC4zOC4wLjA.*_gcl_au*MTg1NDM3NzAyOC4xNzA3OTc5Mjc4 . 16 February 2024 . 16 February 2024 . . 2 . . 2575-5706.
  30. News: UPI . United Press International . 24 August 1967 . Box and Tank Cars Loaded with Chemicals Blaze . 16 February 2024 . . 1 . . 86th Year . 9239.
  31. News: AP . Associated Press . 23 August 1967 . Texas Train Car Explosion Forces Evacuation of 6000 . 16 February 2024 . . 1 . . XCVIII . 135 . 2474-2236.
  32. News: UPI . United Press International . 27 May 1968 . Chemical Cargoes Explode in Texas Train Derailment . 16 February 2024 . . 2 . . 76th Year . 235.
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  34. Web site: Explosions (BLEVEs & Booster Effect) of Vertical Cigars of Liquid CO2 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240208045649/https://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/accident/7645_en/?lang=en . 8 February 2024 . 8 February 2024 . Analyse, Recherche et Information sur les Accidents (ARIA) . ARIA no. 7645.
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