List of blind people explained

This is a list of notable individuals who were blind or became blind over the course of their lives. The list is organized into categories based on their notable achievements or contributions.

Activists and organizers of the blind

• Tilly Aston – Australian educator, founder of the Victorian Association of Braille Writers.^[1]
• Louis Braille – French educator, known for Braille writing system.^[2]
• Tiffany Brar – Indian social activist, who founded the Jyothirgamaya Foundation, which empowers the blind in all spheres of life
• Molly Burke – Canadian, social media personality, corporate brand ambassador for blind representation in marketing.^[3]
• Francis Joseph Campbell – British-American anti-slavery campaigner and co-founder of the Royal National College for the Blind^[4]
• Haben Girma – American disability rights advocate, first deafblind graduate of Harvard Law School
• Kenneth Jernigan – American, long-time leader of the National Federation of the Blind.^[5]
• Helen Keller – American deaf-blind writer, lecturer, and communist activist.^[6]
• Juan Carlos González Leiva – Cuban lawyer, who founded the Fraternity of the Independent Blind of Cuba and the Cuban Foundation of Human Rights.^[7] He has been harassed, imprisoned and tortured by the communist regime.
• Judy Castle Scott - American, blind advocate and activist in the field of vision loss^[8]
• Sabriye Tenberken – German, Braille Without Borders co-founder.^[9]

Adventurers

• Miles Hilton-Barber – British traveler and climber.^[10]
• James Holman – British man known as the "Blind Traveler."^[11]
• Tofiri Kibuuka – Ugandan-Norwegian athlete. One of the first three blind people to reach the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro (along with John Opio and Lawrence Sserwambala). First African competitor at the Winter Paralympic Games.^{[12] [13]}
• Takeichi Nishi – Colonel in the Imperial Japanese Army During World War II. Commander of the 26th Tank Regiment in the Battle of Iwo Jima. He was blinded during battle.
• Erik Weihenmayer – First blind person to reach the summit of Mount Everest.^[14]

Artists

Acting and performing

• Jack Birkett – also known as "Orlando" and "The Incredible Orlando"; camp actor, dancer, mime. Best known for his roles as Borgia Ginz in the Derek Jarman film Jubilee, and as Caliban in Jarman's version of The Tempest. Though his best-known and most prominent roles have been with Jarman, he has had roles in other films, including 1984's The Bride^[15] and in televised productions of Shakespeare^[16]
• Dana Elcar – Played Peter Thornton (MacGyver). He lost his vision during this time and it was written into the character's story.^[17]
• S. Robert Morgan – A recurring role in The Wire.^[18]
• Callan Mulvey – (an actor seen in various series as Rush and in movies like Batman Vs Superman) has lost the sight in one eye during an accident.
• Geraldine Lawhorn – one-woman show performer in New York City.
• Marilee Talkington – a low vision actress and activist with a retinal disease who starred in See, NCIS, and New Amsterdam.^[19]
• Tommy Edison - Person known as the "Blind Film Critic", being blind since birth.
• Skyler Davenport - Played a visually impaired teenager who is housesitting for a wealthy client when three criminals break into the house to rob it for the film See for Me
• Dionne Quan - Voice Actress who is legally blind from being born with Optic Nerve Hypoplasia, her known roles are Kimi Watanabe Finster from Rugrats, and Trixie Tang from The Fairly Oddparents.

Music

• Robin Millar – Record producer, Businessman and philanthropist.
• Tsutomu Aragaki – Japanese tenor, blind from just after birth.^[20]
• Garret Barry – an Irish uilleann piper, among the most famous players of the 19th century.^[21]
• Delta Blind Billy – an American Delta blues artist and outlaw.^[22]
• Blind Blake – American blues and ragtime singer and guitarist.^[23]
• The Blind Boys of Alabama – Gospel group.^[24]
• Andrea Bocelli – Operatic pop singer.^[25]
• Ricky Boon – Former guitarist of Australian thrash metal band Fury.
• Joséphine Boulay – French organist and composer.^[26]
• Rudolf Braun – composer and organist.
• Pearly Brown – American gospel blues singer and guitarist, known primarily as a street performer.^[27]
• Henry Butler – American jazz and blues pianist.
• Blind James Campbell – American blues singer and guitarist.^[28]
• Henry Caldera – Sri Lankan singer/songwriter, blind since age 14.^[29]
• Ray Charles – pianist and singer inducted to various halls of fame.^[30]
• Fanny Crosby – Christian hymn writer.^[31]
• Reverend Gary Davis – gospel blues guitarist.^[32]
• Blind John Davis – American blues and boogie-woogie pianist and singer.^[33]
• Kimio Eto - Japanese blind musician who played the koto.
• José Feliciano – Grammy Award-winner.^[34]
• Five Blind Boys of Mississippi – The original line-up of this gospel group was blind, some later members were not.^[35]
• Blind Boy Fuller – Blues guitarist and vocalist.^[36]
• Blind Leroy Garnett – American boogie-woogie and ragtime pianist and songwriter.^[37]
• Terri Gibbs – country music singer and musician.
• Blind Roosevelt Graves – American blues guitarist and singer, who recorded both sacred and secular music in the 1920s and 1930s.^[38]
• Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu – indigenous Australian singer-songwriter.
• Diana Gurtskaya – pop singer from the ex-Soviet country of Georgia
• Ed Haley – Appalachian old-time fiddler.^[39]
• Casey Harris – keyboardist of X Ambassadors.
• Jeff Healey – Blues-rock guitarist and vocalist.^[40]
• Al Hibbler – Jazz pop vocalist.^[41]
• Patrick Henry Hughes – multi instrumental musician, recipient of .
• Heather Hutchison – pop singer^[42]
• Blind Lemon Jefferson – "Father of the Texas Blues".
• Blind Willie Johnson – Slide guitarist who's been termed "influential" and "the apogee" for the instrument.^[43]
• Terry Kelly – Canadian singer.
• Rahsaan Roland Kirk – Jazz multi-instrumentalist.^[44]
• Lachi – Visually impaired Nigerian American singer-songwriter, pianist and composer out of New York City^[45]
• Francesco Landini – 14th century Italian composer and organist.^[46]
• Rachael Leahcar – Australian pop singer and songwriter, born with retinitis pigmentosa and is legally blind.
• Blind Willie McTell – Blues guitarist.^[47]
• Raul Midón – Singer-songwriter.^[48]
• Ronnie Milsap – Country and pop singer.^[49]
• Moondog – Outsider musician born "Louis Thomas Hardin."^[50]
• Joe Mooney – American jazz and pop accordionist, organist, and vocalist.^[51]
• Blind Mississippi Morris – American blues musician.^[52]
• Turlough O'Carolan – harper and composer blinded by smallpox.^[53]
• Ginny Owens – American contemporary Christian music singer, songwriter, author and blogger, born with poor vision and has been blind since the age of three.
• Jay Owens – American electric blues and soul blues guitarist, singer and songwriter.^[54]
• Frankie Paul – a Jamaican dancehall reggae musician.^[55]
• Jerron "Blind Boy" Paxton – American blues and jazz vocalist and multi-instrumentalist.^[56]
• Paul Pena – American blues musician and throat singer.
• Blind Alfred Reed – American folk, country, and old-time musician and singer-songwriter.^[57]
• Blind Joe Reynolds – American singer-songwriter and blues guitarist.^[58]
• Joaquín Rodrigo – Spanish composer and pianist.^[59]
• Diane Schuur – Grammy winning jazz singer.^[60]
• Charlotta Seuerling – Swedish concert singer.
• George Shearing – British jazz pianist.^[61]
• Tom Sullivan – American musician, author and motivational speaker. The 1982 film If You Could See What I Hear is based on his autobiography.^[62]
• Blind Joe Taggart – American country blues and gospel singer and guitarist who recorded in the 1920s and 1930s.^[63]
• Bertha Tammelin – a Swedish actress, operatic mezzo-soprano, pianist, composer and drama teacher.
• Art Tatum – Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and DownBeat Jazz Hall of Fame, partial sight in one eye.^[64]
• Sonny Terry – American Piedmont blues and folk musician.^[65]
• Lennie Tristano – DownBeat Jazz Hall of Fame, critics choice.^[66]
• Ostap Veresai – Noted kobzar.^[67]
• Helmut Walcha – German organist, who recorded the complete organ works of Bach.
• Blind Willie Walker – an American Piedmont blues guitarist and singer.^[68]
• Doc Watson – guitarist in several genres.^[69]
• Blind Tom Wiggins – an American pianist and composer, he had numerous original compositions published and had a lengthy and largely successful performing career.^[70]
• Stevie Wonder – singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Songwriters Hall of Fame inductee.^[71]
• Ravindra Jain – Indian poet and musician, composed several Hindi film songs in 1970s and 1980s.
• Âşık Veysel – Turkish poet and musician, considered as the father of Turkish folk music.

Visual artists

• Esref Armagan – Turkish painter, born blind.^[72]
• John Bramblitt – American painter & writer, lost sight in 2001, paints realistically through touch techniques^[73] with intense color.
• Keith Salmon – English painter & sculptor, blind through diabetes retinopathy.^[74]

Writers

• Homer – Ancient Greek orator of the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey. According to legend, he was blind either at birth or due to disease or injury.
• Jorge Luis Borges – Argentine writer blind in later part of his career.^[75]
• Didymus the Blind – Ecclesiastical writer of Alexandria.^[76]
• John Lee Clark – American deafblind poet.^[77]
• Belo Cipriani – Latino writer, blind at the age of 26.
• James Jerpe – Sports writer.^[78]
• Ed Lucas – Sports writer.^[79]
• John Milton – Poet who was blind for the last 22 years of life.^[80]
• Helen Keller – American writer who was both blind and deaf.
• Ved Mehta – an Indian/American writer who was born in Lahore (now a Pakistani city) to a Hindu family.
• Nikolai Ostrovsky – a Soviet socialist realist writer.^[81]
• Aldous Huxley – British philosophical writer, partially blind.
• Taha Hussein – Egyptian writer and intellectual who became blind at the age of three.
• Jack Vance – American fantasy writer

Other

• Richard Turner – Close-up card magician
• Steve Cunningham - British bank worker and «The fastest blind man»^[82]

Athletes and sportspersons

• Aaron Golub^[83] - American football player who became the first legally blind athlete to play in an NCAA Division I football game
• Zeeshan Abbasi – Blind cricketer.
• Muhammad Akram – Blind cricketer, holds the record for highest individual score in a Blind T20I^[84]
• Lisa Banta – Goalball player.^[85]
• Anthony Clarke (athlete) – World class Judoka.^[86]
• Chris Holmes (swimmer) – He has won multiple Paralympic gold medals for swimming.^[87]
• Cedric Jones – American football player, blind in one eye.^[88]
• Masood Jan – Blind cricketer, holds the record for highest individual score in a Blind ODI^[89]
• Shekhar Naik – Blind cricketer.^[90]
• Jake Peavy - Former Major League Baseball pitcher, legally blind without corrective lenses
• Marla Runyan – Legally blind Olympic and Paralympic runner.^[91]
• Suranga Sampath – Blind cricketer.^[92]
• Zohar Sharon – Blind golfer.^[93]
• Crazzy Steve – Professional Wrestler signed to Impact Wrestling who is legally blind due to congenital bilateral cataracts
• Henry Wanyoike – Long-distance runner with 95% vision loss.^[94]
• Trischa Zorn – Swimmer who's the most successful athlete in the history of the Paralympic Games.^{[95] [96]}

Engineers

• John Metcalf – English civil engineer.
• T. V. Raman – Indian computer scientist.
• Ralph Teetor – American engineer, who invented the cruise control.

Mathematicians and scientists

• Amy Bower – American oceanographer.^[97]
• Kent Cullers – American astronomer^[98]
• Cary Supalo - American chemist who invented the Sci-Voice Talking Labquest and founded boutique STEM accessibility consulting firm Independence Science.^[99]
• Gustaf Dalén – Swedish inventor and Nobel Prize winner, who continued to make inventions and lead his company after being blinded in an accident.^[100]
• Wanda Díaz-Merced – American astrophysicist.^[101]
• Leonhard Euler – Swiss mathematician and physicist who went almost totally blind at fifty-nine.^[102]
• François Huber – Swiss naturalist who made fundamental contributions to melittology.^[103]
• Joshua Miele – American adaptive technology designer^[104]
• Mona Minkara – American chemist^[105]
• Bernard Morin – topologist from France.^[106]
• Abraham Nemeth – Developed Nemeth Braille for blind students in science and math.^[107]
• Joseph Plateau – Physicist who went blind at forty-two when he gazed too long at the sun.^[108]
• Lev Pontryagin – Soviet mathematician who went blind at fourteen.^[109] He continued mathematical study with the help of his mother Tatyana Andreevna, and made major discoveries in a number of fields of mathematics.
• Nicholas Saunderson – English mathematician who went blind at the age of twelve months, held in high esteem by Isaac Newton.^[110]
• Geerat J. Vermeij – Dutch-born American evolutionary biologist and paleontologist who went blind at the age of three.^[111]

Medical professionals

• Dr. Satish Amarnath – an Indian medical microbiologist who became totally blind after an acid attack.
• Jacob Bolotin – the world's first totally blind physician fully licensed to practice medicine.
• Tim Cordes – American physician.

Politicians

• Abdurrahman Wahid – otherwise known as Gusdur – 4th president of Indonesia.
• Richard H. Bernstein – Elected to Wayne State University Board of Governors in Michigan.
• David Blunkett – Labour Party (UK) politician, former cabinet minister, and Member of Parliament.^[112]
• Kristen Cox – Cabinet secretary in Utah and Maryland.^[113]
• Matthew A. Dunn – Member of the United States House of Representatives.^[114]
• Henry Fawcett – Member of Parliament and Postmaster General of the United Kingdom.^[115]
• Ian Fraser, Baron Fraser of Lonsdale – MP for St Pancras North for eleven non-consecutive years, blinded in World War I.^[116]
• Thomas Gore – US Senator.^[117]
• Cyrus Habib – 16th Lieutenant Governor of Washington.
• Colin Low, Baron Low of Dalston – Member of the British House of Lords.
• Robert Mahoney – First blind member of the Michigan House of Representatives
• George May, 1st Baron May – Member of the British House of Lords.^[118]
• Floyd Morris, President of the Senate of Jamaica^{[119] [120]}
• David Paterson – Governor of New York.^[121]
• Bob C. Riley – An acting governor of Arkansas.
• Thomas D. Schall – A US Senator from Minnesota, blinded by an electrical shock before his time in office.^[122]
• Yuriy Shukhevych – People's Deputy of Ukraine, former head of Ukrainian National Assembly – Ukrainian National Self Defence.^[123]
• Doug Spade – Member of the Michigan House of Representatives

Political activists

• Shelley Davis – American lawyer and labor advocate.
• Chen Guangcheng – Lawyer and Ramon Magsaysay Award winner was imprisoned in China on 22 April 2012, Chen escaped from house arrest.^[124]
• Jacques Lusseyran – French author and political activist during World War II.^[125]
• Karla Gilbride – American civil rights litigator currently serving as the General Counsel of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Rulers

• Louis the Blind – 10th century European king, blinded after being captured.
• Vasily II of Russia – the 15th century Grand Prince of Moscow
• Béla the Blind – the 12th century King of Hungary
• Enrico Dandolo – 12th and 13th century 42nd Doge of Venice
• John of Bohemia – King of Bohemia, died at the Battle of Crécy (1346)
• George V of Hanover – King of Hanover in the 19th century (1819)

Saints

• Didymus the Blind – Dean of the Theological School of Alexandria and first man to memorise the Holy Bible
• Lutgardis – Catholic saint, blind in the last 11 years of her life.
• Margaret of Castello – a 13th - 14th century Italian Catholic educator and Dominican tertiary, born blind.
• Pacificus of San Severino – Franciscan visionary.
• Surdas – Hindu saint, devotional poet and singer who lived during reign of king Akbar (1542–1606).

Diplomats

• Victoria Harrison – UK Ambassador-designate to Slovenia.
• Saima Saleem – Pakistani diplomat.
• Beno Zephine N L –Indian Foreign Service officer.

Others

• Mary Ingalls – sister of Laura Ingalls Wilder, author.
• Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz – Grand mufti of Saudi Arabia (1993–1999).^[126]
• Christine Hà – Winner of MasterChef USA 2012.
• Srikant Bolla – Founder and CEO of Bollant Industries.
• Ross Minor – accessibility content creator, shooting survivor, para swimmer
• Gary O'Donoghue – political correspondent for the BBC.
• Ed Walker – lifelong radio show host/humorist, Washington, DC.
• Akbar Khan – Singer, Composer, Writer and a Banker honored with National Award in 1989, Rajasthan, India.^[127]
• Ashish Goyal – first blind trader in finance.
• Mélanie de Salignac – discussed by Diderot.
• Morrison Heady – deafblind author and inventor
• Russell Redenbaugh – blinded as a teenager, graduated from Wharton with an MBA, Self-Made Wall Street and Silicon Valley Millionaire, BBJ Black Belt Three Time Masters Champion
• Yousaf Saleem - Pakistani jurist.
• Richard B. Teitelman - Justice of the Supreme Court of Missouri

Fictional

• • Daredevil – Blind Marvel Comics superhero Geordi La Forge – was blind since birth, but uses a VISOR and later ocular implants that allow him to see the electromagnetic spectrum. The character was created by Gene Roddenberry – a positive role model for disabled people.
• Toph Beifong – from the show was born blind, but uses her Earthbending abilities to sense vibrations and "see" things that are in contact with the earth. For this reason, she hates flying and sailing, as she lacks contact with the ground and is truly blind.
• Reader – a blind inhuman who has the ability to make anything he reads manifest into reality. He needs to sleep in between uses of his powers.
• Tommy – titular character of the album of the same name by The Who. His blindness, along with his deafness and muteness, are actually psychosomatic.
• Phillip Enright – Main character of The Cay who becomes temporarily blind due to a concussion.
• Frank Slade - Main character of the movie Scent of a Woman who lost his sight by showing off juggling live grenades.
• Jerec – A Star Wars character who served Emperor Palpatine as an Inquisitor. A Miraluka, he was born without eyes.
• Snap - A character from ChalkZone
• Tahl – A love interest of Qui-Gon Jinn, was rendered blind after being held captive. However, with the use of the Force, she was able to compensate for her blindness.
• Halcyon "Hal" Green – a character from the short story "The Diary of Luke Castellan" of the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series, was a blind seer who antagonist Luke Castellan befriended long before his fall from grace.
• Master Po – from the Kung Fu TV series.
• Garrett – from Quest for Camelot, a love interest of Kayley, was rendered blind after being struck accidentally by a horse during a stable fire. But uses his skills he learnt from Ayden, a silver-winged falcon, to survive whilst living in the Forbidden Forest.
• Snake – from Zero Escape, a blind man forced into a Nonary Game.
• Terezi Pyrope - from Homestuck, a main character in the webcomic, who is blind, but can process the world through scent and taste.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Aston, Matilda Ann - Woman - The Australian Women's Register. National Foundation for Australian Women and The University of Melbourne. Womenaustralia.info. 22 September 2018.
2. Web site: ...Louis Braille Biography.... Afb.org. 22 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20120130010349/http://www.afb.org/BrailleBug/louis_braille_bio.asp. 30 January 2012. dead. dmy-all.
3. Web site: About . 2023-09-21 . Molly Burke Official . en-US.
4. Web site: the royal normal college. The Palace. 2008-11-24. 2017-04-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20170423153137/http://the-palace-mag.co.uk/history/lhrncollege.html. dead.
5. Web site: Jernigan Institute . 2008-06-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110726115344/http://www.nfb.org/nfb/About_the_Jernigan_Institute.asp?SnID=382141530 . 2011-07-26 . dead .
6. Web site: Helen Keller - American Foundation for the Blind. Afb.org. 22 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20120304143602/http://www.afb.org/Section.asp?sectionid=1. 4 March 2012. dead.
7. https://web.archive.org/web/20021002105946/http://www.zyra.org.uk/leiva.htm Juan Leiva
8. Web site: 5 August 2015 . Judy Scott, Long-Time Vision Loss Champion, to Retire from AFB . 2022-05-07 . American Foundation for the Blind . en.
9. News: Time Europe. https://web.archive.org/web/20041016205449/http://www.time.com/time/europe/hero2004/tenberken.html. dead. October 16, 2004. Time. 22 September 2018.
10. Web site: BBC World Service - Programmes - Outlook - Is this the world's most adventurous blind man?. BBC. 22 September 2018.
11. News: Tales of a Blind Traveler. NPR. 22 September 2018.
12. Web site: Article: Uganda's Kibuuka Flies Norway's Flag. | AccessMyLibrary - Promoting library advocacy . google.com . 2 February 2022 . https://archive.today/20120708183447/http://google.com/search?q=cache:5DuNTtWoGB0J:www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-21200052_ITM+%22Tofiri+Kibuuka%22+blind&cd=1&hl=fr&ct=clnk&gl=fr . 8 July 2012 . dead.
13. Web site: Paralympic Results & Historical Records. IParalympic.org.
14. Web site: Time Magazine Cover: Erik Weihenmayer - June 18, 2001. Time. 22 September 2018.
15. Web site: The Bride. IMDb. 22 September 2018.
16. Web site: Jack Birkett. IMDb. 22 September 2018.
17. Web site: Macgyver Online . 2008-06-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20051017223950/http://www.macgyveronline.org/pages/dana2.html . 2005-10-17 . dead .
18. Web site: A Haven for Sightless Readers. Lindsay. Ryan. 13 July 2005. 22 September 2018. Washington Post.
19. Web site: Marilee Talkington stars alongside Jason Momoa in Apple TV+'s upcoming futuristic, post-apocalyptic drama "See". 2019-09-25. DIVERSEability Magazine. en-US. 2019-11-11.
20. "Comic child-detective, comedians visit the poor, blind singer docu-drama." Japan Times, December 6, 2007.
21. Davy Spillane, Tommy Walsh. 2011. The Davy Spillane Uilleann Pipe Tutor, Book 1, Mel Bay Publications, March 31, 2011 p. 20
22. Web site: Watch Delta Blind Billy Video . Ovguide.com . 2012-05-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162910/http://www.ovguide.com/delta-blind-billy-9202a8c04000641f8000000014f59e9d . 2014-07-14 . dead .
23. Web site: The King of Ragtime Guitar: Blind Blake and His Piano-Sounding Guitar. Obrecht, Jas. Gracyk.com. 2014-09-02.
24. Web site: The Blind Boys Of Alabama. CBS News. 22 September 2018.
25. Web site: The king of popera. 28 August 2004. The Sydney Morning Herald. 22 September 2018.
26. Book: Durand, Sébastien. "Une femme d'exception dans l'ombre de l'Institution Nationale des Jeunes Aveugles : Joséphine Boulay (1869-1925)", L'orgue, n° 255, III-2001, p. 7-20. 2001.
27. Web site: Liner notes to the LP It's a Mean Old World to Try to Live in . . August 30, 2015 .
28. Strachwitz, Chris. (1995). Blind James Campbell and His Nashville Street Band. Audio CD (Liner notes). Arhoolie CD 438.
29. Web site: UNF to oppose, JVP undecided. Dailymirror.lk. 22 September 2018.
30. Web site: Ray Charles. Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. 22 September 2018.
31. Web site: Fanny Crosby Home Page. https://web.archive.org/web/19980613161407/http://www.nyise.org/fanny/. dead. June 13, 1998. Nyise.org.
32. Web site: Reverend Gary Davis Biographies . 2008-11-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080513165135/http://www.reverendgarydavis.com/bio.html . 2008-05-13 . dead .
33. Book: Russell, Tony. 1997. The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray. Carlton Books. Dubai. 41. 1-85868-255-X.
34. Web site: Jose Feliciano. Famousinterview.ca. 22 September 2018.
35. Web site: Vocal Group Hall of Fame. https://web.archive.org/web/20080430084313/http://www.vocalgroup.org/inductees/five_blind_boys_of_mississippi.html. dead. April 30, 2008.
36. http://facstaff.unca.edu/sinclair/piedmontblues/fuller.html UNC Asheville
37. Web site: Bruce Eder . Blind Leroy Garnett | Biography & History . . 1933-01-03 . 2016-10-27.
38. Web site: [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p33977/biography|pure_url=yes}} Blind Roosevelt Graves]. Ron Wynn . . November 9, 2011.
39. Web site: Old-Time Fiddlers Hall of Fame - Ed Haley. Oldtimemusic.com. 22 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230112/http://www.oldtimemusic.com/FHOFHaley.html. 2 September 2018. dead.
40. Web site: CTV. https://web.archive.org/web/20080303224521/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080302/jeff_healey_080302/20080302?hub=TopStories. dead. March 3, 2008. Ctv.ca. 22 September 2018.
41. Web site: The Last Post. Jazzhouse.org. 22 September 2018.
42. Web site: Heather Hutchison - Home. Heather Hutchison - Official Website. 22 September 2018.
43. Book: Corcoran, Michael. All Over the Map: True Heroes of Texas Music. 1 January 2010. University of Texas Press. 22 September 2018. Google Books. 9780292782495.
44. http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2004/04/13/2004-04-13_stopping_the_whitewash_rahsa.html
45. Web site: Welcome to Ulachi.com. Ulachi.com. 22 September 2018.
46. Web site: Francesco Landini: Works List & Discography. Medieval.org. 22 September 2018.
47. Web site: "Blind Willie" McTell (1898-1959). New Georgia Encyclopedia. 22 September 2018.
48. Web site: BBC Radio 4 - In Touch -2 January 2007. BBC. 22 September 2018.
49. Web site: - San Antonio Express-News Archive - expressnews.com. Nl.newsbank.com. 22 September 2018.
50. News: Arts: Robert Scotto on Moondog. 5 January 2008. The Guardian. 22 September 2018.
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53. Web site: CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Torlogh O'Carolan. Newadvent.org. 22 September 2018.
54. Web site: Jay Owens . Oxford Reference . 2014-08-02.
55. Larkin, Colin (1998) The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae, Virgin Books,, p. 219-220
56. Web site: Digging for the real facts about Jerron "Blind Boy" Paxton. Steve. Newton. January 24, 2014. Straight.com. February 2, 2014.
57. Book: Tribe, Ivan M.. 1996. Mountaineer Jamboree: Country Music in West Virginia. University Press of Kentucky.
58. Book: Chasin' That Devil Music: Searching for the Blues. Miller Freeman Books. 1998. 170–180. A Devil of a Joe. https://books.google.com/books?id=AOJI86r-R88C. 9780879305529. Wardlow. Gayle Dean.
59. News: Joaquin Rodrigo, 97, Master Of Spanish Classical Music. Al. Goodman. The New York Times. 8 July 1999. 22 September 2018.
60. Web site: Jazz Review . 2008-06-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090907233651/http://www.jazzreview.com/articledetails.cfm?ID=547 . 2009-09-07 . dead .
61. Web site: All About Jazz . 2008-06-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090109084820/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=1961 . 2009-01-09 . dead .
62. Web site: Tom Sullivan - Profile . Sullivanspeaks.com . 17 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070427021118/http://www.sullivanspeaks.com/profile.asp . 27 April 2007 . dead.
63. Book: Blues: A Regional Experience. Bob L. Eagle. Eric S. LeBlanc. ABC-CLIO. 978-0313344237. 2013. 285.
64. http://www.duke.edu/~njh3/biography.html Duke University
65. Web site: Campbell, Al . Sonny Terry: Biography . AllMusic.com . 2015-10-07.
66. Book: Jazz: The First 100 Years. Henry. Martin. Keith. Waters. 22 September 2018. Thompson/Schirmer. 22 September 2018. Google Books. 9780534628048.
67. Book: Stalin's Empire of Memory: Russian-Ukrainian Relations in the Soviet Historical Imagination. Serhiĭ. I︠E︡kelʹchyk. Serhy. Yekelchyk. Serhij O.. Jekelʹčyk. 22 September 2018. University of Toronto Press. 22 September 2018. Google Books. 9780802088086.
68. Book: Bob. Eagle. Eric S.. LeBlanc. 2013. Blues - A Regional Experience. Praeger Publishers. Santa Barbara. 286 . 978-0313344237.
69. Web site: 'Three Pickers,' one concert. USA Today. 22 September 2018.
70. Web site: Thomas "Blind Tom" Wiggins, African American Pianist . Chevalierdesaintgeorges.homestead.com . 2017-01-07.
71. Web site: The Madison Times . 2008-06-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080618041811/http://themadisontimes.com/entertainment/2007/09/17/stevie-wonder-rocks-chicago/ . 2008-06-18 . dead .
72. Web site: Senses special: The art of seeing without sight. Newscientist.com. 22 September 2018.
73. Web site: John Bramblitt Artist. Bramblitt.net. 22 September 2018.
74. Web site: Interview: Keith Salmon - visions of beauty . The Scotsman . 2009-06-12 . 2018-09-22.
75. Web site: The Modern Word. https://web.archive.org/web/20080509185921/http://www.themodernword.com/borges/borges_biography.html. dead. May 9, 2008.
76. Web site: CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Didymus the Blind. Newadvent.org. 22 September 2018.
77. News: Yeh . James . 'New kinds of contact': A DeafBlind poet's push for a radical language of touch . Inverse.com . December 1, 2020 . en.
78. Herald staff (January 18, 1917). "Blind Baseball Writer, James Jerpe, Is Dead". The Washington Herald. p. 11
79. News: Baseball Stole His Eyes, but Not His Passion. Kevin. Coyne. The New York Times. 22 September 2018.
80. Web site: Christ's College, Cambridge . 2008-06-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100305004047/http://www.christs.cam.ac.uk/milton400/life.htm . 2010-03-05 . dead .
81. Web site: SovLit.net - Remembering Nikolai Ostrovsky. Sovlit.net. 22 September 2018.
82. Web site: On This Day In Automotive History Motoring. 365 Days Of Motoring.
83. Web site: Aaron Golub Speaker & Consultant . 2024-08-11 . www.aarongolub.com . en.
84. News: World Record Goes As Pakistan Register Huge Win. Cricket World. 2017-08-08.
85. News: U.S. Paralympics - Features, Events, Results Team USA. https://web.archive.org/web/20080802163438/http://paralympics.teamusa.org/athlete/athlete/2127. dead. August 2, 2008. Team USA. 2017-08-08.
86. Web site: AM Archive - Blind judo champion. Abc.net.au. 2017-08-08.
87. News: Marconi axes 4,000 more jobs and sells Medical Systems arm. https://web.archive.org/web/20080123191156/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-face-of-modern-celebrity-505816.html. dead. January 23, 2008. 2001-07-05. The Independent. 2017-08-08. en-GB.
88. Web site: ESPN.com: Page 2 : The 100 worst draft picks ever. ESPN. en. 2017-08-08.
89. News: Most runs scored by a player in a Blind Cricket World Cup innings (male). Guinness World Records. 2017-08-08. en-GB.
90. News: A true Indian sporting hero : Shekhar Naik. Bhattacharya. Arka. 2015-11-05. The Economic Times. 2017-08-08.
91. Web site: Boston Marathon: Blind woman lone American favorite at Boston. Post-gazette.com. 22 September 2018.
92. News: Sri Lanka's Suranga Sampath named man of the series at 2017 Blind T20 Cricket world cup. SBS Your Language. 2017-08-08. en.
93. Web site: San Diego Jewish Journal . 2009-04-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061230003259/http://sdjewishjournal.com/stories/cover_mar04.html . 2006-12-30 . dead .
94. Web site: BBC. BBC. 22 September 2018.
95. News: Trischa Zorn Wins Fifth Gold. The New York Times. 22 September 2018.
96. Web site: CNN. https://web.archive.org/web/20010609055838/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/paralympics/news/2000/09/15/zorn_bios/. dead. June 9, 2001. Sports Illustrated. 22 September 2018.
97. Web site: 2016-04-22 . A Blind Scientist's Vision Tufts Now . 2022-10-24 . now.tufts.edu . en.
98. Web site: 2011-07-21 . Cullers, Kent . https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070628/http://www.seti-inst.edu/about-us/people/staff/cullers-kent.php . 2011-07-21 . 2022-10-25 .
99. Web site: The Blind in Science and Beyond. 2021-11-11. nfb.org.
100. Web site: Nils Dalén Swedish physicist Britannica . 2022-10-24 . Britannica.com . en.
101. Castelvecchi . Davide . 2021-08-30 . Using sound to explore events of the Universe . Nature . en . 597 . 7874 . 144 . 10.1038/d41586-021-02347-3. 34462597 . 239691698 .
102. Finkel . B. F. . 1897 . Biography: Leonhard Euler . The American Mathematical Monthly . 4 . 12 . 297–302 . 10.2307/2968971 . 2968971 . 0002-9890.
103. Book: Weygand, Zina . The Blind in French Society : From the Middle Ages to the Century of Louis Braille. . 2009 . Stanford University Press . Emily-Jane Cohen . 978-0-8047-7238-9 . Palo Alto . 536416235.
104. News: Jamieson . Wendell . The Crime of His Childhood . December 18, 2021 . . March 2, 2013.
105. Web site: Artificial intelligence tools could benefit chemists with disabilities. So why aren't they?. 2020-06-23. Chemical & Engineering News. en.
106. Web site: The World of Blind Mathematicians. Ams.org. 22 September 2018.
107. Web site: Awards Presented at the 2006 Convention of the National Federation of the Blind. Nfb.org. 22 September 2018.
108. Web site: CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Joseph-Antoine Plateau. Newadvent.org. 22 September 2018.
109. Web site: Lev Semyonovich Pontryagin Russian mathematician Britannica . 2022-10-24 . Britannica.com . en.
110. Web site: Our history. 24 February 2014. Rnib.org.uk. 22 September 2018.
111. Book: J., Vermeij, Geerat . Privileged hands : a scientific life . 2013 . Henry Holt and Company . 978-1-4668-1392-2 . 872609113.
112. News: Interview: David Blunkett. Patrick. Wintour. Julian. Glover. 7 October 2006. The Guardian. 22 September 2018.
113. Web site: Blind ex-Utahn on ballot. https://web.archive.org/web/20060715060339/http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,640193209,00.html. dead. July 15, 2006. 8 July 2006. Deseretnews.com. 22 September 2018.
114. Web site: DUNN, Matthew Anthony - Biographical Information. Bioguide.congress.gov. 22 September 2018.
115. Web site: University of Glasgow :: Story :: Biography of Henry Fawcett. Universitystory.gla.ac.uk. 22 September 2018.
116. Web site: Fraser Company Fact sheet . 2009-02-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061002110524/http://www.lordfraser.co.za/londsdale_information.htm . 2006-10-02 . dead .
117. Web site: GORE, Thomas Pryor - Biographical Information. bioguide.congress.gov. 22 September 2018.
118. National Government 1931 (1975), p. 203.
119. Web site: Should a blind man be named Senate President?. Jamaica Observer. Limited. Jamaica Observer. 22 September 2018.
120. Web site: All eyes on newly appointed senate president Floyd Morris. jamaica-gleaner.com. 23 May 2013. 22 September 2018.
121. Web site: The New York Times blog . 2008-06-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080531093910/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/first-legally-blind-governor-not-quite/index.html . 2008-05-31 . dead .
122. Web site: SCHALL, Thomas David - Biographical Information. bioguide.congress.gov. 22 September 2018.
123. News: Липовецький . Святослав . Останній Шухевич . 9 April 2021 . Історична правда . 10 January 2020.
124. Web site: Amnesty International. Amnesty.org. 22 September 2018.
125. http://www.holocaust-trc.org/faces.htm#jacques Stories of the teenage resistance
126. Web site: 2007-08-28. Main Page. https://web.archive.org/web/20070828224121/http://www.bin-baz.org.sa/aboutbinbaz2.asp. dead. 2007-08-28. 2021-03-30.
127. Web site: Information website about Akbar Khan, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. Akbarkhan.co.in.