Benzimidazole opioids, also known as nitazenes, are a class of synthetic opioids with an unusual benzimidazole structure often referred to as "opioid New Psychoactive Substances", or "opioid NPS".[1] [2]
First synthesized in the 1950s by CIBA Pharmaceuticals as potential analgesic medications, several substances in the class have been identified, the best known being etonitazene.[3] Like other synthetic opioids, benzimidazole opioids bind the mu-opioid receptor and may exhibit potency up to several hundred times that of morphine.[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] While several substances in this class have found applications in research, they have never been used in clinical medicine due to their profound risk of respiratory depression and death.[9]
In the early 2020s, the substance has been recognized as emerging drugs of abuse.[10] [11] [12] Isotonitazene was first identified in samples of illicit drugs, and implicated in opioid overdose deaths in Europe, Canada, and the United States beginning in 2019.[13] Previously known nitazene analogs such as metonitazene and butonitazene, as well as novel nitazenes not previously described in the scientific or patent literature, have since been discovered in toxicologic samples during forensic investigations. Nitazene analogs have been found in pills missold as other drugs, such as benzodiazepines, in the United Kingdom[14] and New Zealand.[15]
The structure-activity relationship of the drug class has been explored to a reasonable extent. The optimal substitution pattern is fairly tightly defined (i.e. N,N-diethyl on the amine nitrogen, 4-ethoxy on the benzyl ring and 5-nitro on the benzimidazole ring), but even derivatives incorporating only some of these features are still potent opioids. If a methyl or carboxamide group is added on the alpha carbon of the benzyl group, or the benzyl is replaced by 2-phenylethyl, compounds of similar activity are obtained. Relative analgesic activity values are derived from tests on mice and cannot be extrapolated directly to humans, though the same general activity trends apply.[16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]
A 2019 publication[27] has shown the possibility the previously assumed binding position of the benzimidazole class,[28] acting as a semi-rigid fentanyl analogue may be incorrect. Based on a large scale analysis of known opioid receptor ligands a template was created through manual overlaying and alignment which has identified several mu-specific areas within the receptor. In this analysis, it is noted, etonitazene now more closely matches another, separate mu-specific region, sharing only a small area in common with the fentanyl class.
In the UK, abuse of nitazene analogues emerged in 2023 as an important cause of drug-overdose death, with it being linked to 54 deaths over a 6-month period.[29] Most of the deaths have occurred outside London, the source of supply is thought to be by post from laboratories in China and some of the deaths have been associated by the mislabelling of nitazenes as fentanyl. While compounds from this class are sometimes incorrectly referred to as "nitazene",[30] the 4 unsubstituted compound nitazene itself is of relatively low potency and has not been reported as a designer drug, with most cases of abuse and overdose linked to more potent derivatives such as metonitazene, protonitazene, isotonitazene, etonitazepyne and etodesnitazene.
| Chemical structure | Drug name | Ring substitution | Analgesic potency (morphine = 1) | PubChem | CAS number |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Desnitazene (1-diethylaminoethyl-2-benzyl-benzimidazole) | hydrogen | 0.1 | 28787 | 17817-67-3 | |
| Metodesnitazene (Metazene) | 4-methoxy | 1 | 26412 | 14030-77-4 1071546-40-1 (HCl) | |
| Metodesnitazepyne | 4-methoxy | ||||
| Etodesnitazene (Etazene) | 4-ethoxy | 70 | 149797386 | 14030-76-3 | |
| Etodesnitazepyne | 4-ethoxy | 20 | 162623599 | ||
| Etodesnitazepipne | 4-ethoxy | 10 | 162623611 | 102762-98-1 | |
| Protodesnitazene | 4-(n-propoxy) | 10 | 157010653 | 805212-21-9 | |
| Isotodesnitazene | 4-isopropoxy | ~75 | 162623708 | 2732926-27-9 | |
| Nitazene | hydrogen | 2 | 15327524 | 14030-71-8 | |
| Ethylene nitazene | hydrogen | 15327525 | |||
| meta-Metonitazene | 3-methoxy | 2 | |||
| Metonitazene | 4-methoxy | 100 | 53316366 | 14680-51-4 | |
| Metonitazepyne | 4-methoxy | ||||
| Metonitazepipne | 4-methoxy | ||||
| N-Desethylmetonitazene | 4-methoxy | ||||
| Metomethazene | 4-methoxy | ||||
| Dimetonitazene | 3,4-dimethoxy | 10 | 162623836 | 95809-33-9 | |
| α-methyl-metonitazene | 4-methoxy | 50 | 162625089 | 806634-80-0 | |
| α-methyl-etonitazene | 4-ethoxy | ||||
| α-hydroxy-etonitazene | 4-ethoxy | 21815907 | |||
| Metonitazene phenethyl homologue (Ethylene metonitazene) | 4-methoxy | 50 | |||
| Ethylene etonitazene | 4-ethoxy | ||||
| Etonitazene | 4-ethoxy | 1000-1500 | 13493 | 911-65-9 | |
| O-Desethyl-etonitazene | 4-hydroxy | 1 | 156588969 | 94758-81-3 | |
| N-Desethyletonitazene (NDE) | 4-ethoxy | 1000/1500-2000 | 162623580 | 2732926-26-8 | |
| Etonitazene 5-amino metabolite | 4-ethoxy | 2 | 13408927 | ||
| Etomethazene | 4-ethoxy | 20 | 168310446 | 95293-25-7 | |
| Etonitazene 5-trifluoromethyl analogue (Etotriflazene)[31] | 4-ethoxy | 21815908 | |||
| 5-Trifluoromethyl isotodesnitazene | 4-isopropoxy | ||||
| Etonitazene 5-cyano analogue (Etocyanazene) [32] | 4-ethoxy | 27268 | 15419-87-1 | ||
| Etonitazene 5-acetyl analogue (Etoacetazene) [33] | 4-ethoxy | 25957 | 13406-60-5 | ||
| Etonitazene 5,6-dichloro analogue (Etodicloazene) | 4-ethoxy | ||||
| Etonitazene N,N-dimethyl analogue | 4-ethoxy | 20 | 67089584 | 714190-52-0 | |
| Etonitazepyne | 4-ethoxy | 180-190 | 155804760 | 2785346-75-8 | |
| Etonitazepipne | 4-ethoxy | 190 [34] | 162623834 | 734496-28-7 | |
| Etonitazene morpholine analogue | 4-ethoxy | 2 | 162623685 | 805958-08-1 | |
| 1-Ethyl pyrrolidinylmethyl N-desalkyl etonitazene | 4-ethoxy | ||||
| Etonitazene 6-nitro isomer (iso-etonitazene) [35] | 4-ethoxy | 20 | 59799752 | 114160-61-1 | |
| Protonitazene | 4-(n-propoxy) | 200 | 156589001 | 119276-01-6 95958-84-2 | |
| Protonitazepyne | 4-(n-propoxy) | 180-190 | 168322728 | ||
| Protonitazepipne | 4-(n-propoxy) | ||||
| N-Desethylprotonitazene | 4-(n-propoxy) | ||||
| Isotonitazene | 4-isopropoxy | 500 | 145721979 | 14188-81-9 | |
| Isotonitazepyne | 4-isopropoxy | 168322631 | |||
| Isotonitazepipne | 4-isopropoxy | ||||
| N-Desethylisotonitazene | 4-isopropoxy | 1000-2000 | 162623899 | 2732926-24-6 | |
| iso-isotonitazene | 4-isopropoxy | ||||
| Butonitazene | 4-butoxy | 5 | 156588955 | 95810-54-1 | |
| Isobutonitazene | 4-isobutoxy | 168322282 | |||
| Secbutonitazene | 4-secbutoxy | 168322285 | |||
| Etoetonitazene | 4-ethoxyethoxy | 50 | 162623504 | 806642-21-7 | |
| Fluornitrazene [36] | 4-(2-fluoroethoxy) | 172332078 | |||
| Trifluorometonitazene | 4-trifluoromethoxy | ||||
| Flunitazene | 4-fluoro | 1 | 156588967 | 2728-91-8 | |
| Clonitazene | 4-chloro | 3 | 62528 | 3861-76-5 | |
| Diclonitazene | 2,4-dichloro | ||||
| α-carboxamido-clonitazene | 4-chloro | 3 | |||
| Bronitazene | 4-bromo | 5 | 162623726 | ||
| Nitronitazene | 4-nitro | ||||
| Methylnitazene (Menitazene) | 4-methyl | 10 | 162623683 | 95282-00-1 | |
| Ethylnitazene (Enitazene) | 4-ethyl | 20 | 162623845 | 114160-82-6 | |
| Propylnitazene (Pronitazene) | 4-propyl | 50 | 162623877 | 700342-00-3 | |
| t-Butylnitazene | 4-(tert-butyl) | 2 | 162623621 | 805215-64-9 | |
| Acetoxynitazene | 4-acetoxy | 5 | 162623779 | 102760-24-7 | |
| Methionitazene | 4-methylthio | 50 | 162623790 | 102471-37-4 | |
| Ethylthionitazene | 4-ethylthio | 30 | 162623931 | 102758-70-3 | |
| Etodesnitazene phenylthio analogue | 4-ethoxy | 1 | 21045 | 3275-92-1 | |
| Etodesnitazene phenylthio / pyrrolidine analogue | 4-ethoxy | 2 | 19846499 | 13451-68-8 | |
| Methylenedioxynitazene[37] | 3,4-methylenedioxy | ||||
| Ethyleneoxynitazene[38] | fused tetrahydrofuran | ||||