| Post: | Valide Sultan |
| Body: | the Ottoman Empire |
| Insigniasize: | 120px |
| Style: | Valide Sultan |
| Residence: | |
| Formation: | 30 September 1520 |
| First: | Hafsa Sultan |
| Last: | Rahime Perestu Sultan |
| Abolished: | 1 November 1922 |
Valide Sultan (ota|والده سلطان, lit. "Sultana mother") was the title held by the mother of a ruling sultan of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans first formally used the title in the 16th century as an epithet of Hafsa Sultan (died 1534), mother of Sultan Suleyman I, superseding the previous epithets of Valide Hatun (lady mother), mehd-i ulya ("cradle of the great").[1] or "the nacre of the pearl of the sultanate".[2]
Normally, the living mother of a reigning sultan held this title. Those mothers who died before their sons' accession to the throne never received the title of . In special cases sisters, grandmothers and stepmothers of a reigning sultan assumed the title and/or the functions .
The word literally means 'mother' in Ottoman Turkish, from Arabic . The Turkish pronunciation of the word is pronounced as /tr/.
Sultan is an Arabic word originally meaning 'authority' or 'dominion'. By the beginning of the 16th century, this title, carried by both men and women of the Ottoman dynasty, was replacing other titles by which prominent members of the imperial family had been known (notably hatun for women and bey for men). Consequently, the title (title for living mother of reigning Ottoman sultan before 16th century) also turned into . This usage underlines the Ottoman conception of sovereign power as family prerogative.
Western tradition knows the Ottoman ruler as sultan, but the Ottomans themselves used (emperor) or to refer to their ruler. The emperor's formal title consisted of sultan together with khan (for example, Sultan Suleiman Khan). In formal address, the sultan's children were also entitled sultan, with imperial princes (şehzade) carrying the title before their given name, with imperial princesses carrying it after. For example, Şehzade Sultan Mehmed and Mihrimah Sultan were the son and daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent. Like imperial princesses, the living mother and main consort of reigning sultans also carried the title after their given names, for example, Hafsa Sultan, Suleiman's mother and first, and Hürrem Sultan, Suleiman's chief consort and first haseki sultan. The evolving usage of this title reflected power shifts among imperial women, especially between the Sultanate of Women, as the position of main consort eroded over the course of 17th century, the main consort lost the title sultan, which replaced by, a title related to the earlier . Henceforth, the mother of the reigning sultan was the only person of non-imperial blood to carry the title sultan.[3]
was, in most cases, the most important position in the Ottoman Empire after the sultan himself. As the mother to the sultan, by Islamic tradition ("A mother's right is God's right"),[4] the would often have a significant influence on the affairs of the empire. She had great power in the court and her own rooms (always adjacent to her son's) and state staff. The valide sultan had quarters within the New Palace, where the Sultan himself resided, beginning in the 16th century.
As the Valide sultan (Sultana mother), who had direct and intimate access to the Sultan's person, often influenced government decisions bypassing the Imperial Council and the Grand Vizier altogether or the grille-covered window from which the Sultan or Valide sultan could observe Council meetings. This left her at the heart of the political ongoings and machinations of the Ottoman Empire. also traditionally had access to considerable economic resources and often funded major architectural projects, such as the Atik Valide Mosque Complex in Istanbul. Many valide sultans undertook massive philanthropic endeavors and buildings, as this was seen as one of the main ways to demonstrate influence and wealth. Valide sultans were also conveniently one of the few people within the empire with the station and means to embark on these expensive projects. Nurbanu Sultan's daily stipend as valide sultan to her son, Murad III, was 2000 aspers, an extraordinary sum for the time, which revealed the highly influential position she held at court.
The valide sultan also maintained special privileges that other harem members could not participate in. A valide sultan was not subject to sole seclusion within the confines of the palace. She had mobility outside of the harem, sometimes through ceremonial visibility to the public or veiled meetings with government officials and diplomats. Additionally, the valide sultan spearheaded one of the most crucial elements of diplomacy within the Ottoman Empire’s court: marriages of royal princesses. The most powerful and influential valide sultans had multiple daughters, with whom they forged crucial alliances through by marriage.[5] During the 17th century, in a period known as the Sultanate of Women, a series of incompetent or child sultans raised the role of the to new heights. Two Valide sultans acted as regents for their sons, assuming the vast power and influence the position entailed.[2]
The most powerful and well-known of all in the history of the Ottoman Empire were Nurbanu Sultan,[5] Safiye Sultan, Kösem Sultan, and Turhan Sultan.
Nurbanu Sultan became the first of the great valide sultans during the sixteenth century, as haseki as well as legal wife to Sultan Selim II. Nurbanu’s influential career as valide sultan established the precedent of valide sultan maintaining more power than her nearest harem rival, the haseki, or favorite concubine of the reigning sultan. The following influential valide sultans, Safiye Sultan, Kösem Sultan and Turhan Sultan, maintained this precedent and occupied positions of extreme power within the Ottoman imperial court. These positions helped them solidify their own power within the imperial court and ease diplomatic tensions on a broader, international scale.
Most harem women who were slaves were never formally married to the sultans. Nevertheless, their children were considered fully legitimate under Islamic law if recognized by the father.[6]
The list does not include the complete list of mothers of the Ottoman sultans. Most who held the title of were the biological mothers of the reigning sultans. The mothers who died before their sons' accession to throne, never assumed the title of, like Hürrem Sultan, Muazzez Sultan, Mihrişah Kadın, Şermi Kadın, Tirimüjgan Kadın, Gülcemal Kadın and Gülistu Kadın. In special cases, there were grandmothers, stepmothers, adoptive mothers and sisters of the reigning sultans who assumed the role, and eventually the title, of, like Mihrimah Sultan, Kösem Sultan and Rahime Perestu Sultan.
| Appearance | Name | Maiden name | Origin | Became | Ceased to be | Death | Sultan(s) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hafsa Sultan | unknown | Christian slave of unknown origin, possibly Crimean | 30 September 1520 son's ascension | align=center colspan="2" | 19 March 1534 | Suleiman the Magnificent (son) | |||
| Nurbanu Sultan | Cecilia Venier-Baffo[7] or Rachel[8] or Kale Karatanou | Venetian or Jew or Greek | 15 December 1574 son's ascension | align=center colspan="2" | 7 December 1583 | Murad III (son) | |||
| Safiye Sultan | Sofia | Albanian | 15 January 1595 son's ascension | 22 December 1603son's death | after 1619 | Mehmed III (son) | |||
| Handan Sultan | Helena[9] | Bosnian[10] | 22 December 1603 son's ascension | align=center colspan="2" | 9 November 1605 | Ahmed I (son) | |||
| Halime Sultan | unknown | Abkhaz | 22 November 1617 son's ascension | 26 February 1618 son's deposition | After 1623 | Mustafa I (son) | |||
| 19 May 1622 son's reinstatement | 10 September 1623 son's deposition | ||||||||
| Kösem Sultan | Anastasia | 10 September 1623 son's ascension | align=center | 8 August 1648 son's deposition | align=center | 2 September 1651 | Murad IV (son) Ibrahim (son) | ||
| Nadya | Russia[11] | 8 August 1648 son's ascension | align=center colspan="2" | 4 August 1683 | Mehmed IV (son) | ||||
| Katarina | Serbian | 8 November 1687 son's ascension | align=center colspan="2" | 4 December 1689 | Suleiman II (son) | ||||
| Evmania Voria | Greek | 6 February 1695 son's ascension | align=center colspan="2" | 6 November 1715 | Mustafa II (son) Ahmed III (son) | ||||
| Elizaveta[12] | Serbian or Greek[13] | 20 September 1730 son's ascension | align=center colspan="2" | 21 September 1739 | Mahmud I (son) | ||||
| Maria[14] | Russian or Serbian[15] | 13 December 1754 son's ascension | align=center colspan="2" | April 1756 | Osman III (son) | ||||
| Agnes[16] | Daughter of Georgian Orthodox priest[17] | 7 April 1789 son's ascension | align=center colspan="2" | 16 October 1805 | Selim III (son) | ||||
| Sineperver Sultan | Sonya | Bulgarian[18] | 29 May 1807 son's ascension | 28 July 1808 son's deposition | 11 December 1828 | Mustafa IV (son)[19] | |||
| unknown | Georgian | 28 July 1808 son's ascension | align=center colspan="2" | 22 August 1817 | Mahmud II (son) | ||||
| unknown | Georgian or Circassian | 2 July 1839 son's ascension | align=center colspan="2" | 2 May 1853 | Abdülmecid I (son) | ||||
| Besime | Kurd or Romanian or Circassian | 25 June 1861 son's ascension | 30 May 1876 son's deposition | 5 February 1883 | Abdülaziz I (son) | ||||
| Şevkefza Sultan | Circassian[20] | 30 May 1876 son's ascension | 31 August 1876 son's deposition | 17 September 1889 | Murad V (son) | ||||
| Perestu Sultan | Rahime Hanim | Ubykh adoptive daughter of Esma Sultan | 31 August 1876 step-son's ascension | align=center colspan="2" | 11 December 1904 | Abdul Hamid II (adoptive son)[21] [22] |
The title of Büyük Valide Sultan (Senior Valide Sultan) or Büyükanne Sultan (Grandmother Sultana) was created by Kösem Sultan and officially used only by her during the reign of her grandson Mehmed IV, thus limiting the power of Turhan Sultan who was deemed too young to fulfill the title of Valide Sultan.
The official and unofficial Büyük Valide Sultans that lived in the reign of their grandsons are:
| Appearance | Name | Maiden name | Note | Became | Ceased to be | Death | Sultan(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Safiye Sultan | Sofia | She was never called Büyük Valide Sultan officially, but she lived during the reign of her two grandsons (Ahmed and Mustafa) and the reign of her great-grandson (Osman) | (unofficial) 22 December 1603 – her death | After 1619 | Ahmed I (grandson) Mustafa I (grandson) Osman II (great-grandson) | |||
| Kösem Sultan | Anastasia | Following Mehmed IV's accession, she proclaimed herself as Büyük Valide Sultan | 12 August 1648 – her death | 2 September 1651 | Mehmed IV (grandson) | |||