List of Solar System probes explained

This is a list of space probes that have left Earth orbit (or were launched with that intention but failed), organized by their planned destination. It includes planetary probes, solar probes, and probes to asteroids and comets, but excludes lunar missions, which are listed separately at List of lunar probes and List of Apollo missions. Flybys (such as gravity assists) that were incidental to the main purpose of the mission are also included. Flybys of Earth are listed separately at List of Earth flybys. Planned and proposed missions are in the List of proposed Solar System probes.

Key

Colour key:

– Mission or flyby completed successfully (or partially successfully)		– Failed mission
– Mission en route or in progress (including mission extensions)

• ^† means "tentatively identified", as classified by NASA.^[1] These are Cold War-era Soviet missions, mostly failures, about which few or no details have been officially released. The information given may be speculative.
• Date is the date of:

• closest encounter (flybys)

• impact (impactors)

• orbital insertion to end of mission, whether planned or premature (orbiters)

• landing to end of mission, whether planned or premature (landers)

• launch (missions that never got underway due to failure at or soon after launch)

In cases which do not fit any of the above, the event to which the date refers is stated. As a result of this scheme missions are not always listed in order of launch.

• Some of the terms used under Type:

• Flyby: The probe flies by an astronomical body, but does not orbit it

• Orbiter: Part of a probe that orbits an astronomical body

• Lander: Part of a probe that descend to the surface of an astronomical body

• Rover: Part of a probe that acts as a vehicle to move on the solid-surface of an astronomical body

• Penetrator: Part of a probe that impacts an astronomical body

• Atmospheric probe or balloon: Part of a probe that descend through or floats in the atmosphere of an astronomical body; not restricted to weather balloons and other atmospheric sounders, as it can also be used for surface and subsurface imaging and remote sensing.

• Sample return: Parts of the probe return to Earth with physical samples
• Under Status, in the case of flybys (such as gravity assists) that are incidental to the main mission, "success" indicates the successful completion of the flyby, not necessarily that of the main mission.

Solar probes

See main article: Heliophysics. While the Sun is not physically explorable with current technology, the following solar observation probes have been designed and launched to operate in heliocentric orbit or at one of the Earth–Sun Lagrangian points – additional solar observatories were placed in Earth orbit and are not included in this list:

1960–1969

Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Pioneer 5		NASA/ DOD	March–April 1960	orbiter	success	measured magnetic field phenomena, solar flare particles, and ionization in the interplanetary region
Pioneer 6(A)		NASA	December 1965 – still contactable in 2000	orbiter	success	network of solar-orbiting "space weather" monitors, observing solar wind, cosmic rays, and magnetic fields
Pioneer 7(B)		NASA	August 1966 – still contactable in 1995	orbiter	success
Pioneer 8(C)		NASA	December 1967 – still contactable in 2001	orbiter	success
Pioneer 9(D)		NASA	November 1968 – May 1983	orbiter	success
Pioneer-E		NASA	27 August 1969	orbiter	failure	intended as part of the Pioneer network; failed to reach orbit

1974–1997

Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Helios A		DFVLR/ NASA	November 1974 – 1982	orbiter	success	observations of solar wind, magnetic and electric fields, cosmic rays and cosmic dust between Earth and Sun
Helios B		DFVLR/ NASA	January 1976 – 1985?	orbiter	success
ISEE-3		NASA	1978–1982	orbiter	success	observed solar phenomena in conjunction with earth-orbiting ISEE-1 and ISEE-2; later renamed International Cometary Explorer (ICE) and directed to Comet Giacobini-Zinner
Ulysses (first pass)		ESA/ NASA	1994	orbiter	success	south polar observations
			1995			north polar observations
WIND		NASA	November 1994 – still active as of October 2024[2]	orbiter	success	solar wind measurements
SOHO		ESA/ NASA	May 1996 – extended to December 2025[3]	orbiter	success	investigation of Sun's core, corona, and solar wind; comet discoveries
ACE		NASA	August 1997 – projected until 2029[4]	orbiter	success	solar wind observations

Since 2000

Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Ulysses (second pass)		ESA/ NASA	2000	orbiter	success	south polar observations
			2001			north polar observations
Genesis		NASA	2001–2004	orbiter/ sample return	success	solar wind sample return; crash landed on return to Earth, much data salvaged
STEREO A		NASA	December 2006 – still active as of October 2024[5] [6] [7]	orbiter	success	stereoscopic imaging of coronal mass ejections and other solar phenomena
STEREO B		NASA	December 2006 – October 2014. August 2016 – October 2018 (communication lost between 1 October 2014 and 21 August 2016) NASA directed that periodic recovery operations of Stereo-B cease with last support on October 17, 2018.[8]	orbiter	success	stereoscopic imaging of coronal mass ejections and other solar phenomena
Ulysses (third pass)		ESA/ NASA	2007	orbiter	success	south polar observations
			2008		partial success	north polar observations; some data returned despite failing power and reduced transmission capacity
DSCOVR		NOAA	February 2015 – still active as of October 2024[9]	orbiter	success	solar wind and coronal mass ejection monitoring, as well as Earth climate monitoring		[10]
Parker Solar Probe		NASA		November 2018 – December 2025	orbiter/flyby (approach 26 times)	en route	close-range solar coronal study		[11]
Solar Orbiter		ESA	10 February 2020 (launch)	orbiter	en route	solar and heliospheric physics		[12]
Aditya-L1		ISRO	2 September 2023 (launch)	orbiter	success	Solar corona observation		[13] [14]

Mercury probes

See main article: Exploration of Mercury.

Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Mariner 10		NASA	29 March 1974	flyby	success	minimum distance 704 km
						48,069 km
			16 March 1975			327 km
MESSENGER		NASA	14 January 2008	flyby	success	minimum distance 200 km
			6 October 2008			minimum distance 200 km
			29 September 2009			minimum distance 228 km
			18 March 2011 – 30 April 2015	orbiter	success	first spacecraft to orbit Mercury; unavoidable impact on the surface at end of mission
BepiColombo (Mercury Cruise System)		ESA/ JAXA	1 October 2021	flyby	success
			23 June 2022
			19 June 2023
			September 2024
			December 2024	flyby	en route
			January 2025
	Mercury Planetary Orbiter	ESA	5 December 2025 (orbital insertion) 14 March 2026 (final MPO orbit)	orbiter	en route (attached to Mercury Cruise System)
	Mio (Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter)	JAXA	5 December 2025 (orbital insertion)	orbiter	en route (attached to Mercury Cruise System)

Venus probes

See main article: List of missions to Venus and Exploration of Venus.

Early programs encompassing multiple spacecraft include:

• Venera program — USSR Venus orbiter and lander (1961–1984)
• Pioneer Venus project — US Venus orbiter and entry probes (1978)
• Vega program — USSR mission to Venus and Comet Halley (1984)

1961–1969

Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Tyazhely Sputnik		(USSR)	4 February 1961	lander	failure	failed to escape from Earth orbit
Venera 1		(USSR)	19 May 1961 – 20 May 1961	flyby	failure	contact lost 7 days after launch; first spacecraft to fly by another planet
Mariner 1		NASA	22 July 1962	flyby	failure	guidance failure shortly after launch
Sputnik 19		(USSR)	25 August 1962	lander	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Sputnik 20		(USSR)	1 September 1962	lander	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Sputnik 21		(USSR)	12 September 1962	flyby	failure	third stage exploded
Mariner 2		NASA	14 December 1962	flyby	success	first successful Venus flyby; minimum distance 34,773 km
Cosmos 21†		(USSR)	11 November 1963	flyby	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Venera 1964A†		(USSR)	19 February 1964	flyby	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit
Venera 1964B†		(USSR)	1 March 1964	flyby	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit
Cosmos 27		(USSR)	27 March 1964	flyby	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Zond 1		(USSR)	1964	flyby and possible lander	failure	contact lost en route
Cosmos 96		(USSR)	23 November 1965	lander	failure	did not depart low Earth orbit due to a launch failure
Venera 1965A†		(USSR)	26 November 1965	flyby	failure	launch vehicle failure?
Venera 2		(USSR)	27 February 1966	flyby	failure	ceased to operate en route
Venera 3		(USSR)	1 March 1966	lander	failure	contact lost before arrival; first spacecraft to impact on the surface of another planet
Kosmos 167		(USSR)	17 June 1967	lander	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Venera 4		(USSR)	18 October 1967	atmospheric probe	success	continued to transmit to an altitude of 25 km
Mariner 5		NASA	19 October 1967	flyby	success	minimum distance 5,000 km
Venera 5		(USSR)	16 May 1969	atmospheric probe	success	transmitted atmospheric data for 53 minutes, to an altitude of about 26 km
Venera 6		(USSR)	17 May 1969	atmospheric probe	success	transmitted atmospheric data for 51 minutes, to an altitude of perhaps 10–12 km

1970–1978

Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Cosmos 359		(USSR)	22 August 1970	lander	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Venera 7		(USSR)	15 December 1970	lander	success	first successful landing on another planet; signals returned from surface for 23 minutes
Cosmos 482		(USSR)	31 March 1972	lander	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Venera 8		(USSR)	22 July 1972	lander	success	signals returned from surface for 50 minutes
Mariner 10		NASA	5 February 1974	flyby	success	minimum distance 5768 km, en route to Mercury; first use of gravity assist by an interplanetary spacecraft
Venera 9		(USSR)	1975	orbiter	success	first spacecraft to orbit Venus; communications relay for lander; atmospheric and magnetic studies
			22 October 1975	lander	success	first images from the surface; operated on surface for 53 minutes
Venera 10		(USSR)	1975	orbiter	success	communications relay for lander; atmospheric and magnetic studies
			23 October 1975	lander	success	transmitted from surface for 65 minutes
Pioneer Venus Orbiter		NASA	1992	orbiter	success	atmospheric and magnetic studies
Pioneer Venus Multiprobe		NASA	9 December 1978
	bus			probe transporter	success	deployed four atmospheric probes, then burnt up in Venusian atmosphere, continuing to transmit to 110 km altitude
	large probe			atmospheric probe	success
	north probe			atmospheric probe	success
	day probe			atmospheric probe	success	survived impact and continued to transmit from surface for over an hour
	night probe			atmospheric probe	success
Venera 12		SAS
	flight platform		21 December 1978	flyby	success	minimum distance 34,000 km; deployed lander and then acted as communications relay
	descent craft		21 December 1978	lander	partial success	soft landing; transmissions returned for 110 minutes; failure of some instruments
Venera 11		SAS				identical to Venera 12
	flight platform			flyby	success	minimum distance 34,000 km; deployed lander and then acted as communications relay
	descent craft		25 December 1978	lander	partial success	soft landing; transmissions returned for 95 minutes; failure of some instruments

1982–1999

Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Venera 13		SAS
	bus		1 March 1982	flyby	success	deployed lander and then acted as communications relay
	descent craft		1 March 1982	lander	success	survived on surface for 127 minutes
Venera 14		SAS				identical to Venera 13
	bus		5 March 1982	flyby	success	deployed lander and then acted as communications relay
	descent craft		5 March 1982	lander	success	survived on surface for 57 minutes
Venera 15		SAS	1983–1984	orbiter	success	radar mapping
Venera 16		SAS	1983–1984	orbiter	success	radar mapping; identical to Venera 15
Vega 1		SAS	11 June 1985	flyby	success	went on to fly by Halley's comet
				lander	failure	instruments deployed prematurely
				atmospheric balloon	success	floated at an altitude of about 54 km and transmitted for around 46 hours
Vega 2		SAS	15 June 1985	flyby	success	went on to fly by Halley's comet
				lander	success	transmitted from surface for 56 minutes
				atmospheric balloon	success	floated at an altitude of about 54 km and transmitted for around 46 hours
Galileo		NASA	10 February 1990	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 16,000 km		[15]
Magellan		NASA	10 August 1990 – 12 October 1994	orbiter	success	global radar mapping		[16]
Cassini		NASA/ ESA/ ASI	26 April 1998	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Saturn		[17]
			24 June 1999

Since 2006

Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Venus Express		ESA	11 April 2006 – 18 January 2015	orbiter	success	atmospheric studies; planetary imaging; magnetic observations
MESSENGER		NASA	24 October 2006	flyby	success	gravity assist only; minimum distance 2990 km
			6 June 2007		success	minimum distance 300 km; en route to Mercury
Akatsuki (PLANET-C)		JAXA	6 December 2010 (Venus flyby)	orbiter	failure	failed orbital insertion in 2010; success in 2015 science mission began May 2016, contact lost April 2024, end of mission declared May 2024
			7 December 2015 (orbital insertion) – 29 May 2024	orbiter	success
IKAROS		JAXA	8 December 2010	flyby[18]	success	solar sail technology development / interplanetary space exploration		[19]
Shin'en (UNITEC-1)		UNISEC	December 2010?	flyby[20]	failure	contact lost shortly after launch		[21] [22]
Parker Solar Probe		NASA	10 October 2018	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to solar corona
			26 December 2019
			11 July 2020
BepiColombo (first pass)		ESA/ JAXA	15 October 2020	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Mercury; minimum approach distance was about 10,720 km[23]
Solar Orbiter		ESA	27 December 2020	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations
Parker Solar Probe		NASA	20 February 2021	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to solar corona
Solar Orbiter		ESA	9 August 2021	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations
BepiColombo (second pass)		ESA/ JAXA	10 August 2021	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Mercury, during which it may study Venus' atmosphere and solar environment
Parker Solar Probe		NASA	16 October 2021	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to solar corona
Solar Orbiter		ESA	4 September 2022	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations
Parker Solar Probe		NASA	21 August 2023	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to solar corona
			6 November 2024
Solar Orbiter		ESA	February 2025	flyby	en route	gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit
JUICE		ESA	August 2025	flyby	en route	gravity assist en route to Jupiter		[24]
Solar Orbiter		ESA	December 2026	flyby	en route	gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit

Earth flybys

See List of Earth flybys

In addition, several planetary probes have sent back observations of the Earth-Moon system shortly after launch, most notably Mariner 10, Pioneers 10 and 11 and both Voyager probes (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2).

Lunar probes

See List of lunar probes

Mars probes

See main article: Exploration of Mars and List of missions to Mars.

Major early programs encompassing multiple probes include:

• Zond program — failed USSR flyby probe
• Mars probe program — USSR orbiters and landers
• Viking program — two NASA orbiters and landers (1974)
• Phobos program — failed USSR orbiters and Phobos landers

1960–1969

Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Mars 1M No.1		USSR	10 October 1960	flyby	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit
Mars 1M No.2		USSR	14 October 1960	flyby	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit
Mars 1962A		USSR	24 October 1962	flyby	failure	exploded in or en route to Earth orbit
Mars 1962B		USSR	11 November 1962 (launch)	lander	failure	broke up during transfer to Mars trajectory
Mars 1		USSR	19 June 1963	flyby	failure	contact lost en route; flew within approximately 193,000 km of Mars
Mariner 3		NASA	5 November 1964	flyby	failure	protective shield failed to eject, preventing craft from attaining correct trajectory
Mariner 4		NASA	15 July 1965	flyby	success	first close-up images of Mars
Zond 2		USSR	6 August 1965	flyby	failure	contact lost en route; flew within 1,500 km of Mars
Mariner 6		NASA	31 July 1969	flyby	success
Mariner 7		NASA	5 August 1969	flyby	success
Mars 1969A		USSR	27 March 1969 (launch)	orbiter	failure	launch failure
Mars 1969B		USSR	2 April 1969 (launch)	orbiter	failure	launch failure

1971–1976

Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Mariner 8		NASA	9 May 1971 (launch)	orbiter	failure	launch vehicle failure
Kosmos 419		USSR	10 May 1971 (launch)	orbiter	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
Mariner 9		NASA	14 November 1971 – 27 October 1972	orbiter	success	first spacecraft to orbit another planet
Mars 2		USSR	27 November 1971 – 22 August 1972	orbiter	success	first Soviet spacecraft to orbit another planet
	Mars 2 Lander	USSR	27 November 1971	lander	failure	crashed; first manmade object to reach surface of Mars
	PrOP-M	USSR	27 November 1971	rover	failure	never activated
Mars 3		USSR	2 December 1971 – 22 August 1972	orbiter	partial success	attained a different orbit than intended due to insufficient fuel
	Mars 3 Lander	USSR	2 December 1971	lander	partial success	first soft landing on Mars; contact lost 110 sec after soft landing, first picture from surface
	PrOP-M	USSR	2 December 1971	rover	failure	never activated
Mars 4		USSR	10 February 1974	orbiter	failure	orbit insertion failed, became flyby
Mars 5		USSR	12 February 1974 – 28 February 1974	orbiter	success
Mars 6		USSR	12 March 1974	flyby	success
	Mars 6 Lander	USSR	12 March 1974	lander	failure	contact lost 148 sec after parachute deployment (returned 224 seconds of atmospheric data)
Mars 7		USSR	9 March 1974	flyby	success
	Mars 7 Lander	USSR	9 March 1974	lander	failure	missed Mars
Viking 1 Orbiter		NASA	19 June 1976 – 17 August 1980	orbiter	success
	Viking 1 Lander	NASA	20 July 1976 – 13 November 1982	lander	success
Viking 2 Orbiter		NASA	7 August 1976 – 25 July 1978	orbiter	success
	Viking 2 Lander	NASA	11 April 1980	lander	success

1988–1999

Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Phobos 1		USSR	7 July 1988 (launch)	orbiter	failure	contact lost en route to Mars
Phobos 2		USSR	29 January 1989 – 27 March 1989	orbiter	partial success	Mars orbit acquired, but contact lost shortly before Phobos approach phase and deployment of Phobos landers
Mars Observer		NASA	25 September 1992 (launch)	orbiter	failure	contact lost shortly before Mars orbit insertion
Mars 96		RKA	16 November 1996 (launch)	orbiter	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
				lander
				lander
				penetrator
				penetrator
Mars Pathfinder		NASA	4 July 1997 – 27 September 1997	lander	success
	Sojourner	NASA	6 July 1997 – 27 September 1997	rover	success	first Mars rover
Mars Global Surveyor		NASA	2 November 2006	orbiter	success
Mars Climate Orbiter		NASA	23 September 1999	orbiter	failure	Mars orbit insertion failed due to navigation error. Part of Mars Surveyor '98.
Mars Polar Lander		NASA	3 December 1999	lander	failure	Contact lost just prior to entering Martian atmosphere. Part of Mars Surveyor '98.
	Deep Space 2 "Amundsen"	NASA	3 December 1999	penetrator
	Deep Space 2 "Scott"	NASA	3 December 1999	penetrator

2001–2009

Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
2001 Mars Odyssey		NASA	24 October 2001 – still active as of October 2024[25]	orbiter	success	studying climate and geology; communications relay for Spirit and Opportunity rovers longest surviving spacecraft in orbit around a planet other than Earth
Nozomi		ISAS	14 December 2003	orbiter	failure	failed to attain Mars orbit, became flyby
Mars Express		ESA	25 December 2003 – still active as of October 2024[26]	orbiter	success	surface imaging and mapping; first European probe in Martian orbit
	Beagle 2	UK	25 December 2003	lander	failure	Deployed by the Mars Express; lost for 11 years and imaged by NASA's MRO in 2015[27]
Mars Exploration Rover-A "Spirit"		NASA	4 January 2004 – 22 March 2010	rover	success	became stuck in May 2009; then operating as a static science station until contact lost in March 2010
Mars Exploration Rover-B "Opportunity"		NASA	25 January 2004 – 10 June 2018	rover	success	lost contact 10 June 2018 due to 2018 global dust storm. NASA concluded mission on 13 February 2019 after failed communication attempts since August 2018.
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter		NASA	10 March 2006 – still active as of October 2024[28]	orbiter	success	surface imaging and surveying
Rosetta		ESA	25 February 2007	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters
Phoenix		NASA	25 May 2008 – 10 November 2008	lander	success	collection of soil samples near the northern pole to search for water and investigate Mars' geological history and biological potential		[29]
Dawn		NASA	17 February 2009	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Vesta and Ceres

2011–2018

Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Fobos-Grunt		RKA	8 November 2011 (launch)	orbiter and Phobos sample return	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit
	Yinghuo-1	CNSA		orbiter
Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity		NASA	6 August 2012 –	rover	success	investigation of past and present habitability, climate and geology		[30]
Mangalyaan / Mars Orbiter Mission		ISRO	24 September 2014 – 27 September 2022	orbiter	success	first Indian spacecraft to orbit another planet, studying Martian atmosphere; mineralogical mapping.		[31] [32]
MAVEN		NASA	25 September 2014 –	orbiter	success	studying Martian atmosphere		[33]
ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (ExoMars 2016)		ESA/ RKA	19 October 2016 –	orbiter	success	atmospheric gas analysis; communication relay for surface probes		[34]
	Schiaparelli EDM lander	ESA	19 October 2016	lander	failure	landing test, meteorological observation, crashed upon landing[35]
InSight		NASA	26 November 2018 – 21 December 2022	lander	success	studied the deep interior of Mars, with a seismometer and a heat-flow probe.		[36]
	MarCO A "WALL-E"	NASA	26 November 2018	flyby	success	relaying data from InSight during its entry, descent, and landing
	MarCO B "EVE"	NASA	26 November 2018	flyby	success

Since 2020

Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Emirates Mars Mission		MBRSC	9 February 2021 –	orbiter	in orbit	conduct studies of Martian atmosphere		[37]
Tianwen-1 orbiter		CNSA	10 February 2021 -	orbiter	in orbit	orbital studies of Martian surface morphology, soil, and atmosphere		[38] [39] [40] [41] [42]
	Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 1	CNSA	~10 February 2021	flyby (post mission)	success	imaged Tianwen-1 in deep space
	Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 2	CNSA	10 February 2021 (released on 31 December 2021)	orbiter	success	imaged Tianwen-1 orbiter and Northern Mars Ice Caps from Mars orbit.
	Tianwen-1 lander	CNSA	14 May 2021	lander	success	Reaches end of designed lifespan after successful soft landing.
	Zhurong	CNSA	22 May 2021 - 5 May 2022	rover	success	in-situ studies of Martian surface morphology, soil, and atmosphere
	Tianwen-1 Remote Camera	CNSA	1 June 2021	lander	success	imaged Tianwen-1 lander and Zhurong rover on Mars
Mars 2020 Perseverance		NASA	18 February 2021 -	rover	landed	investigate past and present habitability, climate, and geology; produce O2 from CO2; collect samples for Mars Sample Return Mission		[43]
	Mars Helicopter Ingenuity		3 April 2021 - 25 January 2024	autonomous UAV helicopter	success	experimental scout for the Perseverance rover. Took 1st flight successfully from takeoff to landing.
Europa Clipper		NASA	14 October 2024 (launch) 27 February 2025 (planned)	orbiter	enroute	planned to orbit Jupiter and fly by Europa multiple times		[44]
Hera		ESA	7 October 2024 (launch) March 2025 (flyby)	flyby	enroute	gravity assist en route to Didymos		[45] [46]
Psyche		NASA	13 October 2023 (launch) May 2026 (flyby)	flyby	enroute	gravity assist en route to Psyche		[47]

Phobos probes

Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Phobos 1		USSR	7 July 1988 (launch)	flyby	failure	contact lost en route to Mars
	DAS	USSR	2 September 1988	fixed lander	failure	never deployed
Phobos 2		USSR	27 March 1989 (contact lost)	flyby	failure	attained Mars orbit; contact lost prior to deployment of lander
	DAS	USSR	27 March 1989	fixed lander	failure	never deployed
	"Frog"	USSR	27 March 1989	mobile lander	failure	never deployed
Fobos-Grunt		RKA	8 November 2011 (launch)	sample return	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit; launched with Yinghuo-1 Mars orbiter			-	MMX		JAXA	2026 (launch) 2027 (arrival)	sample return	planned	return sample in 2031		[48] [49] [50]
	MMX rover	CNES/ DLR	2027	rover	planned

Asteroid probes

Target	Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
951 Gaspra	Galileo		NASA	29 October 1991	flyby	success	en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 1900 km
243 Ida	Galileo		NASA	28 August 1993	flyby	success	en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 2400 km; discovery of the first asteroid satellite Dactyl
1620 Geographos	Clementine		BMDO/ NASA	1994	flyby	failure	flyby cancelled due to equipment malfunction
253 Mathilde	NEAR Shoemaker		NASA	27 June 1997	flyby	success	flew within 1200 km of 253 Mathilde en route to 433 Eros
433 Eros	NEAR Shoemaker		NASA	January 1999	orbiter	failure	became flyby due to software and communications problems (later attempt at orbit insertion succeeded; see below)
9969 Braille	Deep Space 1		NASA	29 July 1999	flyby	partial success	no close-up images due to camera pointing error; went on to visit comet 19P/Borrelly
2685 Masursky	Cassini		NASA/ ESA/ ASI	23 January 2000	distant flyby	success	en route to Saturn
433 Eros	NEAR Shoemaker		NASA	February 2001	orbiter, became lander	success	improvised landing by orbiter at end of mission
5535 Annefrank	Stardust		NASA	2 November 2002	distant flyby	success	went on to visit comet 81P/Wild
25143 Itokawa	Hayabusa		ISAS	2005–07	sample return	success	2005: landed and collected dust grains. 2010: sample returned.
		MINERVA	ISAS		hopper	failure	missed target
132524 APL	New Horizons		NASA	June 2006	distant flyby	success	flew past Pluto successfully
2867 Šteins	Rosetta		ESA	5 September 2008	flyby	success	en route to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
21 Lutetia	Rosetta		ESA	11 July 2010	flyby	success	en route to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
4 Vesta	Dawn		NASA	16 July 2011 – 5 September 2012	orbiter	success	first spacecraft to orbit two different celestial bodies; now orbiting Ceres
4179 Toutatis	Chang'e 2		CNSA	13 December 2012	flyby	success	came within 3.2 km (2.0 mi) to Toutatis
2000 DP107	PROCYON		University of Tokyo / JAXA	12 May 2016[51]	flyby	failure	launched with Hayabusa2 in 2014; mission abandoned after ion thruster failure[52]
162173 Ryugu	Hayabusa2		JAXA	27 June 2018 – 13 November 2019	sample return	success	asteroid rendezvous in June 2018, sample capture in 2019; returned sample to Earth on 5 December 2020
		Minerva II-1A	JAXA	21 September 2018	hopper	success
		Minerva II-1B	JAXA	21 September 2018	hopper	success
		MASCOT	DLR/ CNES	3 October 2018	mobile lander	success
		SCI	JAXA	5 April 2019	impactor	success
		DCAM-3	JAXA	5 April 2019	orbiter	success	observing SCI's impact, and the ejecta created by the impact
		Minerva II-2	JAXA	2 October 2019	hopper	failure	Rover failed before deployment, it was deployed in orbit around the asteroid to perform gravitational measurements before it impacted on 8 October 2019.
101955 Bennu	OSIRIS-REx		NASA	August 2018	sample return	success	orbital insertion in 2018, sample capture in 2020, a flyby in 2021, return to Earth in 2023
2002 GT	Deep Impact		NASA	January 2020[53]	flyby	failure	contact lost; previously visited comet 103P/Hartley
65803 Didymos	DART		NASA	26 September 2022	flyby/impactor	success	kinetic impactor of Dimorphos to test planetary defense		[54]
		LICIACube	ASI	26 September 2022	flyby	success	observe DART's impact
2020 GE (tentative)	Near-Earth Asteroid Scout		NASA	16 November 2022 (launch)	flyby	failure	Small spacecraft asteroid flyby technology demonstration. Communication failure		[55]
152830 Dinkinesh	Lucy		NASA	1 November 2023	flyby	success	main-belt asteroid flyby en route to Jupiter Trojans; minimum distance 425 km; discovered a natural satellite of the asteroid
52246 Donaldjohanson	Lucy		NASA	April 2025	flyby	en route	main-belt asteroid flyby en route to Jupiter Trojans			-	469219 Kamoʻoalewa	Tianwen-2 (ZhengHe)		CNSA	May 2025 (launch) 2026 (orbit)	sample return	planned	orbit then return sample from an Apollo NEA		[56] [57] [58]
	China Asteroid deflection probe		CNSA	2025 (launch)	flyby/impactor	planned	probes to observe/impact an Aten NEA		[59] -->
98943 Torifune	Hayabusa2		JAXA	2026	flyby	en route			[60]
3548 Eurybates	Lucy		NASA	August 2027	flyby	en route	First flyby of a Jupiter trojan
15094 Polymele	Lucy		NASA	September 2027	flyby	en route
65803 Didymos	Hera		ESA	2027	orbiter	en route	studying effects of DART's impact on the asteroid		[61] [62]
		Milani	ESA	2027	orbiter	en route	to be deployed from Hera
		Juventas	ESA	2027	orbiter	en route	to be deployed from Hera
(65803) Dimorphos	Milani		ESA		Orbiter/lander	en route
11351 Leucus	Lucy		NASA	April 2028	flyby	en route
21900 Orus	Lucy		NASA	November 2028	flyby	en route				-	3200 Phaethon	DESTINY+		JAXA	2024 (launch) 2028 (flyby)	flyby	planned	First flyby of a rock comet		[63] -->
99942 Apophis	OSIRIS-APEX (formerly OSIRIS-REx)		NASA	April 2029	orbiter	en route	study of a C-type asteroid in 2029		[64]
16 Psyche	Psyche		NASA	13 October 2023 (launch) August 2029 (arrival)	orbiter	en route	Selected for mission #14 of NASA's Discovery Program to explore a metallic asteroid.
1998 KY26	Hayabusa2		JAXA	2030	flyby	en route	flyby of a fast rotator asteroid
Patroclus and Menoetius	Lucy		NASA	March 2033	flyby	en route	First flyby of a Trojan Camp Jupiter Trojan			-	P/2013 P5	Tianwen-2 (ZhengHe)		CNSA	May 2025 (launch) 2034 (orbit)	orbiter, lander	planned	study of an asteroid/main-belt comet		-->

Jupiter probes

See main article: Exploration of Jupiter.

Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Pioneer 10		NASA	3 December 1973	flyby	success	first probe to cross the asteroid belt; first Jupiter probe; first man-made object on an interstellar trajectory; now in the outer regions of the Solar System but no longer contactable
Pioneer 11		NASA	4 December 1974	flyby	success	went on to visit Saturn
Voyager 1		NASA	5 March 1979	flyby	success	went on to visit Saturn
Voyager 2		NASA	9 July 1979	flyby	success	went on to visit Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
Ulysses (first pass)		ESA/ NASA	February 1992	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations
Galileo Orbiter		NASA	7 December 1995 – 21 September 2003	orbiter	success	also flew by various of Jupiter's moons; intentionally flown into Jupiter at end of mission; first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter; first spacecraft to flyby an asteroid
	Galileo Probe	NASA	7 December 1995	atmospheric probe	success	first probe to enter Jupiter's atmosphere
Cassini		NASA/ ESA/ ASI	December 2000	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Saturn
Ulysses (second pass)		ESA/ NASA	2003–04	distant flyby	success
New Horizons		NASA	28 February 2007	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Pluto
Juno		NASA	5 July 2016 – July 2018, extended to July 2021 and then September 2025[65] [66] [67]	orbiter	success	First solar-powered Jupiter orbiter, first mission to achieve a polar orbit of Jupiter.
JUICE		ESA	14 April 2023 (launch)	orbiter	en route	mission to study Jupiter's three icy moons Callisto, Europa and Ganymede, eventually orbiting Ganymede as the first spacecraft to orbit a satellite of another planet.		[68]
Europa Clipper		NASA	14 October 2024 (launch) 11 April 2030 (planned)	orbiter	en route	planned to orbit Jupiter and fly by Europa multiple times		[69]	-	IHP-1		CNSA	2024 (launch), 2029 (Jupiter closest approach)	flyby	under study	Proposed Interstellar Heliosphere Probe with Jovian gravity assist		[70]
IHP-2		CNSA	2025 (launch), 2033 (Jupiter closest approach)	flyby	under study	Proposed Interstellar Heliosphere Probe with Jovian gravity assist (and later Neptune and KBO flybys)
Tianwen-4		CNSA	September 2029	orbiter	planned	Planned Jupiter orbiter with attached Uranus probe		[71] [72] -->

Ganymede probes

Saturn probes

See main article: Exploration of Saturn.

Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Pioneer 11		NASA	1 September 1979	flyby	success	previously visited Jupiter
Voyager 1		NASA	12 November 1980	flyby	success	previously visited Jupiter
Voyager 2		NASA	5 August 1981	flyby	success	previously visited Jupiter, went on to visit Uranus and Neptune
Cassini		NASA/ ESA/ ASI	1 July 2004 – 15 September 2017	orbiter	success	also performed flybys of a number of Saturn's moons, and deployed the Huygens Titan lander; first spacecraft to orbit Saturn

Titan probes

Uranus probes

See main article: Exploration of Uranus.

Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Voyager 2		NASA	24 January 1986	flyby	success	previously visited Jupiter and Saturn; went on to visit Neptune			-	Tianwen-4		CNSA	2029 or early 2030s	flyby	planned	Planned Jupiter orbiter with attached Uranus probe		[76] [77]
Uranus Orbiter and Probe		NASA	2031	Orbiter and Probe	under study	highest priority Flagship-class mission by the 2023–2032 Planetary Science Decadal Survey		[78] -->

Neptune probes

See main article: Exploration of Neptune.

Comet probes

Target	Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
21P/Giacobini-Zinner	ICE (formerly ISEE3)			11 September 1985	flyby	success	previously solar monitor ISEE3; went on to observe Halley's Comet
1P/Halley	Vega 1		SAS	6 March 1986	flyby	success	minimum distance 8,890 km; previously visited Venus
1P/Halley	Suisei		ISAS	8 March 1986	flyby	success	151,000 km
1P/Halley	Vega 2		SAS	9 March 1986	flyby	success	minimum distance 8,890 km; previously visited Venus
1P/Halley	Sakigake		ISAS	March 1986	distant flyby	partial success	minimum distance 6.99 million km
1P/Halley	Giotto		ESA	14 March 1986	flyby	success	minimum distance 596 km; went on to visit comet 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup
1P/Halley	ICE (formerly ISEE3)		NASA	28 March 1986	distant obser- vations	success	minimum distance 32 million km; previously visited comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner
26P/Grigg–Skjellerup	Giotto		ESA	10 July 1992	flyby	success	previously visited Halley's Comet
45P/ Honda–Mrkos–Pajdusakova	Sakigake		ISAS	1996	flyby	failure	contact lost; previously visited Halley's Comet
21P/Giacobini-Zinner	Sakigake		ISAS	1998	flyby	failure
55P/Tempel-Tuttle	Suisei		ISAS	1998	flyby	failure	abandoned due to lack of fuel; previously visited Halley's Comet
21P/Giacobini-Zinner	Suisei		ISAS	1998	flyby	failure
107P/Wilson-Harrington			NASA		flyby	failure	abandoned due to problems with the star tracker, but was re-tasked to fly by comet 19P/Borrelly
19P/Borrelly			NASA		flyby	success	previously visited asteroid 9969 Braille
2P/Encke	CONTOUR		NASA	2003	flyby	failure	contact lost shortly after launch
81P/Wild	Stardust		NASA	2 January 2004	flyby, sample return	success	sample returned January 2006; also visited asteroid 5535 Annefrank
9P/Tempel	Deep Impact		NASA	July 2005	flyby	success
		Impactor	NASA	4 July 2005	impactor	success
73P/ Schwassmann-Wachmann	CONTOUR		NASA	2006	flyby	failure	contact lost shortly after launch
6P/d'Arrest	CONTOUR		NASA	2008	flyby	failure	contact lost shortly after launch
103P/Hartley	Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI)		NASA	4 November 2010	flyby	success	mission extension (target changed from comet Boethin)
9P/Tempel	Stardust (redesignated NExT)		NASA	14 February 2011	flyby	success	mission extension
67P/Churyumov– Gerasimenko	Rosetta		ESA	6 August 2014 – 30 September 2016	orbiter	success	flybys of asteroids 2867 Šteins and 21 Lutetia completed; intentionally impacted at end of mission
		Philae	ESA	12 November 2014 – 9 July 2015	lander	success				-	TBD (potentially an interstellar object)	Comet Interceptor		ESA	2029 (launch)	flyby	planned	flyby of a pristine comet, will initially be parked at the Sun-Earth L2 point until a suitable destination is identified		[79] [80]
311P/PANSTARRS	Tianwen-2 (ZhengHe)		CNSA	2025 (launch) 2034 (orbit)	orbiter, lander	planned	study of an asteroid/main-belt comet		-->

Probes leaving the Solar System

See also: List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System and Interstellar probe.

Spacecraft	Organization	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Pioneer 10	NASA	success	Left Jupiter in December 1973. Mission ended March 1997. Last contact 23 January 2003. Craft now presumed to lack sufficient power for antenna.
Pioneer 11	NASA	success	Left Saturn in September 1979. Last contact September 1995. The craft's antenna cannot be maneuvered to point to Earth. Craft now presumed to lack sufficient power for antenna.
Voyager 1	NASA	success	Left Saturn in November 1980. Still in regular contact and transmitting scientific data.
Voyager 2	NASA	success	Left Neptune in August 1989. Still in regular contact and transmitting scientific data.
New Horizons	NASA	success	Left Pluto 14 July 2015; flew by Kuiper belt object on 1 January 2019 when it was 43.4 AU from the Sun.

Other probes to leave Earth orbit

For completeness, this section lists probes that have left (or will leave) Earth orbit, but are not primarily targeted at any of the above bodies.

Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Location	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
WMAP	NASA	30 June 2001 (launch) – October 2010 (end)	Sun-Earth L2 point	success	cosmic background radiation observations; sent to graveyard orbit after 9 years of use.[82]
Spitzer Space Telescope	NASA	25 August 2003 (launch) – 30 January 2020 (end)	Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit	success	infrared astronomy
Kepler	NASA	6 March 2009 (launch) - 2018	Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit	success	search for extrasolar planets		[83]
Herschel Space Observatory	ESA	14 May 2009 (launch)	Lissajous orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point	success	study of formation and evolution of galaxies and stars
Planck	ESA	14 May 2009 (launch) - 2013	Lissajous orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point	success	cosmic microwave background observations
IKAROS	JAXA	20 May 2010 (launch)	Earth-Venus transfer heliocentric orbit	operational	solar sail technology development / interplanetary space exploration
Shin'en (UNITEC-1)	UNISEC			failure	technology development; contact lost shortly after launch
Chang'e 2	CNSA	25 August 2011 (arrive) – 15 April 2012 (end)	Sun-Earth L2 point	success	Left the point on 15 April 2012, then flew by asteroid 4179 Toutatis
Gaia	ESA	19 December 2013 (launch)	Lissajous orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point	success	astrometry mission to measure the position and motion of 1 billion stars		[84]
Shin'en 2	Kyushu Institute of Technology	3 December 2014 (launch)	heliocentric orbit	success	amateur radio satellite / material demonstration		[85]
ARTSAT2:DESPATCH	Tama Art University			success	deep space artwork / amateur radio satellite		[86]
LISA Pathfinder	ESA	3 December 2015 (launch)[87] – 30 June 2017 (end)	Halo orbit around Sun-Earth L1 point	success	test mission for proposed LISA gravitational wave observatory		[88]
Spektr-RG		13 July 2019 (launch)	Halo orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point	operational	X-ray astronomy		[89]
Chang'e 5	CNSA	23 November 2020 (launch) - 30 August 2021 (left L1)	Halo orbit about Sun-Earth L1 point	success	test mission post lunar sample return		[90] [91] [92]
James Webb Space Telescope	NASA ESA CSA	25 December 2021 (launch)	Sun-Earth L2 point	in orbit	infrared astronomy		[93]
ArgoMoon	ASI	16 November 2022 (launch)	High Earth Orbit with Lunar Flybys (heliocentric)	in orbit	image the ICPS and perform deep space Nanotechnology experiments.
BioSentinel	NASA		heliocentric orbit	in orbit	it contains yeast cards that will be rehydrated in space, designed to detect, measure, and compare the effects of deep space radiation.
Team Miles	Fluid & Reason			failure	demonstrate low-thrust plasma propulsion in deep space. Deployed, but contact was not established.[94]
CuSP	NASA	16 November 2022	heliocentric orbit	failure	study particles and magnetic fields.
Euclid	ESA	1 July 2023 (launch)	Halo orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point	enroute	measure the rate of expansion of the Universe through time to better understand dark energy and dark matter		[95]
Chang'e 6	CNSA	3 May 2024 (launch) -	Halo orbit about Sun-Earth L2 point	success	on extended test mission post lunar sample return		[96]	-	Miyin	CASC	2030	Sun-Earth L2	under development	mid-infrared interferometry, 4 telescopes + beam-combiner		[97] -->

See also

• Lists of spacecraft
• List of uncrewed spacecraft by program
• Discovery and exploration of the Solar System
• List of space telescopes
• Sample return mission
• Timeline of Solar System exploration
• List of interplanetary voyages
• List of missions to the outer planets

External links

• Planetary Society: Cassini's Tour of the Saturn System

Notes and References

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3. Web site: soho FACT SHEET . . 3 November 2020 . 4 December 2022.
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6. Web site: STEREO Status . NASA Stereo Science Center . 22 August 2016 . 26 September 2016.
7. Web site: Positions of STEREO A and B for 26-Sep-2016 13:00 UT . NASA Stereo Science Center . 26 September 2016 . 26 September 2016.
8. Web site: STEREO-B Status Update . NASA/STEREO Science Center . Therese A. . Kucera . October 23, 2018 . February 26, 2019.
9. Web site: 2023-05-02 . DSCOVR: Deep Space Climate Observatory . 2024-10-25 . National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service . en.
10. http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/nation-s-first-operational-satellite-in-deep-space-reaches-final-orbit NASA.gov
11. Web site: Solar Probe Plus . https://web.archive.org/web/20080719144215/http://solarprobe.gsfc.nasa.gov/SolarProbePlus_pre.pdf . dead . 2008-07-19 . Science and Technology Definition Team . . 2008 . 1 July 2008.
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