List of han explained

The list of han or domains in the Tokugawa period (1603–1868) changed from time to time during the Edo period. Han were feudal domains that formed the effective basis of administration in Tokugawa-era Japan. The Han are given according to their domain seat/castle town by modern region (-chihō, roughly comparable to ancient circuits, -dō) and ancient province (kuni/-shū, roughly comparable to modern prefectures, -to/-dō/-fu/-ken). Han usually comprised territories around/near the capital, but were beyond that in many cases disconnected and distributed over several provinces.

The han system was abolished by the Meiji government in 1871 when all remaining -han were transformed into -ken ("prefectures"). In several waves of mergers, splits and territorial transfers – the first major consolidation followed immediately in 1871/72 – the prefectures were reorganized to encompass contiguous, compact territories, no longer resembling Edo period han, but in many cases territorially identical to provinces which had remained the most important primary geographical subdivision even during feudal times.^{[1] [2]}

Hokkaidō

See also: Hokkaidō.

• Matsumae (1590-1871) – Located around modern-day Matsumae town, Matsumae District; held by the Matsumae clan. Only domain in Ezo. Renamed to Tate after the restoration when the domain seat was moved from Matsumae/Fukuyama castle (in present-day Matsumae town) which had been destroyed in the Boshin war to Tate castle (in present-day Asabu town), became Tate-ken ("Tate prefecture") in 1871 and was merged into Aomori-ken ("Aomori Prefecture") the same year, finally in 1872, transferred to the settlement/development agency (kaitakushi), the precursor to Hokkaidō ("Hokkai circuit/territory/from 1946: prefecture").^[3]

Tōhoku

See also: Tōhoku region.

Mutsu Province (Present-day Fukushima, Miyagi, Iwate and Aomori Prefectures)

See also: Mutsu Province.

• Hirosaki (1590-1871) ^[4] – Located in modern-day Aomori Prefecture
• Kuroishi (1809-1871) ^[4] – Branch of Hirosaki han, based in modern-day Kuroishi, Aomori
• Hachinohe (1664-1871) ^[4] – Branch of Morioka han
• Kunohe (unknown dates) – Branch of Morioka Domain, corresponded to modern Kunohe District, Iwate
• Morioka (de facto: 1592-1871/de jure: 1599-1871) – Located in modern-day Akita, Aomori, and Iwate Prefectures, originally consisted of 10 districts – in modern Iwate: Iwate, Hienuki, Waga, Shiwa, Kunohe, Ninohe, and Hei (now split into Kamihei and Shimohei); in modern Aomori: Sannohe and Kita (now divided into Kamikita and Shimokita districts); in modern Akita: Kazuno
• Kōri (dates unknown) – Based in modern-day Koori town, Date District, Fukushima
• Aizu (de facto: 1384-1871/ De jure:1601-1871) ^[5] – Based in modern-day Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima Prefecture; controlled by the Hoshina (Matsudaira) family.
• Ichinoseki (1681-1871) – Branch of Sendai han, based in modern-day Ichinoseki, Iwate; held by the Tamura clan, a branch family of the Date clan
• Iwakitaira (1602-1871) – Based in modern-day Iwaki, Fukushima. Held by the Torii family briefly from 1606–1622, held by the Andō clan from mid-18th century to 1868.
• Miharu (de facto: 1504-1590,1627-1971/de jure: 1627-1871) – Held by the Kato, Matsushita, and Akita families.
• Moriyama (1700-1871) – Held by the Mito-Matsudaira clan, a branch of the Tokugawa。
• Sendai (1600-1868) ^[6] – Based in modern-day Sendai, Miyagi; held by the Date clan.
  • Mizusawa Domain (dates unknown) – subdomain
• Shimotedo (dates unknown) – Based in modern-day Tsukidate town, Date District, Fukushima. Held by the Tachibana clan.
• Nakamura (1602-1871) – Also known as the Sōma-Nakamura Domain. Based in modern-day Sōma, Fukushima; held by the Sōma clan.
• Yunagaya (1670-1871)
• Izumi (1634-1871)

Dewa Province (Present-day Yamagata and Akita Prefectures)

See also: Dewa Province.

• Kubota (1602-1871) ^[4] – Based in modern-day Akita City; held by the Satake clan.
• Tsuruoka (1622-1871) – Based in modern-day Tsuruoka, Yamagata Prefecture; held by the Sakai clan. Also known as Shōnai.
• Dewa-Matsuyama (1647-1871) (a branch of Tsuruoka)
• Ōyama (1647-1668) (a branch of Tsuruoka)
• Nigaho (1623-1624)
• Yamagata (de jure: 1357-1871/ De jure:1600-1870) – Based in modern-day Yamagata, Yamagata Prefecture; held by the Torii family
• Yonezawa (de facto: 1238-1871/de jure: 1601-1871) – Held by the Uesugi clan.
• Nagatoro (1789-1869) - Held by the Yonezu clan.
• Kameda (1623-1871) ^[4] - Held by the Iwaki clan.
• Honjō (1623-1868) ^[4] - Held by the Rokugō clan.
• Shinjō (1622-1871) - Held by the Tozawa clan.
• Kaminoyama (1622-1871)
• Tendo (de facto: 1345-1584,1830-1871/de jure: 1830-1871)
• Yonezawashinden (1719-1869)

Kantō region

See also: Kantō region.

Hitachi Province (Present-day Central Ibaraki Prefecture)

See also: Hitachi Province.

• Mito (de facto 1416-1871/de jure: 1602-1871),^[6] held by a branch of the Tokugawa clan.
• Matsukawa (1870-1871) (sub-domain of Mito)
• Matsuoka (1602-1861) (sub-domain of Mito)
• Kasama (de facto: 1219-1871/de jure: 1601-1871)
• Shishido (1602-1871)
• Shimotsuma (1591-1871)
• Shimodate (de facto: 1478-1871/de jure: 1589-1871)
• Hitachi-Fuchū (1602-1871)
• Tsuchiura (de facto: 1429-1871/de jure: 1604-1871)
• Asō (1604-1871)
• Yatabe (1616-1871)
• Ushiku (1628-1871)

Shimotsuke Province (Present-day Tochigi Prefecture)

See also: Shimotsuke Province.

• Kurohane (1819-1871)
• Ōtawara (1600-1871) (not to be confused with Odawara)
• Kitsuregawa (1593-1870)
• Utsunomiya (1601-1871)
• Mibu (1601-1871)
• Fukiage (1842-1871)
• Sano (1600-1688)
• Ashikaga (1688-1692/1705-1871)

Kōzuke Province (Present-day Gunma Prefecture)

See also: Kōzuke Province.

• Tatebayashi (1590-1683/1707-1734/1740-1871)
• Isezaki (1601-1617/1636-1662/1681-1871)
• Maebashi (1601-1767/1867-1871)
• Takasaki (1590-1871)
• Numata (1656-1871)
• Yoshii (1590-1610/1682-1693/1709-1871)
• Annaka (1615-1871)
• Nanokaichi (1616-1871)
• Obata (1590-1871)

Shimōsa Province (Present-day Northern Chiba, Southeastern Ibaraki and West portion of the Edogawa River in Saitama Prefectures)

See also: Shimōsa Province.

• Koga (1590-1871)
• Yūki (1590-1871)
• Sekiyado (1590-1871)
• Takaoka (1640-1871)
• Omigawa (1594-1871)
• Sakura (1593-1871) – Based in modern-day Chiba Prefecture; held by the Hotta clan
• Tako (1590-1871)
• Oyumi (1627-1871)

Kazusa Province (Present-day Central Chiba Prefecture)

See also: Kazusa Province.

• Goi (1781-1842)
• Tsurumaki (1827-1871)
• Jōzai (1825-1871) – Based in modern-day Chiba Prefecture; held by the Hayashi clan (Jōzai). Previously called Kaibuchi, later reassigned to the Takiwaki-Matsudaira clan of Ojima and renamed Sakurai.
• Iino (1648-1871) – Based in modern-day Chiba Prefecture; held by a branch family of the Aizu Domain's Hoshina and later Matsudaira clans.
• Ichinomiya (1826-1871)
• Sanuki (1590-1871)
• Kururi (1590-1871)
• Ōtaki (1590-1871)

Awa Province (Present-day Southern Chiba Prefecture)

See also: Awa Province (Chiba).

• Awa-Katsuyama (1622-1871)
• Tateyama (1590-1614/1781-1871)
• Hōjō (1638-1827)

Musashi Province (Present-day Tokyo, Saitama, Northern Kanagawa and Western Chiba Prefectures)

See also: Musashi Province.

• Okabe (1649-1871)
• Kuki (1684-1798)
• Oshi (1590-1600/1633-1871) – Based in modern-day Saitama Prefecture; held by the Matsudaira clan and Abe clan
• Iwatsuki (1590-1871) – Based in modern-day Saitama Prefecture; held by the Nagai clan, Ōoka clan, Abe clan
• Kawagoe (1590-1871) – Based in modern-day Saitama Prefecture; held by the Sakai clan, Hotta clan, Yanagisawa clan, Akimoto clan, Matsudaira clan
• Mutsuura (1722-1871)

Sagami Province (Present-day Southwestern Kanagawa Prefecture)

See also: Sagami Province.

• Odawara (1590-1871) – Based in modern-day Kanagawa Prefecture; held by the Ōkubo clan, Abe clan, Inaba clan
• Oginoyamanaka (1783-1871)

Chūbu

See also: Chūbu region.

Echigo Province (Present-day Niigita Prefecture)

See also: Echigo Province.

• Itoigawa (1692-1871) ^[7]
• Kurokawa (1724-1871) ^[7]
• Mikkaichi (1724-1871) ^[7]
• Mineyama (1620-1868) ^[7]
• Murakami (1598-1871) ^[7]
• Muramatsu (1639-1871) ^[7]
• Nagaoka (1616-1871) ^[7]
• Shibata (1598-1871) ^[7]
• Shiiya (1698-1871) ^[7]
• Takada (1598-1871) ^[7]
• Yoita (1634-1871) ^[7]

Shinano Province (Present-day Nagano Prefecture)

See also: Shinano Province.

• Iida (1601-1871) ^[8]
• Iiyama (1603-1871) ^[8]
• Iwamurada (1703-1871) ^[8]
• Komoro (1590-1871) ^[8]
• Matsumoto (1615-1871) ^[8]
• Matsushiro (1616-1871) ^[8]
• Ōhama (1765-1777)
• Okutono (1684-1863)
• Susaka (1615-1871) ^[8]
• Suwa (1590-1871)
• Takashima (1590-1871) ^[8]
• Takatō (1600-1689/1691-1871) ^[8]
• Tanokuchi (1711-1871) ^[8]
• Ueda (1600-1871) ^[8]

Kai Province (Present-day Yamanashi Prefecture)

See also: Kai Province.

• Kōfu (1603-1871) ^[9]
• Yamura (1709-1724)

Etchū Province (Present-day Toyama Prefecture)

See also: Etchū Province.

• Toyama (1639-1871)^[10]

Kaga Province (Present-day Southern Ishikawa Prefecture)

See also: Kaga Province.

• Daishōji (1639-1871) ^[11]
• Kaga (1583-1871)
• Kanazawa (1583-1871)^[6]

Echizen Province (Present-day Northern Fukui Prefecture)

See also: Echizen Province.

• Fukui (1601-1871) ^[12]
• Katsuyama (1624-1683/1691-1871) ^[12]
• Maruoka (1613-1871) ^[12]
• Ōno (1634-1871) ^[12]
• Sabae (1720-1871) ^[12]
• Tsuruga (1682-1871) ^[12]

Wakasa Province (Present-day Southern Fukui Prefecture)

See also: Wakasa Province.

• Obama (1601-1871)^[13]
• Takahama (1600-1608)

Tōkai

See also: Tōkai region.

Suruga Province (Present-day Central Shizuoka Prefecture around Shizuoka City)

See also: Suruga Province.

• Numazu (1601-1871) ^[14]
• Ōjima (1689-1868) ^[14]
• Sunpu (1601-1606/1609-1619/1625-1634/1869-1871) ^[14]
• Tanaka (1601-1868)^[14]

Tōtōmi Province (Present-day Western Shizuoka Prefecture)

See also: Tōtōmi Province.

• Sagara (1692–1871)
• Kakegawa (1601-1871)
• Yokosuka (1601-1871)
• Hamamatsu (1601-1868)

Mikawa Province (Present-day Eastern Aichi Prefecture around Toyohashi)

See also: Mikawa Province.

• Yoshida (1601-1871)
• Tawara (1601-1871)
• Hatagamura (1688-1869)
• Nishiōhira (1616-1871)
• Okazaki (1601-1871)
• Koromo (1749-1871)
• Nishio (1601-1871)
• Kariya (1600-1871)
• Ogyū-Okutono (1711-1863)
• Ashisuke (dates unknown)
• Shinshiro (1616-1648)

Owari Province (Present-day Western Aichi Prefecture around Nagoya)

See also: Owari Province.

• Owari (1610-1871) ^[6]
• Inuyama (1617-1871)
• Ogawa (1601-1606)
• Owari Kuroda (dates unknown)
• Kiyosu (1600-1610)

Hida Province (Present-day Northern Gifu Prefecture)

See also: Hida Province.

• Hida-Takayama (1586-1692)

Mino Province (Present-day Southern Gifu Prefecture)

See also: Mino Province.

• Naegi (1600-1871)
• Iwamura (1601-1871)
• Kanō (1601-1871)
• Imao (1607-1871)
• Takasu (1600-1676/1700-1870)
• Takatomi (1664-1871)
• Gujō Domain (1600-1871) (Hachiman Domain)
• Ōgaki (1600-1871)
• Ōgakishinden (1688-1871)

Kansai

See also: Kansai.

Ise Province (Present-day Central Mie Prefecture)

See also: Ise Province.

• Nagashima (1601-1621/1649-1871)
• Kuwana (1601-1871) Held by the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira clan.
• Komono (1600-1871)
• Kanbe (1651-1871)
• Ise-saijo (1726-1781) (Minami-hayashizaki)
• Ise-kameyama (1601-1871)
• Tsu (1594-1871)

Shima Province (Present-day Eastern Mie Prefecture)

See also: Shima Province.

• Toba (1597-1680/1691-1871)

Ōmi Province (Present-day Shiga Prefecture)

See also: Ōmi Province.

• Miyagawa (1698-1871)
• Katada (1698-1826)
• Ōmizo (1619-1871)
• Hikone(1600-1871) ^[15]
• Hikoneshinden (1714-1734)
• Yamakami (1698-1871)
• Mikami (1690-1871)
• Nishōji (1620-1871)
• Minakuchi (1712-1871)
• Zeze (1601-1871)

Yamashiro Province (Present-day Southern Kyoto Prefecture)

See also: Yamashiro Province.

• Yodo (1623-1871)

Yamato Province (Present-day Nara Prefecture)

See also: Yamato Province.

• Yagyū (1636-1869)
• Kōriyama (1615-1871)
• Koizumi (1600-1871)
• Gose (1620-1629)
• Yanagimoto (1615-1871)
• Kaiju-Shibamura (1615-1871)
• Uda-Matsuyama (1600-1695)
• Kujira (1863-1871)
• Tatsuta (1601-1655)
• Takatori (1640-1871)
• Tawaramoto (1583-1871)
• Yamato-Shinjo (1600–1863)

Kii Province (Present-day Wakayama and Southern Mie Prefecture)

See also: Kii Province.

• Wakayama (1600-1869) ^[6] (ruled by a branch of the Tokugawa clan)
• Kii-Tanabe (1619-1871)
• Kii-Shingu (1600-1871)

Izumi Province (Present-day Southern Osaka Prefecture)

See also: Izumi Province.

• Kishiwada (1594-1871)
• Hakata (1727-1871)

Kawachi Province (Present-day Eastern Osaka Prefecture)

See also: Kawachi Province.

• Sayama (1600-1869)
• Tannan (1623-1871)

Settsu Province (Present-day Eastern Hyogo and Northern Osaka Prefectures)

See also: Settsu Province.

• Takatsuki (1615-1871)
• Asada (1615-1871) – Based in modern-day Hyōgo and Osaka Prefectures; held by the Aoki clan
• Amagasaki (1615-1871)
• Sanda (1633-1871)

Tanba Province (Present-day Northeastern Hyogo and Central Kyoto Prefecture)

See also: Tanba Province.

• Tanba-Kameyama (1600-1602/1619-1871)
• Sonobe (1619-1871)
• Yamaga (1600-1871)
• Ayabe (1633-1871)
• Fukuchiyama (1600-1620/1621-1871)
• Sasayama (1609-1871)
• Kaibara (1598-1650/1695-1871)

Tango Province (Present-day Northern Kyoto Prefecture)

See also: Tango Province.

• Tanabe (1600-1871)
• Miyazu (1600-1666/1669-1871)
• Mineyama (1620–1668)
• Murayama (1601-1871)

Harima Province (Present-day Southern Hyogo Prefecture)

See also: Harima Province.

• Akashi (1617-1871)
• Ono (1636-1871)
• Migusa (1746-1871)
• Himeji (1600-1871)
• Hayashida (1617-1871)
• Tatsuno (1672-1871)
• Anshi (1716-1871)
• Mikazuki (1697-1871)
• Akō (1615-1871)
• Fukumoto (1663-1871)

Tajima Province (Present-day Northern Hyogo Prefecture)

See also: Tajima Province.

• Izushi (1600-1871)
• Toyooka (1600-1871)
• Yagi (1585-1591)

Awaji Province (Present-day City of Hyogo Prefecture)

See also: Awaji Province.

• Awaji-sumoto (1678-1725) A part of the Tokushima Domain, it was held by the Inada family, retainers of the Hachisuka clan.

Chūgoku

See also: Chūgoku region.

Inaba Province (Present-day Eastern Tottori Prefecture)

• Tottori (1587-1871)
• Shikano (1640-1662)
• Wakasa (1868-1870)

Hōki Province (Present-day Western Tottori Prefecture)

See also: Hōki Province.

• Yonago (1600-1617)
• Kurayoshi (1614-1622)
• Kurosaka (1611-1618)
• Yabase (1610-1616)

Izumo Province (Present-day Eastern Shimane Prefecture)

See also: Izumo Province.

• Hirose (1666-1868)
• Mori (1677-1871)
• Matsue (1600-1871)
• Matsueshinden (1701-1704)

Iwami Province (Present-day Western Shimane Prefecture)

See also: Iwami Province.

• Yoshinaga (1682-1871)
• Hamada (1618-1866)
• Tsuwano (1601-1868)

Bizen Province (Present-day Southwestern Okayama Prefecture)

See also: Bizen Province.

• Okayama (1600-1871) ^[6]
• Koshima (1648-1649)

Mimasaka Province (Present-day Northeastern Okayama Prefecture)

See also: Mimasaka Province.

• Tsuyama (1603-1871)
• Tsuyamashinden (1676-1697)
• Mimasaka-Katsuyama (1764-1871)

Bitchū Province (Present-day Western Okayama Prefecture)

See also: Bitchū Province.

• Niwase (1600-1679/16831683/1693-1697/1699-1871)
• Ashimori (1601-1871)
• Ikusaka (1672 - 1871)
• Asao (1603-1871)
• Okada (1615-1871)
• Kamogata (1672-1868)
• Bitchu-Matsuyama (1600-1871)
• Niimi (1697-1871)
• Nariwa (1639-1868)
• Nishiebara (dates unknown)

Bingo Province (Present-day Eastern Hiroshima Prefecture)

See also: Bingo Province.

• Fukuyama (1619-1698/1700-1871)
• Mihara (1582-1608/1619-1871)
• Miyoshi (1632-1720)

Aki Province (Present-day Western Hiroshima Prefecture)

See also: Aki Province.

• Hiroshima (1591-1871) ^[4]
• Hiroshimashinden (1730-1869)

Suō Province (Present-day Eastern Yamaguchi Prefecture)

See also: Suō Province.

• Iwakuni (1587-1871)
• Tokuyama (1650-1871)
• Kudamatsu (dates unknown)

Nagato Province (Present-day Western Yamaguchi Prefecture)

See also: Nagato Province.

• Chōshū (1600-1871) ^[5]
• Chōfu (1600-1871)
• Kiyosue (1653-1871)

Shikoku

See also: Shikoku.

Awa Province (Present-day Tokushima Prefecture)

See also: Awa Province (Tokushima).

• Tokushima (1601-1871)

Sanuki Province (Present-day Kagawa Prefecture)

See also: Sanuki Province.

• Takamatsu (1587-1640/1642-1871)
• Marugame (1587-1640/1642-1871)
• Tadotsu (1694-1871)

Iyo Province (Present-day Ehime Prefecture)

See also: Iyo Province.

• Saijō (1636-1665/1670-1871)
• Komatsu (1636-1871)
• Imabari (1600-1608/1635-1871)
• Iyo-Matsuyama (1600-1871)
• Ozu (1608-1871)
• Niiya (1623-1868)
• Iyoyoshida (1657-1871)
  • Uwajima (1608-1613/1614--1871)– It was ruled from 1608 to 1613 by the Tomita clan, then a brief Tenryō (1613–1614), and finally by a branch of the Date clan Tomida (dates unknown)
• Matsuyamashinden (1720-1765)

Tosa Province (Present-day Kochi Prefecture)

See also: Tosa Province.

• Tosa (1601-1871) ^[16]
• Tosashinden (1780-1871)

Kyūshū

See also: Kyūshū.

Chikuzen Province (Present-day Northwestern Fukuoka Prefecture)

See also: Chikuzen Province.

• Fukuoka (1600-1868) ^[4]
• Akizuki^[4] (1623-1871)
• Tōrenji (1623-1677/1688-1720)

Chikugo Province (Present-day Southern Fukuoka Prefecture)

See also: Chikugo Province.

• Kurume (1620-1871)
• Yanagawa (1600-1871)
• Miike (1621-1806/1868-1871)

Buzen Province (Present-day Northeastern Fukuoka and Northwestern Oita Prefecture)

See also: Buzen Province.

• Kokura (1600-1871)
• Kokurashinden (1667-1871)
• Nakatsu (1600-1871)

Bungo Province (Present-day Central Oita Prefecture)

See also: Bungo Province.

• Kitsuki (de facto: 1394-1871/de jure: 1632-1871)
• Hiji (1600-1871)
• Mori (1601-1871)
• Funai (1601-1871)
• Usuki (1600-1871)
• Saeki (1601-1871)
• Oka (1594-1871)

Hizen Province (Present-day Saga and Nagasaki Prefectures)

See also: Hizen Province.

• Karatsu (1593-1871)
• Saga (1593-1871) ^[6]
• Hasunoike (1642-1871)
• Ogi (1642-1871)
• Kashima (1609-1871)
• Hirado (1587-1871)
• Hiradoshinden (1689-1870)
• Ōmura (1587-1871)
• Shimabara (1600-1871)
• Fukue (1603-1871)

Tsushima Province (Present-day City of Nagasaki Prefecture)

See also: Tsushima Province.

• Tsushima (1587-1868)

Higo Province (Present-day Kumamoto Prefecture)

See also: Higo Province.

• Kumamoto (1600-1871)
• Uto (1646-1870)
• Hitoyoshi (1585-1871)
• Kumamotoshinden (1666-1870)

Hyūga Province (Present-day Miyazaki Prefecture)

• Nobeoka (1587-1871)
• Takanabe (1587-1871)
• Sadowara (1603-1871)
• Obi (1617-1871)

Satsuma Province and Ōsumi Province (Present-day merged as Kagoshima Prefecture)

See also: Satsuma Province and Ōsumi Province.

• Satsuma (De Facto :1196-1871/ De jure:1602-1871)^[6]
• Ryūkyū (De Facto :1609-1879 / De jure:1872-1879) (Present-day Okinawa Prefecture)^[17]

References

• Bolitho, Harold. (1974). Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan. New Haven: Yale University Press. ; OCLC 185685588

External links

• "Edo 300 Han HTML" (ret. 5 Feb. 2008)

Notes and References

1. Shizuoka prefectural comprehensive education center (for children): Map showing the general division between Tokugawa-controlled territories (shogunate domain + allied domains) and the domains held by other lords
2. Ishida Satoshi, 地理データ集 (private website by a high school teacher): List of prefectures (-fu/-ken) and domains (-han) under the 1868 -fu/-han/-ken system, Maps of prefectures after the 1871–1872 consolidation [Note: 12/27 in the Japanese calendar was already in the Gregorian calendar year 1872], after the second 1876 consolidation, in 1889, in 1900
3. Aomori Prefectural Board of Education: Aomori-ken no tanjō ("The birth of Aomori Prefecture")
4. Ravina, Mark. (1998). Land and Lordship in Early Modern Japan, p. 222.
5. Deal, William E. (2005). Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan, p. 81.
6. Deal, p. 82.
7. http://www.japanese-castle-explorer.com/province.html?name=Echigo "Echigo Province" at JapaneseCastleExplorer.com
8. http://www.japanese-castle-explorer.com/province.html?name=Shinano "Shinano Province" at JapaneseCastleExplorer.com
9. http://www.japanese-castle-explorer.com/province.html?name=Kai "Kai Province" at JapaneseCastleExplorer.com
10. http://www.japanese-castle-explorer.com/province.html?name=Etchu "Etchū Province" at JapaneseCastleExplorer.com
11. http://www.japanese-castle-explorer.com/province.html?name=Kaga "Kaga Province" at JapaneseCastleExplorer.com
12. http://www.japanese-castle-explorer.com/province.html?name=Echizen "Echizen Province" at JapaneseCastleExplorer.com
13. http://www.japanese-castle-explorer.com/province.html?name=Wakasa "Wakasa Province" at JapaneseCastleExplorer.com
14. http://www.japanese-castle-explorer.com/province.html?name=Suruga "Suruga Province" at JapaneseCastleExplorer.com
15. Deal, pp. 81-82.
16. Deal, p. 83.
17. Lin, Man-houng. "The Ryukyus and Taiwan in the East Asian Seas: A Longue Durée Perspective," Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. October 27, 2006, translated and abridged from Academia Sinica Weekly, No. 1084. 24 August 2006.