List of Czech and Slovak Jews explained

There was a large and thriving community of Jews, both religious and secular, in Czechoslovakia before World War II. Many perished during the Holocaust. Today, nearly all of the survivors have inter-married and assimilated into Czech and Slovak society.

Academics and scientists

Engineering

• Itzhak Bentov, inventor^[1]
• Daniel Mandl (1891–1944), civil engineer, inventor, victim of the Holocaust

Social science

• Guido Adler (1855–1941), musicologist, composer, writer, born in Ivančice (Eibenschütz), Moravia
• Yehuda Bauer, Czech-born Israeli historian of the Holocaust^[2]
• Samuel Bergman, philosopher^[3]
• Pavel Bergmann, historian, philosopher and political activist; signatory of charter 77; nephew of Hugo Bergmann
• Berthold Bretholz, Moravian historian^[4]
• Vilém Flusser (1920–1991), self-taught philosopher^[5]
• Ernest Gellner (1925–1995), philosopher and social anthropologist^[6]
• Stephan Korner, philosopher^[7]
• Ernest Nagel, philosopher^[8]
• Samuel Steinherz (1857–1942), Czechoslovak mediaevalist^[9]

Mathematics

• Nikolai Brashman (1796–1866), mathematician
• David Gans (1541–1613), mathematician^[10]
• Joseph Kohn (1932–2023), mathematician^[11]
• Ernst Kolman (1892–1972), philosopher of mathematics^[12]
• Charles Loewner (1893–1968), mathematician
• Assaf Naor (born 1975), mathematician^[13]
• Alfred Tauber (1866–1942), mathematician
• Olga Taussky-Todd (1906–1995), mathematician^[14]

Medicine

• Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), neurologist, founder of psychoanalysis; born in Příbor (Freiberg), Moravia
• Carl Koller (1857–1944), ophthalmologist^[15]
• Pavol Steiner (1908–1969), Olympic water polo player, swimmer, and cardiac surgeon
• Rudolf Vrba (1924–2006), pharmacologist^[16] (born in Slovakia)

Natural science

• Gerty Cori (1896–1957), biochemist^[17]
• Martin Fleischmann, chemist^[18]

Arts/entertainment

• Bedřich Feuerstein (1892–1936), architect, painter and essayist^[19]
• Miloš Forman (1932–2018), film director, actor and script writer^[20]
• Juraj Herz (born 1934), film director, actor, and scenic designer^[21] (born in Slovakia)
• Arnošt Goldflam (born 1946), playwright, writer, director, screenwriter and actor^[22]
• Hugo Haas (1901–1968), actor and film director^[23]
• Miloš Kopecký (1922–1996), actor
• Hugo Lederer (1871–1940), sculptor^[24]
• Francis Lederer (1899–2000), actor^[25]
• Herbert Lom (1917–2012), actor^[26]
• Robert Maxwell (1923–1991), media mogul^[27]
• Emil Orlik (1870–1932), painter^[28]
• Alfréd Radok (1917–1976), writer and director in theater and film^[29]
• Karel Reisz (1926–2002), film director^[30]
• Ivan Reitman (1946-2022), film director (born in Slovakia)
• Emery Roth (1871–1948), architect (born in Sečovce at the present-day territory of Slovakia)
• Jan Saudek (born 1935), art photographer^[31]
• Anna Ticho (1894–1980), artist^[32]
• Jiří Weiss (1913–2004), film director and screenwriter^[33]
• Adrianna Demiany (née Roskovanyi) (born 1942), Slovak-Hungarian-Canadian Journalist (Born in Košice at the present-day territory of Slovakia)^[34]

Athletes

• Kurt Epstein (1904–1975), Czechoslovak national water polo team, Olympic competitor, incarcerated by the Nazis in Theresienstadt and Auschwitz^{[35] [36]}
• Arie Gill-Glick (1930–2016), Israeli Olympic runner
• Ladislav Hecht (1909–2004), Czechoslovak-American tennis player, world #6
• Gertrude "Traute" Kleinová (1918–1976), table tennis, three-time world champion, incarcerated by the Nazis in Theresienstadt and Auschwitz
• Pavol Steiner (1908–1969), Olympic water polo player, swimmer, and cardiac surgeon
• Olga Winterberg (1922–2010), Israeli Olympian in the discus throw

Music

• Karel Ančerl (1908–1973), conductor, respected for his performances of contemporary music and particularly cherished for his interpretations of music by Czech composers^[37]
• Karel Berman (1919–1995), opera singer and composer^[38]
• Ignaz Brüll, composer and pianist^[39]
• Arthur Chitz (1882–1944) musicologist, composer, pianist, and conductor^{[40] [41]}
• Alexander Goldscheider (born 1950), composer and producer
• Alfred Grünfeld (1852–1924), pianist and composer^[42]
• Pavel Haas (1899–1944), composer^[43]
• Eduard Hanslick (1825–1904), music critic^[44]
• Gideon Klein (1919–1945), composer of classical music^{[45] [46]}
• Eliška Kleinová (1912–1999), pianist, music educator; sister of Gideon Klein
• Erich Wolfgang Korngold (1897–1957), composer^[47]
• Hans Krása (1899–1944), composer^{[48] [49]}
• Egon Ledeč (1889–1944), music composer
• Gustav Mahler (1860–1911), music composer and conductor, Czech-born^{[50] [51]}
• Herbert Thomas Mandl (1926–2007), concert violinist, professor at the Janáček Academy of Music in Ostrava, Holocaust survivor who was a contemporary witness to the rich cultural life in the Theresienstadt (Terezín) ghetto
• Ignaz Moscheles (1794–1870), composer and piano virtuoso^[52]
• Zuzana Růžičková (1927–2017), contemporary harpsichordist, interpreter of classical and baroque music^[53]
• Erwin Schulhoff (1894–1942), composer and pianist^[54]
• Julius Schulhoff (1825–1898), pianist and composer^[55]
• Walter Susskind (1913–1980), conductor^[56]
• Viktor Ullmann (1898–1944), composer, conductor and pianist^[57]
• Jaromír Weinberger (1896–1967), composer^[58]

Politicians

• Victor Adler (1852–1918), socialist politician, born in Prague^[59]
• Madeleine Albright (1937–2022), served as the 64th United States Secretary of State^[60]
• Ludwig Czech (1870–1942), leader and several times minister for the German Social Democratic Workers Party in the Czechoslovak Republic
• Jan Fischer (born 1951), prime minister of the Czech Republic (2009)^[61]
• Bruno Kafka (1881–1931), German-speaking Jewish Czech politician, leader from 1918 to his death of the Czechoslovak German Democratic Liberal Party, member of the National Assembly
• Ignaz Kuranda, politician^[62]
• Artur London (1915–1986), communist politician and co-defendant in the Slánský trial; born in Ostrava, Silesia, Austria-Hungary^[63]
• Rudolf Margolius (1913–1952), Deputy Minister of Foreign Trade (1949–1952), a victim of the Slánský trial^[64]
• Rudolf Slánský (1901–1952); Communist politician and the party's General Secretary after World War II; fell into disfavour with the regime and was executed after a show trial^[65]
• Michael Žantovský, politician and author; appointed to serve as the Ambassador to Israel in July 2003^[66]
• Vladimír Železný (born 1945), media businessman and politician, member of the European Parliament, founder of TV NOVA

Religious leaders

• Samuel Abramson, rabbi of Carlsbad^[67]
• Tzvi Ashkenazi, better known as Haham Zevi, chief rabbi of Amsterdam, prominent opponent of the Sabbateans
• Nehemiah Brüll, rabbi (born Rousínov, Moravia)^[68]
• Israel Bruna, rabbi (born Brno)^[69]
• Aaron Chorin, rabbi (born Moravia)^[70]
• Joseph H. Hertz (1872–1946), Chief Rabbi of the British Empire^[71]
• Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan, Bohemian tosafist^[72]
• Judah Loew ben Bezalel (1525?–1609), rabbi^[73]
• Mordecai Meisel, philanthropist and communal leader at Prague^[74]
• Karol Sidon, playwright, chief rabbi of Prague, and Convert to Judaism
• Salomon Weisz, cantor & Bar Mitzvah teacher in Znojmo and Trebic, cantor of Moravia and Bar Mitzvah teacher in Prague from 1946 to 1968.

Writers

• Henri Blowitz, journalist^[75]
• Max Brod (1884–1968), author, composer, and journalist^[76]
• Petr Brod (b. 1951), journalist ^[77]
• Avigdor Dagan (1912–2006), writer^[78]
• Egon Hostovsky (1908–1973), writer^[79]
• Franz Kafka (1883–1924), novelist^{[80] [81] [82]}
• Siegfried Kapper (1821–1879), writer^[83]
• Ivan Klíma (born 1931), novelist, playwright^[84]
• Leopold Kompert (1822–1886), author^[85]
• Heda Margolius Kovály, author and translator^{[86] [87]}
• František R. Kraus (1903–1967), writer, journalist and reporter; wrote one of the first books ever about his experience in Auschwitz, published in 1945
• Jiří Langer (1894-1943), poet, scholar and essayist, journalist and teacher
• Arnošt Lustig (1926–2011), author of novels, short stories, plays and screenplays whose works have often involved the Holocaust^[88]
• Jiří Orten (1919–1941), poet^[89]
• Ota Pavel (1930–1973), writer, journalist and sport reporter
• Leopold Perutz (1882–1957), German language novelist and mathematician
• Karel Poláček (1892–1945), writer and journalist^[90]
• Tom Stoppard (born 1937), playwright, known for plays such as The Real Thing and Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead, and for the screenplay for Shakespeare in Love^[91]
• Hermann Ungar (1893–1929), writer of German language and an officer in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Czechoslovakia^[92]
• Jiří Weil (1900–1959), writer, novels Life with a Star (Život s hvězdou) and Mendelssohn is on the Roof^[93]
• Franz Werfel (1890–1945), Czech-born writer; married Mahler's widow^[94]

Other

• Jacob Bassevi (1580–1634), Bohemian Court Jew and financier^[95]
• George Brady (1928–2019), brother of Hana Brady^[96]
• Hana Brady (1931–1944), Holocaust victim^[97]
• Izrael Zachariah Deutsch, deaf memoirist^[98]
• Salo Flohr (1908–1983), leading chess master of the early 20th century^[99]
• Tomáš Galásek, football player
• Petr Ginz (1928–1944), boy deported to the Terezín concentration camp during the Holocaust^[100]
• Isaak Löw Hofmann, Edler von Hofmannsthal (1759–1849), merchant^[101]
• Frank Lowy (born 1930), businessman^[102]
• Richard Réti (1889–1929), chess grandmaster^[103]
• Yoshua Samuel Rusnak (also "Yehoshua Sh'mu'el Rusnak"; died 1915),^[104] diasporan Jew and Zionist based in Kosice, Slovakia; many of his family members were murdered in the Holocaust at Auschwitz^{[105] [106] [107]}
• Wilhelm Steinitz (1836–1900), first World Chess Champion^[108]
• Irene Capek (1925–2006), Jewish holocaust survivor, humanitarian and local Australian politician

See also

• History of the Jews in the Czech Republic
• History of the Jews in Slovakia
• List of Austrian Jews
• List of Czechs
• List of East European Jews
• List of Slovaks

References

Footnotes

Notes and References

1. Review of his book, The Cosmic Book: On the Mechanics of Creation Biblio.com booksellers calls him "a Jewish scientist and inventor, who was born in Prague". Retrieved 20 October 2006. Actually born in Humenné.
2. Web site: ADL website Yehuda Bauer, Historian of the Holocaust . https://web.archive.org/web/20061202210719/http://www.adl.org/education/dimensions_18_1/portrait.asp . 2 December 2006 . 9 February 2006 . Anti-Defamation League.
3. http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/bergman.html Jewish Agency for Israel
4. Encyclopaedia Judaica, article "Historians", list of "Prominent Jewish General Historians".
5. Web site: Flusserstudies.net . 2006-07-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060713161144/http://www.flusserstudies.net/pag/flusser.htm . 13 July 2006. "Vilém Flusser was born on 12 May 1920 in Prague into a family of Jewish intellectuals"
6. Obituary, by John Davis, Warden of All Souls College London School of Economics, "Ernest Gellner, who has died a few days short of his 70th birthday, was brought up in Prague, in an urban intellectual Jewish family." Accessed 10 November 2006.
7. (Jewish Year Book 2005 p215, in List of Jewish Fellows of the British Academy; born Czechoslovakia; see Who's Who)
8. http://www.jinfo.org/Philosophers.html List of Jewish philosophers
9. Encyclopedia Judaica, article "Historians", list of "Prominent Jewish General Historians".
10. Web site: GANS, DAVID BEN SOLOMON BEN SELIGMAN - JewishEncyclopedia.com. jewishencyclopedia.com. 31 March 2023.
11. Book: Cook. Mariana. Mathematicians an outer view of the inner world. 2009. Princeton University Press. Princeton, N.J.. 978-1400832880. 110. Online-Ausg..
12. Lorentz. G. G.. 2002. Mathematics and Politics in the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. Journal of Approximation Theory. 116 . 2. 185. 10.1006/jath.2002.3670. free.
13. Web site: Jewish Recipients of the Bôcher Memorial Prize. Jinfo.org . 1 July 2018.
14. Web site: The Return of Women of Mathematics (Olga Taussky-Todd) . 2006-07-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/19980113102809/http://www.mathnews.uwaterloo.ca/BestOf/WomenInMath7102.html . 13 January 1998. "Political tensions arose around this time, and like many other Jewish intellectuals, she left Germany"
15. Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed., art. "Koller, Carl": "born in Bohemia"
16. News: Ruth Linn . Obituary: Rudolf Vrba | Special reports | Guardian Unlimited . The Guardian. 13 April 2006. 8 November 2011 . London.
17. Web site: Gerty Theresa Radnitz Cori . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . 8 November 2011.
18. Web site: Martin Fleischmann . 2024-10-25 . www.nndb.com.
19. Web site: Year of Jewish Culture - 100 Years of the Jewish Museum in Prague . 2006-07-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060719172826/http://www.jewishmuseum.cz/en/a100leta.htm . 19 July 2006. Noted in "Prague Jewish Architecture"
20. Web biographies that indicate Forman's father, who died in a concentration camp, was Jewish are incorrect. Neither one of his parents was Jewish. However, according to http://www.telusplanet.net/public/albear1/MILOSFORMAN.html, Forman's biological father was Jewish, something he found out only after WWII: "About this time Miloš received word from a woman who befriended Anna in Auschwitz. What she had to say would come as quite a shock. It seems Rudolf was in fact not Miloš's father and that his real father was an architect who had worked for Anna. He too disappeared before the war but was Jewish thereby making Miloš half Jewish. Miloš would learn that this man was in fact alive and a professor at a university in Ecuador. They would never meet."
21. Book: Kronfeld, Martin . Myrtil Nagy . Židia . Naše národnostné menšiny . Fórum inštitút pre výskum menšín . 2012 . Šamorín . 23 . 978-80-89249-57-2 .
22. Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed, art. "Goldflam, Arnošt": "Czech playwright, writer, director, screenwriter, and actor. Born to Holocaust survivors in Brno (Moravia)"
23. Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed, art. "Haas, Hugo": "Czechoslovak actor and film director"
24. http://www.jewishgen.org/cemetery/e-europe/czechu-z.html International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies – Cemetery Project
25. Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed, art. "Lederer, Francis": "Czech actor"
26. Book: The Jewish lists: physicists and ... . Martin Harry Greenberg . November 1979. Schocken Books . 9780805237115 . 8 November 2011.
27. Web site: Robert Maxwell: Overview . Ketupa.net . 8 November 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150630002535/http://www.ketupa.net/maxwell.htm . 30 June 2015.
28. Web site: Newsletter 2003/3 . 2006-07-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060208083451/http://www.jewishmuseum.cz/en/a033.htm . 8 February 2006. "important Jewish graphic artist and painter, Emil Orlik"
29. described Radok as "half Jewish"
30. Web site: 2002-11-28 . Czech-born director Karel Reisz dies in London . 2024-10-25 . Radio Prague International . en.
31. Web site: Jan Saudek . 2006-07-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060824062924/http://www.themuchagallery.cz/eng/saudek_uvod.html . 24 August 2006. "in spite of the fact that due to his wartime experience as an enduring Jewish child"
32. Web site: Stern Gallery - Essay on Jewish and Israeli Art . 2006-07-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060814050250/http://www.sternart.com/article_item.asp?ID=2 . 14 August 2006. noted in an essay on "Jewish artists"
33. Web site: The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe . 2024-10-25 . encyclopedia.yivo.org.
34. https://www.linkedin.com/in/adrianna-demiany-13317323 LinkedIn Profile
35. Web site: A Jewish Athlete . Mehrpatrick1.web.officelive.com . 8 November 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120330182126/http://mehrpatrick1.web.officelive.com/AJewishAthlete.aspx . 30 March 2012.
36. Web site: NEWSLETTER 2004/3 . Jewishmuseum.cz . 8 November 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120328165757/http://www.jewishmuseum.cz/en/a043.htm . 28 March 2012 .
37. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jewish-music-and-musicians-emc Canadian Encyclopedia, art. Jewish music and musicians
38. http://www.pamatnik-terezin.cz/showdoc.do?docid=175 The concentration camp for Jews – the Terezín Ghetto
39. Jewish: "Contemporary Review, June 1999 by Anthony Paterson" Web site: Archived copy . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080410214404/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1601_274/ai_55128451/pg_2 . 10 April 2008 . 2006-10-30. "the Nazi ban on his compositions – he was Jewish" Accessed 6 November 2006.
    born Moravia: "Composers of Classical Music" http://composers-classical-music.com/b/BrullIgnaz.htm "Brull, Ignaz 1846–1907 Moravia, Prossnitz – Austria, Vienna" Accessed 6 November 2006.
40. Web site: Projekt Shalom CJD Chemnitz - Arthur Chitz. Uwe Scholz. www.juden-in-mittelsachsen.de. de. 2018-06-06.
41. Web site: Music and the Holocaust. ORT. The World. holocaustmusic.ort.org. en-GB. 2018-06-06.
42. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=462&letter=G Jewish Encyclopedia
43. "Classical Composers Database" http://www.classical-composers.org/comp/haas "Born: 21 June 1899, Brno (Czechoslovakia) ... Being Jewish, at the time of the Nazi invasion he divorced his Christian wife to save his family" Accessed 6 November 2006.
44. Avins, Styra "Brahms and the German Spirit (review)" Music and Letters – Volume 87, Number 1, 2006, pp. 136–141 online at http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/music_and_letters/v087/87.1chadwick.pdf or https://archive.today/20130415152716/http://ml.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/87/1/136 "three other Jews, Julius Epstein, Anton Door, and Eduard Hanslick"(Needs subscription, but found with this search: https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&newwindow=1&safe=off&q=%22three+other+Jews%2C+Julius+Epstein%2C+Anton+Door%2C+and+Eduard+Hanslick%22&meta= Accessed 6 November 2006.)
    Born in Prague: Encyclopædia Britannica Accessed 6 November 2006.
45. http://www.jewishmuseum.cz/en/atony.htm Czech Jewish Museum
46. http://www.gideonklein.cz/ The Gideon Klein Foundation
47. http://www.korngold-society.org/duchen.html Korngold Society
48. http://www.berkeleyrep.org/HTML/CurrentSeason/BC_programnotes.html Berkeley Repertory Theater
49. http://music.minnesota.publicradio.org/programs/spco/features/0401_theresienstadt.shtml Minnesota Public Radio
50. . Retrieved 28 November 2006. "Mahler's Jewish faith stood in the way of his career goal"
51. http://www.essentialsofmusic.com/composer/mahler.html Sony Essentials of Music
52. Art. on Moscheles in Encyclopædia Britannica "Czech pianist, one of the outstanding virtuosos of his era"; Art. on Moscheles in Columbia Encyclopedia "Prague -born Jewish virtuoso Ignaz Moscheles" Both accessed 29 November 2006.
53. http://www.radio.cz/en/issue/62712 Radio Praha
54. [School of Oriental and African Studies]
55. [Encyclopædia Britannica]
56. http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Susskind-Walter.htm Bach cantatas site
57. Web site: Terezin . 2006-07-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060908201655/http://www.interdisciplinary.neu.edu/terezin/music/ullmann.html . 8 September 2006. "Raised a German-Czech until a 1909 move to Austria" Web site: Viktor Ullmann - Czech Contemporary Composer . 2006-07-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060803043453/http://www.musica.cz/comp/ulmann.htm . 3 August 2006. "Viktor Ullmann, composer, pianist, choirmaster, conductor and music critic, was one of the victims from among the Prague German Jewish musicians in World War II."
58. Web site: Jewish History of Czech Republic . 2024-10-25 . www.porges.net.
59. http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.a/a095441.htm;internal&action=_setlanguage.action?LANGUAGE=en Encyclopedia of Austria
60. Web site: Irwin N. Graulich: The Beauty of Madeleine Albright . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060619104607/http://www.michnews.com/artman/publish/article_13005.shtml . 19 June 2006 . 2006-07-29. "When born Jews like Madeleine Albright leave Judaism to participate in new secular religions a la Karl Marx with Marxism" http://www.slate.com/id/1048/ "The Washington Post reported 4 February that Secretary of State Madeleine Albright's parents were Jewish converts to Catholicism and that her grandparents died in the Holocaust."
61. Web site: 15. dubna 2009 . Manžel tak nevypadá, ale je vtipný, říká žena nového premiéra . 15 April 2009. Ona.idnes.cz . 8 November 2011.
62. Web site: KURANDA, IGNAZ . 20 March 2008 . www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
63. Web site: Jewhoo! - "News & Notes" . 2006-07-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060512134204/http://www.jewhoo.com/editor/profiles/yves.html . 12 May 2006. "The film tells the story of Artur London, a Czech Jewish communist who survived Nazi concentration camps"
64. http://www.margolius.co.uk "Articles and books about the life of Rudolf Margolius and his international economic agreements."
65. http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/eng_captions/62-4.html "The Czech Jewish party leader Rudolf Slansky"
66. http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/6540/edition_id/122/format/html/displaystory.html Jewish News Weekly
67. http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/16571/edition_id/325/format/html/displaystory.html Jewish News Weekly of Northern California
68. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1531&letter=B&search=nehemiah%20brull Jewish Encyclopedia
69. "Historical survey of Jewish settlement in Brno", Centropa Quarterly, Summer 2006, "Rabbi Israel ben Chajim, also known as Israel Bruna (born in Brno early 15th century, died after 1475) was the first important Hebrew scholar in the Czech lands." Accessed 30 October 2006.
70. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=474&letter=C Jewish Encyclopedia
71. Web site: Joseph Herman Hertz 1872-1946 . 2006-08-31 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061130065339/http://www.chiefrabbi.org/history/hertz.html . 30 November 2006. "Joseph Herman Hertz was born in Slovakia in 1872"
72. Jewish Encyclopedia

    http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=231&letter=I Bohemian; http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=276&letter=T tosafist

73. http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=111877 Chabad.org Jewish History
74. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=370&letter=M Jewish Encyclopedia
75. Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed., art. "Blowitz, Henri
76. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016573 "Czech-born, German-language novelist" Web site: Commentary Magazine - Paganism-Christianity-Judaism, by Max Brod. https://web.archive.org/web/20061018031953/http://www.commentarymagazine.com/Summaries/V51I5P87-1.htm. 18 October 2006. dead. 2006-07-29. "Brod was a Czech Jew, or more precisely a Prague Jew, and a member of the famous Prager Kreis-that is to say, a Jew inhabiting a special cultural enclave"
77. Web site: Petr Brod (1951). www.memoryofnations.eu. 31 March 2023.
78. Web site: All About Jewish Theatre – The Court – Jesters in Jerusalem . Jewish-theatre.com . 8 November 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110927215216/http://www.jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=1855 . 27 September 2011.
79. Web site: Egon Hostovsky. https://web.archive.org/web/20060209130241/http://www.traktor.cz/twisted/hostovsky.html. dead. 9 February 2006. 31 March 2023.
80. "KAFKA, Franz (1883–1924): Czechnovelist.": Hutchinson 20th Century Encyclopedia (7th ed, 1986), p.702.
81. "KAFKA, FRANZ (1883–1924): Czech author.": The New StandardJewish Encyclopedia (fifth ed, 1977, ed. Geoffrey Wigoder), p.1101.
82. http://classiclit.about.com/od/kafkafranz/Kafka_Franz.htm "Czech writer"
83. Web site: The Jewish cemeteries of Prague . fr . Porges.net . 8 November 2011.
84. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/johntusainterview/klima_transcript.shtml "You might say that the Czech novelist, Ivan Klima, has been the victim of the famous Chinese curse, 'may you live in interesting times'. Born in 1931 he was a boy when Czech independence was in effect handed over to Nazi Germany in 1938. As a Jew he and his family were interned in the Terezinstadt Concentration Camp during the Second World War"
85. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=346&letter=K Jewish Encyclopedia
86. Included in Clive James's book Cultural Amnesia.
87. Web site: Margolius Family Website. Margolius Family Website. 31 March 2023.
88. Web site: 1 . 2006-07-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20051219132714/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/Lustig.htm . 19 December 2005. "Lustig was one of the few out of fifteen thousand Jewish children"
89. https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/jir%C3%AD-orten "https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/jir%C3%AD-orten"
90. Web site: Terezín Memorial – The concentration camp for Jews – the Terezín Ghetto. https://web.archive.org/web/20050301012237/http://www.pamatnik-terezin.cz/showdoc.do?docid=175. dead. 1 March 2005. 31 March 2023.
91. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2006/06/11/do1107.xml "At 68, he is still discovering himself. When he was a boy, his mother drew a veil over the family's past. There had been a Jewish grandmother, she said, and this was why they had to leave Czechoslovakia. Only relatively recently did he learn the full story. His whole family was Jewish. Most of his relatives had been murdered in the death camps. His father, once the house doctor at the Bata shoe factory in Zlin, had been killed in a Japanese air raid."
92. Web site: Hermann Ungar . 2007-06-24 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070702104920/http://www.traktor.cz/twisted/ungar.html . 2 July 2007 . "Hermann Ungar was born on 20 April 1893 to a comfortable Jewish family in the small Moravian town of Boskovice, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Formerly the Jewish ghetto, the Jewish Town of Boskovice had the unusual distinction of having been established as its own municipality in 1848 (one of only two such instances, this status lasted until 1919) after the Habsburg's emancipation of the Jews in the Czech Lands... Ungar grew up speaking German and Czech..."
93. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Mendelssohn2.html "Jiri Weil, a Czech Jewish writer"
94. http://www.usc.edu/libraries/archives/arc/libraries/feuchtwanger/exiles/werfel.html Feuchtwanger memorial Library
95. Web site: New exhibition in the Maisel Synagogue in Prague . 2006-07-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060613134415/http://www.jewishmuseum.cz/en/aexpomaisel.htm . 13 June 2006. "This provides an overview of the history of the Jews in the Czech Lands... Jacob Bassevi, the first Jew to be raised to the nobility"
96. https://www.amazon.com/dp/0807531480 "The Bradys were Jewish. They weren't a religious family. But Mother and Father wanted their children to know about their heritage. Once a week, while their playmates were at church, Hana and George sat with a special teacher who taught them about Jewish holidays and Jewish history."
97. https://www.amazon.com/dp/0807531480 "Alternating chapters tell not only of the Jewish Hana Brady's deportation..."
98. Book: Surviving in Silence: A Deaf Boy in the Holocaust, the Harry I. Dunai Story. 9781563681813. 2002. Gallaudet University Press.
99. Web site: Yahoo | Mail, Weather, Search, Politics, News, Finance, Sports & Videos . 29 July 2006 . "Since his family was Jewish, they were in great danger"
100. Web site: Bauerova . Ladka . Petr Ginz diaries . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220424224540/https://isurvived.org/InTheNews/PetrGinz-diaries.html . 24 April 2022 . isurvived.org . "Recalling the diaries of another teenage victim of the Holocaust, Anne Frank, they reveal a budding Czech literary and artistic genius whose life was cut short by the Nazis... Moon Landscape connects the dream of one Jewish boy who is a symbol of the talent lost in the Holocaust".
101. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=838&letter=H Jewish Encyclopedia
102. http://www.ioadmin.unsw.edu.au/agsm/web.nsf/Content/AGSMMagazine-LearningTheValueInEducation Australian Graduate School of Management
103. Web site: Greatest Jewish Chess Players . Chessgames.com . 8 November 2011.
104. Web site: Encyclopaedia of Jewish communities, Slovakia . Jewishgen.org . 8 November 2011.
105. Web site: World Center for Holocaust Research, Education, Documentation and Commemoration . Yad Vashem . 8 November 2011.
106. Alan Sidransky (a grandnephew of Zoli Grinfeld)
107. Contributor for "Yoshua Rusnak", a descendant of Yoshua's brother Jakub's son Andrej Stef "Andrew Stephen" Rusnak.
108. Web site: Steinitz, Wilhelm . JewishEncyclopedia.com . 8 November 2011.