List of Category 1 Pacific hurricanes explained
Category 1 is the lowest classification on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, and categorizes tropical cyclones with 1-minute maximum sustained winds between 64kn82kn. Tropical cyclones that attain such winds and move over land while maintaining those winds are capable of causing minor to moderate damage to human lives and infrastructure. As of 2021, a total of 242 hurricanes have peaked at Category 1 strength within the Northeast Pacific tropical cyclone basin, which is denoted as the part of the Pacific Ocean north of the equator and east of the International Date Line. Collectively, Category 1 hurricanes have killed at least 912 people. This does not include storms that also attained Category 2, 3, 4, or 5 status on the scale.
A combination of many factors serve to influence the development of tropical cyclones in the Northeastern Pacific basin. During the winter and early spring months from December to April, a high-pressure area known as the North Pacific High and a low-pressure area known as the Aleutian Low are present over the Northeastern Pacific, producing strong upper-level winds which inhibit tropical cyclone formation. During the late spring, summer, and fall months from May to November, these effects are reduced or may even vanish altogether, while sea surface temperatures are warm enough to support the development, perhaps even rapid, of tropical cyclones. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation plays a major role in the strength of trade winds and the sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific. During El Niño events, trade winds are weaker and sea surface temperatures are warmer, allowing for the development of more cyclones as well as more intense hurricanes, while the effects of La Niña are the opposite.__TOC__
Background
On the Saffir–Simpson scale, a hurricane reaches Category 1 status when it attains maximum sustained winds of between 64kn82kn.[1] The National Hurricane Center (NHC) takes sustained winds to be the average wind speed measured over the period of one minute at the height of 10m (30feet) above the ground.[2] Should a Category 1 hurricane make landfall, its strongest winds can cause moderate damage to human infrastructure, especially to older buildings.[1]
The Northeast Pacific tropical cyclone basin is defined as the region of the Pacific Ocean north of the equator and east of the International Date Line. The Northeast Pacific is further divided into two sub-basins, namely the east and central Pacific. The east Pacific runs east of the 140th meridian west, and tropical cyclones occurring there are warned upon by the National Hurricane Center, the current Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) for that area. The central Pacific, running from the 140th meridian west to the International Date Line, currently has the Central Pacific Hurricane Center as its RSMC.[3] Tropical cyclones are generally much rarer in the central Pacific than in the east Pacific, with an average of just four to five storms forming or moving into the central Pacific compared to around 15 for the east Pacific.[4] [5] All tropical cyclones recorded by past and present RSMCs of the Northeast Pacific basin since 1949 are listed in the Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database (HURDAT), which is compiled and maintained by the National Hurricane Center.
Before 1970, tropical cyclones within the Northeast Pacific were classified into three categories: tropical depression, tropical storm, and hurricane; these were assigned intensities of 30mph, 50mph, and 85mph respectively. Exceptions to these rules would be storms that affected humans and as such humans were able to measure or estimate wind speeds or pressure data.
Climatology
In the east Pacific and central Pacific sub-basins, hurricane season begins on May 15 and June 1, respectively, with both concluding on November 30.[6] Since 1949, a total of 242 Category 1 hurricanes have developed in the Northeast Pacific basin. Only two have occurred in the off-season: Nina (1957) and Winnie (1983). In addition to those, seven systems have been at Category 1 intensity in May, 31 in June, 47 in July, 57 in August, 70 in September, 37 in October, and seven in November.
The majority of tropical cyclones form and organize in areas of warm sea surface temperatures, usually of at least 26.5abbr=onNaNabbr=on and low vertical wind shear; however, there are outliers to this general rule, such as storms that manage to intensify despite high amounts of vertical wind shear. When a pre-existing tropical disturbance – usually a tropical wave or a disturbance originating in the Intertropical Convergence Zone – enters an area where the aforementioned conditions are present, the disturbance can develop into a tropical cyclone, provided it is far enough from the equator to experience a sufficiently strong Coriolis force, which causes the counterclockwise rotation of hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere.[7] Between the months of December and April, sea surface temperatures in the tropics, where most Northeast Pacific tropical cyclones develop, are usually too low to support significant development. Also, the presence of a semi-permanent high-pressure area known as the North Pacific High in the eastern Pacific greatly reduces tropical cyclone development in the winter months, as the North Pacific High results in vertical wind shear that causes environmental conditions to be unconducive to tropical cyclone formation. Another factor preventing tropical cyclones from forming during the winter is the presence of a semi-permanent low-pressure area called the Aleutian Low between January and April. Its effects in the central Pacific near the 160th meridian west cause tropical waves that form in the area to move northward into the Gulf of Alaska. As the disturbances travel northward, they dissipate or transition into an extratropical cyclone. The Aleutian Low's retreat in late April allows the warmth of the Pacific High to meander in, bringing its powerful clockwise wind circulation with it. During the month of May, the Intertropical Convergence Zone migrates southward while vertical shear over the tropics decrease. As a result, the earliest tropical waves begin to form,[8] coinciding with the start of the eastern Pacific hurricane season on May 15.[6] During summer and early fall, sea surface temperatures rise further, reaching 29C in July and August, well above the 26.5C threshold for the formation and intensification of tropical cyclones. This allows for tropical cyclones developing during that time to strengthen significantly, perhaps even rapidly.[8]
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation also influences the frequency and intensity of hurricanes in the Northeast Pacific basin. During El Niño events, sea surface temperatures increase in the Northeast Pacific and vertical wind shear decreases. Because of this, an increase in tropical cyclone activity occurs; the opposite happens in the Atlantic basin during El Niño, where increased wind shear creates an unfavorable environment for tropical cyclone formation.[9] Contrary to El Niño, La Niña events increase wind shear and decreases sea surface temperatures over the eastern Pacific, while reducing wind shear and increasing sea surface temperatures over the Atlantic.[8]
Within the Northeast Pacific, the easterly trade winds cause tropical cyclones to generally move westward out into the open Pacific Ocean. Only rarely do tropical cyclones forming during the peak months of the season make landfall. Closer to the end of the season, the subtropical ridge steers some storms northwards or northeastwards. Storms influenced by this ridge may bring impacts to the western coasts of Mexico and occasionally even Central America. In the central Pacific basin, the North Pacific High keeps tropical cyclones away from the Hawaiian Islands by forcing them southwards.[8] Combined with cooler waters around the Hawaiian Islands that tend to weaken tropical cyclones that approach them, this makes direct impacts on the Hawaiian Islands by tropical cyclones rare.[10]
Systems
- Key:
- Discontinuous duration (weakened below Category 1 then restrengthened to that classification at least once)
- Intensified past Category 1 intensity after exiting basin
Name | Dates as a Category 1 hurricane | Duration (hours) | Sustained wind speeds | Pressure | Areas affected | Deaths | Damage (USD) | |
---|
Four | | 54 | 75kn | | Baja California Peninsula | | | |
Six | | 12 | 75kn | | Socorro Island | | | |
One | | 126 | 75kn | | Southwestern Mexico | | | |
Two | | 78 | 75kn | | Southwestern Mexico, Baja California | | | |
Three | | 78 | 75kn | | None | | | |
Hiki | | 90 | 75kn | 982hPa | Hawaii | 1 | | [11] |
Six | | 102 | 75kn | | None | | | |
Seven | | 54 | 75kn | | None | | | |
Two | | 30 | 75kn | | Southern Mexico | | | |
Eight | | 126 | 75kn | | None | | | |
Four | | 78 | 75kn | | None | | | |
Five | | 126 | 75kn | | Baja California, California | | | |
Seven | | 54 | 75kn | | None | | | |
Three | | 78 | 75kn | 982hPa | Baja California Sur, Western Mexico | | | |
Four | | 150 | 75kn | 991hPa | Southwestern Mexico | | | |
Three | | 138 | 75kn | | Baja California, California, Arizona | | | |
Four | | 186 | 75kn | | None | | | |
Nine | | 102 | 75kn | | Southwestern Mexico | | | |
Eleven | | 150 | 75kn | | | | | |
One | | 66 | 75kn | 990hPa | None | | | |
Six | | 30 | 75kn | 999hPa§ | Southwestern Mexico | | | |
One | | 30 | 75kn | 979hPa | None | | | |
Three | | 18 | 75kn | 985hPa | Southwestern Mexico | | | |
Four | | 42 | 75kn | 984hPa | Southern Mexico | | | |
Five | | 78 | 75kn | 999hPa§ | None | | | |
Seven | | 72 | 75kn | 997hPa§ | None | | | |
Nine | | 66 | 75kn | 990hPa | None | | | |
Ten | | 114 | 75kn | 986hPa | Southwestern Mexico | | | |
Kanoa | | 270 | 75kn | 985hPa | Hawaii | | | [12] |
Three | | 162 | 75kn | 972hPa | None | | | |
Della | | 132 | 75kn | 980hPa | Hawaii | | | |
Six | | 48 | 75kn | 984hPa | Southern Mexico | 7 | | [13] |
Ten | | 102 | 75kn | 996hPa§ | Baja California Peninsula, Western Mexico | 2 | | [14] |
Eleven | | 66 | 75kn | 986hPa | Southwestern Mexico | | | |
Nina | | 144 | 75kn | < 1002hPa§ | Hawaii | 4 | | [15] [16] |
One | | 216 | 75kn | 995hPa | Baja California Sur, Southwestern Mexico | | | |
Three | | 66 | 75kn | 1002hPa§ | None | | | |
Four | | 102 | 75kn | 1005hPa§ | None | | | |
June | | 12 | 65kn | 963hPa | None | | | |
Eleven | | 126 | 75kn | 960hPa | Baja California Peninsula, Western Mexico, New Mexico | | | |
Ten | | 174 | 75kn | 987hPa | Southwestern Mexico, Baja California Peninsula, California | | | |
Twelve | | 114 | 75kn | 967hPa | None | | | |
Celeste | | 60 | 75kn | 994hPa | Southwest Mexico | | | |
Diana | | 84 | 75kn | 987hPa§ | Western Mexico, Baja California | | | |
Estelle | | 282 | 75kn | 977hPa | Guatemala, Southern Mexico, Southern California | | | |
Fernanda | | 138 | 75kn | 999hPa§ | Guatemala, Southwestern Mexico | | | |
Gwen | | | 75kn | 1000hPa§ | None | | | [17] |
Hyacinth | | 42 | 75kn | 989hPa | Southwestern Mexico | | | |
Iva | | 42 | 75kn | 984hPa | Southern Mexico | | | |
Tara | | 66 | 75kn | 996hPa | Southern Mexico | 436 | | [18] [19] [20] |
Valerie | | 54 | 75kn | 1003hPa§ | Southwestern Mexico | | | |
Doreen | | 90 | 75kn | 980hPa | Baja California Sur, Western Mexico, New Mexico, Arizona, West Texas | | | |
Emily | | 42 | 75kn | 996hPa | Southern Mexico | | | |
Florence | | 78 | 75kn | 996hPa | None | | | |
Glenda | | 54 | 75kn | 997hPa | None | | | |
Mona | | 42 | 75kn | 961hPa | Western Mexico | | | |
Emily | | 24 | 80kn | 983hPa | Baja California | | | |
Adele | | 30 | 75kn | 982hPa | Southern Mexico | | | [21] |
Blanca | | 18 | 75kn | 990hPa | None | | | |
Connie | | 54 | 75kn | 981hPa | Hawaii | | | |
Dolores | | 24 | 75kn | 981hPa | None | | | |
Eileen | | 36 | 75kn | 990hPa | None | | | |
Francesca | | 72 | 75kn | 992hPa | California | | | |
Helga | | 36 | 75kn | 992hPa | Baja California, California, Western Mexico | 1 | | [22] |
Carlotta | | 42 | 75kn | | Western Mexico | | | |
Jewel | | 24 | 75kn | 997hPa | None | | | |
Katrina | | 60 | 75kn | | Baja California, Western Mexico, Arizona | 1 | | [23] |
Lily | | 78 | 75kn | 981hPa | None | | | |
Priscilla | | 54 | 75kn | | None | | | |
Fernanda | | 36 | 75kn | 1000hPa§ | None | | | |
Joanne | | 36 | 75kn | 986hPa | None | | | |
Liza | | 84 | 75kn | 998hPa | California | | | [24] |
Naomi | | 36 | 75kn | 979hPa | Mexico, Texas | 4 | | [25] |
Pauline | | 48 | 75kn | 1002hPa | Mexico, Southwestern United States | 5 | | [26] |
Rebecca | | 18 | 75kn | 965hPa | Mexico | | | |
Bernice | | 48 | 75kn | 1004hPa | None | | | |
Doreen | | 30 | 75kn | 993hPa | None | | | |
Glenda | | 6 | 65kn | 993hPa | Mexico | | | |
Jeniffer | | 42 | 65kn | 991hPa | Western Mexico | 1 | | [27] |
Adele | | 72 | 75kn | 992abbr=onNaNabbr=on | None | | | |
Dot | | 12 | 70kn | 993abbr=onNaNabbr=on | None | | | |
Carlotta | | 24 | 75kn | 980abbr=onNaNabbr=on | None | | | |
Lily | | 24 | 75kn | 980abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Southwestern Mexico | 12–14 | | [28] [29] |
Annette | | 24 | 75kn | 993abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Southwestern Mexico | | | |
Estelle | | 24 | 70kn | 1004hPa§ | None | | | |
Ruby | | 6 | 70kn | | None | | | |
Florence | | 18 | 80kn | 990abbr=onNaNabbr=on | None | | | |
Lillian | | 30 | 75kn | 990abbr=onNaNabbr=on | None | | | |
Dolores | | 24 | 70kn | 973abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Southwestern Mexico | 18–28 | | [30] [31] [32] |
Francesca | | 18 | 65kn | 973abbr=onNaNabbr=on | None | | | |
Joyce | | 36 | 75kn | 973abbr=onNaNabbr=on | None | | | |
Kirsten | | 42 | 75kn | 973abbr=onNaNabbr=on | None | | | |
Norma | | 6 | 65kn | 978abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Southwestern Mexico | 3 | | [33] |
Patricia | | 90 | 80kn | 964hPa | None | | | |
Agatha | | 12 | 70kn | 1005hPa§ | Southwestern Mexico | | | |
Jewel | | 6 | 65kn | | None | | | |
Twelve | | 18 | 65kn | 990abbr=onNaNabbr=on | British Columbia, Yukon, Alaska, Washington, Oregon | | | |
Lily | | 48 | 75kn | | Socorro Island | | | |
Bonnie | | 18 | 65kn | 987abbr=onNaNabbr=on | None | | | |
Kathleen | | 6 | 70kn | 986abbr=onNaNabbr=on | Baja California Peninsula, Southern California, Arizona, Nevada | 12 | | [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] |
Claudia | | 18 | 80kn | | None | | | |
Doreen | | 36 | 65kn | 979hPa | Mexico, Southwestern United States | 8 | | [39] |
Heather | | 36 | 75kn | 978hPa | Baja California Peninsula, Arizona | | | [40] [41] |
Aletta | | 6 | 65kn | | Southwestern Mexico | | | |
Iva | | 18 | 65kn | | Hawaii | | | |
Miriam | | 24 | 80kn | | None | | | |
Olivia | | 18 | 65kn | | Central America | | | |
Rosa | | 42 | 75kn | | Baja California Sur | | | [42] |
Guillermo | | 12 | 65kn | 994hPa | None | | | [43] |
Celia | | 48 | 65kn | | None | | | |
Georgette | | 6 | 65kn | | None | | | [44] |
Beatriz | | 60 | 75kn | | None | | | |
Dora | | 66 | 80kn | 979hPa | None | | | |
Greg | | 12 | 65kn | | None | | | |
Hilary | | 30 | 75kn | | Socorro Island | | | |
Jova | | 66 | 75kn | | Hawaii | | | |
Otis | | 72 | 75kn | | Southwestern Mexico | | | [45] |
Fabio | | 72 | 70kn | | None | | | |
Hector | | 30 | 65kn | | None | | | |
Kristy | | 60 | 80kn | 982hPa | None | | | |
Miriam | | 96 | 75kn | | None | | | [46] |
Iwa | | 42 | 80kn | 968hPa | Hawaii | 4 | | [47] [48] [49] |
Gil | | 78 | 80kn | | Hawaii | 1 | | [50] |
Winnie | | 24 | 80kn | | Southwestern Mexico | | | [51] |
Boris | | 6 | 65kn | | None | | | |
Lowell | | 36 | 75kn | | None | | | |
Marie | | 60 | 80kn | | None | | | [52] |
Marty | | 18 | 65kn | | None | | | |
Olaf | | 54 | 75kn | | None | | | |
Pauline | | 96 | 75kn | | None | | | |
Nele | | 114 | 80kn | 982hPa | Hawaii | | | [53] |
Agatha | | 18 | 65kn | | Southwestern Mexico | | | |
Celia | | 42 | 75kn | | None | | | |
Frank | | 60 | 75kn | | None | | | |
Newton | | 66 | 75kn | 982hPa | Baja California Sur, Southwestern Mexico | | | |
Orlene | | 42 | 70kn | | None | | | [54] |
Greg | | 24 | 70kn | | Southwestern Mexico | | | |
Lidia | | 24 | 75kn | | None | | | |
Norma | | 12 | 65kn | | Baja California Sur | | | [55] |
Carlotta | | 18 | 65kn | 987hPa | None | | | [56] |
Kristy | | 60 | 80kn | 976hPa | Southwestern Mexico | | | [57] |
Barbara | | 24 | 70kn | 984hPa | None | | | [58] |
Cosme | | 24 | 75kn | 979hPa | Mexico, East Texas | 30 | | [59] |
Dalilia | | 144 | 80kn | 977hPa | Hawaii | | | [60] |
Gil | | 36 | 75kn | 979hPa | Southwestern Mexico | | | [61] |
Lorena | | 12 | 65kn | 989hPa | None | | | [62] |
Alma | | 30 | 75kn | 979hPa | None | | | [63] |
Boris | | 36 | 80kn | 977hPa | Baja California Peninsula, Northwestern Mexico | | | [64] |
Elida | | 36 | 70kn | 990hPa | Revillagigedo Island | | | [65] |
Fausto | | 54 | 75kn | 979hPa | None | | | [66] |
Kenna | | 72 | 75kn | 980hPa | None | | | [67] |
Lowell | | 36 | 65kn | 986hPa | None | | | [68] |
Norbert | | 42 | 70kn | 983hPa | None | | | [69] |
Polo | | 12 | 65kn | 987hPa | None | | | [70] |
Delores | | 42 | 75kn | 979hPa | Guerrero, Colima | | | [71] |
Enrique | | 6 | 65kn | 987hPa | None | | | [72] |
Guillermo | | 48 | 70kn | 983hPa | None | | | [73] |
Marty | | 60 | 70kn | 979hPa | Guerrero, Colima | | | [74] |
Javier | | 30 | 70kn | 985hPa | None | | | [75] |
Lester | | 18 | 70kn | 985hPa | Baja California, Northwestern Mexico, Southwestern United States | 3 | | [76] [77] |
Paine | | 24 | 65kn | 987hPa | None | | | [78] |
Seymour | | 66† | 75kn | 980hPa | None | | | [79] |
Adrian | | 36 | 75kn | 979hPa | None | | | [80] |
Li | | 6 | 65kn | 1007hPa | None | | | [81] [82] |
Ileana | | 12 | 65kn | 986hPa | None | | | [83] |
Cosme | | 18 | 65kn | 985hPa | None | | | [84] |
Flossie | | 48 | 70kn | 978hPa | Baja California Peninsula | 1 | | [85] [86] |
Ismael | | 24 | 70kn | 986hPa | Northern Mexico | 116 | | [87] [88] |
Boris | | 24 | 80kn | 979hPa | Mexico | 10 | | [89] |
Hernan | | 30 | 75kn | 980hPa | Western Mexico, Texas | 1 | | [90] [91] |
Dolores | | 66 | 80kn | 975hPa | None | | | [92] |
Isis | | 12 | 65kn | 988hPa | Baja California Peninsula, Northern Pacific Coast of Mexico, Southwestern United States, Northwestern United States | 14 | | [93] |
Kay | | 12 | 65kn | 987hPa | None | | | [94] |
Madeline | | 42 | 75kn | 979hPa | Mexico, Baja California Peninsula, Texas | 31 | | [95] |
Greg | | 24 | 65kn | 986hPa | Western Mexico, Baja California Peninsula | 10 | | [96] [97] |
Hilary | | 12 | 65kn | 987hPa | Baja California Peninsula | | | [98] |
Gilma | | 18 | 70kn | 983hPa | None | | | [99] |
Hector | | 30 | 70kn | 983hPa | None | | | [100] |
Dalila | | 6 | 65kn | 987hPa | Southwestern Mexico, Baja California Peninsula | 1 | | [101] |
Kiko | | 6 | 65kn | 990hPa | None | | | [102] |
Narda | | 30 | 75kn | 980hPa | None | | | [103] |
Octave | | 24 | 75kn | 980hPa | None | | | [104] |
Huko | | 102† | 75kn | 980hPa | None | | | [105] |
Linda | | 12 | 65kn | 987hPa | None | | | [106] |
Olaf | | 6 | 65kn | 987hPa | Mexico | | | [107] |
Patricia | | 24 | 70kn | 984hPa | None | | | [108] |
Celia | | 18 | 75kn | 981hPa | None | | | [109] |
Frank | | 36 | 75kn | 979hPa | Baja California Peninsula | | | [110] |
Isis | | 6 | 65kn | 987hPa | None | | | [111] |
Adrian | | 6 | 70kn | 982hPa | | 5 | | [112] [113] [114] [115] |
Fernanda | | 72 | 75kn | 978hPa | None | | | [116] |
Max | | 30 | 75kn | 981hPa | None | | | [117] |
Carlotta | | 48 | 75kn | 981hPa | None | | | [118] |
Kristy | | 24 | 70kn | 985hPa | None | | | [119] |
Cosme | | 6 | 65kn | 987hPa | Hawaii | | | [120] |
Henriette | | 42 | 75kn | 972hPa | | 11 | | [121] |
Ivo | | 42 | 70kn | 984hPa | Baja California Peninsula | | | [122] |
Boris | | 36 | 70kn | 985hPa | None | | | [123] |
Fausto | | 78 | 80kn | 977hPa | Clarion Island, Socorro Island | | | [124] |
Genevieve | | 18 | 65kn | 987hPa | Hawaii | | | [125] |
Marie | | 24 | 70kn | 984hPa | None | | | [126] |
Andres | | 18 | 70kn | 984hPa | Southwestern Mexico, Western Mexico, Honduras | 5 | | [127] [128] [129] |
Linda | | 30 | 70kn | 985hPa | None | | | [130] |
Frank | | 54 | 80kn | 978hPa | Southwestern Mexico, Western Mexico | 6 | | [131] [132] [133] |
Beatriz | | 18 | 80kn | 977hPa | Southwestern Mexico, Western Mexico | 4 | | [134] |
Calvin | | 18 | 70kn | 984hPa | None | | | [135] |
Greg | | 36 | 75kn | 979hPa | None | | | [136] |
Gilma | | 24 | 70kn | 984hPa | None | | | [137] |
Ileana | | 42 | 75kn | 978hPa | None | | | [138] |
Lane | | 30 | 75kn | 985hPa | None | | | [139] |
Barbara | | 6 | 70kn | 983hPa | Central America, Southwestern Mexico, Eastern Mexico | 5 | | [140] |
Cosme | | 30 | 75kn | 980hPa | Western Mexico, Baja California Peninsula | 3 | | [141] [142] [143] [144] |
Dalila | | 30 | 70kn | 984hPa | Southwestern Mexico, Western Mexico | | | [145] |
Erick | | 36 | 70kn | 983hPa | Southwestern Mexico, Western Mexico, Baja California Peninsula | 2 | | [146] |
Gil | | 48 | 75kn | 985hPa | None | | | [147] |
Kiko | | 12 | 65kn | 989hPa | Baja California Peninsula | | | [148] |
Manuel | | 18 | 65kn | 983hPa | Mexico, Texas | 123 | | [149] [150] |
Hernan | | 12 | 65kn | 992hPa | None | | | [151] |
Karina | | 42 | 65kn | 983hPa | None | | | [152] |
Lowell | | 12 | 75kn | 980hPa | None | | | [153] |
Polo | | 18 | 65kn | 979hPa | Western Mexico, Baja California Peninsula | 1 | | [154] [155] |
Rachel | | 36 | 75kn | 980hPa | None | | | [156] |
Ana | | 78 | 75kn | 985hPa | Hawaii, Western Canada, Alaskan Panhandle | | | [157] |
Carlos | | 72 | 80kn | 978hPa | Southwestern and Western Mexico | | | [158] [159] |
Loke | | 24 | 65kn | 985hPa | Hawaii | | | [160] |
Marty | | 18 | 70kn | 987hPa | Southwestern and Western Mexico | | | [161] [162] |
Frank | | 18 | 75kn | 979hPa | Baja California Peninsula, Nayarit | | | [163] |
Newton | | 42 | 80kn | 977hPa | Baja California Peninsula, Northwestern Mexico, Southwestern United States | 9 | | [164] [165] [166] |
Paine | | 24 | 80kn | 979hPa | Baja California Peninsula, Southwestern United States | | | [167] |
Ulika | | 12 | 65kn | 992hPa | None | | | [168] |
Irwin | | 36 | 80kn | 979hPa | None | | | [169] |
Max | | 12 | 80kn | 980hPa | Southern Mexico | 1 | | [170] |
Norma | | 12 | 65kn | 985hPa | Baja California Peninsula | | | [171] |
Alvin | | 6 | 65kn | 992hPa | None | | | [172] |
Flossie | | 23 | 70kn | 990hPa | Hawaii | | | [173] |
Lorena | | 12 | 70kn | 990hPa | Southwestern Mexico, Revillagigedo Islands, Baja California Peninsula | | | [174] |
Enrique | | 54 | 80kn | 975hPa | Southwestern Mexico, Baja California Peninsula | 3 | | |
Hilda | | 60 | 75kn | 985hPa | None | | | |
Nora | | 30 | 75kn | 977hPa | Western Mexico | 3 | | |
Pamela | | 12 | 65kn | 987hPa | Western Mexico | 3 | |
Blas | | 66 | 80kn | 976hPa | Southwestern Mexico | 4 | Minimal | |
Estelle | | 54 | 75kn | 984hPa | Revillagigedo Islands | | | |
Frank | | 54 | 80kn | 975hPa | None | | | |
Howard | | 30 | 75kn | 983hPa | Revillagigedo Islands | | | |
Beatriz | | 18 | 75kn | 991hPa | Western Mexico | 1 | Minimal | |
Carlotta | | 42 | 80kn | 979hPa | Clarion Island | | | |
Overall reference for name, dates, duration, winds and pressure: | |
---|
Landfalls
Out of the 237 Category 1 hurricanes in the east and central Pacific, 47 have made landfall as a tropical cyclone, collectively resulting in 63 landfalls. As tropical cyclones tend to weaken before landfall due to the effects of land interaction, only 34 Category 1 hurricanes actually made landfall while still at Category 1 strength. Fourteen storms made two landfalls and one made three. Multiple Category 1 hurricanes made landfall only in 10 years; there were no more than two landfalling storms in a single year.
See also
Notes and References
- The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. United States National Hurricane Center. Schott, Timothy. Landsea, Christopher. Hafele, Gene. Lorens, Jeffrey. Taylor, Arthur. Thrum, Harvey. Ward, Bill. Willis, Mark. Zaleski, Walt. January 2, 2019. June 4, 2019.
- Web site: TCFAQ D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?. Christopher W. Landsea. April 21, 2006. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. May 24, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20141009070826/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/D4.html. 2014-10-09. live.
- Web site: TCFAQ F1) What regions around the globe have tropical cyclones and who is responsible for forecasting there?. Christopher W. Landsea. June 1, 2018. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. July 21, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20121113000158/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/F1.html. 2012-11-13. live.
- Web site: CPHC Climatology. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. July 21, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20120927024258/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/pages/climatology.php. 2012-09-27. live.
- Web site: Background Information: East Pacific Hurricane Season. May 27, 2015. Climate Prediction Center. July 21, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20090509063106/http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/background_information.html. 2009-05-09. live.
- Web site: TCFAQ G1) When is hurricane season?. Neal. Dorst. June 2, 2016. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. July 24, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20090506152735/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html. May 6, 2009. live.
- Web site: TCFAQ A15) How do tropical cyclones form?. Christopher W. Landsea. 2014. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. August 18, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20090827030639/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A15.html. August 27, 2009. live.
- Book: Longshore, David. Encyclopedia of hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones. Facts on File, Inc. 1998. 978-0-8160-3398-0. 1st. 333, 334. August 18, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214458/https://books.google.com/books?id=8kXwskQHBLoC&pg=PA334&lpg=PA334&source=bl&ots=qFGf1P76-U&sig=RvDUOXniAjo9XgEkcKZRVx0qtEI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNh9Ta0_bcAhXNXn0KHfmWBesQ6AEwDXoECAMQAQ. August 18, 2018. live.
- Web site: Hurricanes: The Greatest Storms on Earth: Feature Articles. Steve. Graham. Holli. Riebeek. November 1, 2006. Earth Observatory. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. July 24, 2018. United States. https://web.archive.org/web/20170506091751/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Hurricanes/hurricanes_3.php. May 6, 2017. live.
- News: Hawaii Hurricanes: How Unusual Are They?. Belles. Jonathan. August 3, 2018. The Weather Channel. August 20, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180820203427/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2018-08-03-hawaii-hurricane-tropical-typical-track-history. August 20, 2018. live.
- Flood of August 1950 in the Waimea area Kauai, Hawaii. R. K. Chun. 1952. United States Geological Survey. 1 June 2014. Washington, D.C..
- The 1957 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season . Central Pacific Hurricane Center . 27 January 2019.
- News: Staff Writer. The New York Times. 15. 19 September 1957. Mexican Storm Kills 7; U.S. Citizen Electrocuted by Fallen Wire at Acapulco.
- News: Staff Writer. The Hartford Courant. 7 October 1957. Tropical Storm Causes Two Deaths in Mexico.
- News: Associated Press. 1957. The Daily Review of December 2. Hayward Daily Review.
- News: Associated Press. 1957. Hurricane Hits the Hawaiian Islands; 1,100 Flee Homes. The Lowell Sun.
- Web site: Mariners Weather Log. 27 April 1961. National Weather Bureau. 27 October 2013.
- Web site: Staff Writer. United Press International. 14 November 1961. 80 Killed in Hurricane Lashing Mexican Coast. 8 May 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20151209170223/http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=92250336_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search¤tResult=0¤tPage=0. 9 December 2015. dead.
- Web site: Staff Writer . 18 November 1961 . Mexico Struck Hard By Storm . Associated Press . 10 May 2009. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160125134457/http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=72517780_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search¤tResult=1¤tPage=0 . 25 January 2016 .
- Web site: Staff Writer. 19 November 1961. Mexican Cyclone Areas Win Relief By Airlift. Associated Press. 10 May 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20160125134457/http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=65267963_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search¤tResult=1¤tPage=0. 25 January 2016. dead.
- Web site: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 1966. JTWC Report of 1966. 8 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20110607050202/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1966atcr/pdf/annexa.pdf. 7 June 2011. dead.
- Web site: Long Beach California Independent. 1966. Effects of Helga (Sea Action). 8 October 2008.
- http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=48250081_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search¤tResult=6¤tPage=10 Storm Damage Aid to Mexican Village
- News: 1968. Staircase to Nowhere. Independent. 24 May 2008.
- Web site: 1968. Evacuees Returning Home As Floods Ebb in Durango. Corpus Christi Times. 15 May 2009.
- News: Associated Press. 1968. Boat Listed as Lost With Family of 5. Independent.
- Web site: Archived copy . 2019-10-11 . 2005-01-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20050123052247/http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/098/mwr-098-04-0280.pdf . dead .
- News: Associated Press. 1971. Hurricane Lily is Over Mexico. Cumberland News. 27 May 2009 .
- News: Associated Press. 1971. At Least 3 Dead As Storm Lashes Mexican Resort. Albuquerque Journal. 27 May 2009.
- Web site: Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres . Secretaría De Gobernación . 2011 . 19 October 2011 . Ciclones Tropicales . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120425081343/http://www.cenapred.gob.mx/es/Investigacion/RHidrometeorologicos/FenomenosMeteorologicos/CiclonesTropicales/ . 25 April 2012 . es.
- News: United Press International. The Vancouver Sun. 19 June 1974. 19 October 2011. Hurricane kills 22 in Acapulco. 48.
- News: Associated Press. The Windsor Star. 18 June 1974. 19 October 2011. Hurricane kills nine. 40.
- Robert A.. Baum. American Meteorological Society. Monthly Weather Review. 103. 4. 10.1175/1520-0493(1975)103<0301:ENPTCP>2.0.CO;2. Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones, 1974. Part 1. April 1975. 301–304. 1975MWRv..103..301B . free.
- Gunther . Emil B. . Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1976 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<0508:EPTCO>2.0.CO;2 . free .
- Web site: National Weather Service Forecast Office San Diego, California. A History of Significant Local Weather Events. 2 February 2007.
- News: Tropical Storm Winding Down. 6 November 2011. The Telegraph-Herald. Dubuque. 1976.
- News: At least three persons killed in California-Arizona duelge. 31 December 2011. Eugene Register-Guard. 12 September 1976. Associated Press. Los Angeles.
- Web site: An Overview of Los Angeles Climate. 31 January 2006. National Oceanic and Atmosheirc Administration.
- News: 8 Killed as Storm Strikes California. Associated Press and United Press International. 18 August 1977. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. 11 August 2011.
- Gunther . Emil B. . Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1977 . Monthly Weather Review . 1978 . 106 . 4 . 546–558 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106<0546:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2 . 1978MWRv..106..546G . free .
- Floods of October 1977 in Southern Arizona and March 1978 in Central Arizona. United States Geological Survey. 1984. 28 April 2019.
- Gunther . Emil B. . Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1978 . Monthly Weather Review . 1979 . 107 . 7 . 911–927 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<0911:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2 . 1979MWRv..107..911G . free .
- Gunther . Emil B. . Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1979 . Monthly Weather Review . 1980 . 108 . 5 . 631–641 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0631:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2 . 1980MWRv..108..631G . free .
- Gunther . Emil B. . Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1980 . Monthly Weather Review . 1981 . 109 . 8 . 1701–1712 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<1701:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2 . 1981MWRv..109.1701G . free .
- Gunther . Emil B. . Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1981 . Monthly Weather Review . 1982 . 110 . 7 . 839–851 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0839:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2 . 1982MWRv..110..839G . free .
- Gunther . E. B. . Cross . R. L. . Wagoner . R. A. . Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1982 . Monthly Weather Review . 1983 . 111 . 5 . 1080–1102 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 10.1175/1520-0493(1983)111<1080:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2 . 1983MWRv..111.1080G . free .
- Web site: The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2006 (and Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts). Eric S. . Blake . Edward N. . Rappaport . Christopher W. . Landsea . April 2007. 11 April 2007. 26.
- News: United Press International. 25 November 1982. One Dead in Hawaii Storm; Damage to 3 Islands Severe. The New York Times.
- News: Michael Tsai. 2 July 2006. Hurricane Iwa. Honolulu Advertiser. 13 May 2013.
- The 1983 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. 2007. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 24 May 2013.
- Gunther . E. B. . Cross . R. L. . Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1983 . Monthly Weather Review . 1984 . 112 . 7 . 1419–1440 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112<1419:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2 . 1984MWRv..112.1419G . free .
- Gunther . E. B. . Cross . R. L. . Annual Summary: Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1984 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 10.1175/1520-0493(1985)113<1393:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2 . free .
- Gunther . E. B. . Cross . R. L. . Annual Summary: Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1985 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<1931:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2 . free .
- Gunther . E. B. . Cross . R. L. . Annual Summary: East North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1986 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<2507:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2 . free .
- Cross . R. L. . Annual Summary: East North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1987 . Monthly Weather Review . 1988 . 116 . 10 . 2106–2117 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 10.1175/1520-0493.116.10.2106.1 . 1988MWRv..116.2106C . free .
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Carlotta . National Hurricane Center . 26 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Kristy . National Hurricane Center . 26 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Barbara . National Hurricane Center . 26 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Cosme . National Hurricane Center . 26 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Dalilia . National Hurricane Center . 26 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Gil . National Hurricane Center . 26 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Lorena . National Hurricane Center . 26 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Alma . National Hurricane Center . 15 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Boris . National Hurricane Center . 15 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Elida . National Hurricane Center . 15 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Fausto . National Hurricane Center . 15 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Kenna . National Hurricane Center . 15 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Lowell . National Hurricane Center . 15 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Norbert . National Hurricane Center . 15 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Polo . National Hurricane Center . 15 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Delores . National Hurricane Center . 15 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Enrique . National Hurricane Center . 15 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Guillermo . National Hurricane Center . 15 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Marty . National Hurricane Center . 15 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Javier . National Hurricane Center . 15 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Lester . National Hurricane Center . 15 January 2019.
- News: Mercury News Wire Services. Hurricane Lester kills 3 in Mexico. San Jose Mercury News. 23 January 2007. 25 August 1992.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Paine . National Hurricane Center . 15 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Seymour . National Hurricane Center . 15 January 2019.
- Preliminary Report: Hurricane Adrian . National Hurricane Center . 15 January 2019.
- Rappaport . Edward N. . Preliminary Report: Tropical Depression Eight-E (Hurricane Li) . National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- The 1994 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season . Central Pacific Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Mayfield . Max . Preliminary Report: Hurricane Ileana . National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Lawrence . Miles B. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP041995_Cosme}} Preliminary Report: Hurricane Cosme ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Rappaport . Edward N. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP071995_Flossie}} Preliminary Report: Hurricane Flossie ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- News: Associated Press. 13 August 1995. Los Angeles Times. 1 dead in storm flooding Tucson. 31 January 2011.
- Mayfield . Max . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP101995_Ismael}} Preliminary Report: Hurricane Ismael ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Web site: Sun-Sentinel Wire Services. 1995. Hurricane Toll in Mexico Passes 100; Marilyn Fades. 5 November 2006. National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
- Lawrence . Miles B. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP041996_Boris}} Preliminary Report: Hurricane Boris ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Pasch . Richard J. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP111996_Hernan}} Preliminary Report: Hurricane Hernan ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- News: Hurricane Hernan Rumbles Up Coast . 3 October 2006 . . Associated Press . 24 November 2011.
- Rappaport . Edward N. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP061997_Dolores}} Preliminary Report: Hurricane Dolores ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Pasch . Richard J. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP101998_Isis}} Preliminary Report: Hurricane Isis ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Avila . Lixion A. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP131998_Kay}} Preliminary Report: Hurricane Kay ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Mayfield . Max . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP151998_Madeline}} Preliminary Report: Hurricane Madeline ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Avila . Lixion A. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP121999_Greg.pdf}} Preliminary Report: Hurricane Greg ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- News: Hurricane Greg hits Mexico. BBC News. 7 September 1999. 2 March 2013.
- Lawrence . Miles B. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP131999_Hilary}} Preliminary report: Hurricane Hilary ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Franklin . James L. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP092000_Gilma}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Gilma ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Avila . Lixion A. . Blake . Eric S. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP102000_Hector}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Hector ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Lawrence . Miles B. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP052001_Dalila}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Dalila ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Pasch . Richard J. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP122001_Kiko}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Kiko ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Avila . Lixion . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP162001_Narda}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Narda ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Lawrence . Miles B. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP172001_Octave}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Octave ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Nash . Andy . Rosendal . Hans . Bingamin . Brooke . Loos . Treena . Fournier . Jeff . Houston . Sam . Franklin . James . [{{NHC TCR url|id=CP2002_Seasonal_TCR}} 2002 Central North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Summary ]. Central Pacific Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Beven . Jack . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP122003_Linda}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Linda ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Lawrence . Miles B. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP152003_Olaf}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Olaf ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Pasch . Richard J. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP162003_Patricia}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Patricia ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Stewart . Stacy R. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP042004_Celia}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Celia ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Roberts . LT David P. . Lawrence . Miles B. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP082004_Frank}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Frank ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Franklin . James L. . Roberts . David P. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP122004_Isis}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Isis ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Knabb . Richard A. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP012005_Adrian}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Adrian ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Web site: El Salvador, Honduras escape hurricane's wrath. 21 May 2005. CBC News. 29 November 2005.
- Web site: El Diario de Hoy. Estiman $12 millones en pérdidas por Adrián. 21 May 2005. Nationales. 29 November 2008. es.
- News: Diego Mendez. El Salvador awaits Hurricane Adrian's arrival. 20 May 2005. Independent Online. 29 November 2008.
- Avila . Lixion A. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP062005_Fernanda}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Fernanda ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Knabb . Richard D. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP132005_Max}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Max ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Franklin . James L. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP042006_Carlotta}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Carlotta ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Avila . Lixion A. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP122006_Kristy}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Kristy ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Mainelli . Michelle . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP062007_Cosme}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Cosme ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Knabb . Richard D. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP112007_Henriette}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Henriette ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Franklin . James L. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP122007_Ivo}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Ivo ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Blake . Eric S. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP022008_Boris}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Boris ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Beven II . John L. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP072008_Fausto}} Tropical Cyclone Report ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Clark . Jessica Schauer . Rhome . Jamie R. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP082008_Genevieve}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Genevieve ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Stewart . Stacy R. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP142008_Marie}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Marie ]. National Hurricane Center . 14 January 2019.
- Brown . Daniel P. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP022009_Andres}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Andres ]. National Hurricane Center . 12 January 2019.
- Web site: Staff Writer . Excelsior . 24 June 2009 . 30 July 2009 . Roza primer huracán del año y mueren tres . https://web.archive.org/web/20090627140744/http://www.exonline.com.mx/diario/noticia/primera/pulsonacional/roza_primer_huracan_del_ano_y_mueren_tres/640621 . 27 June 2009 . es . dead .
- Web site: Gobierno del Estado de Michoacán. 9 July 2009. 12 February 2010. Con inversión superior a los 3 mdp, benefician a enramaderos de LC. es. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110612141227/http://www.michoacan.gob.mx/SEDECO/Con_inversion_superior_a_los_3_mdp_benefician_a_enramaderos_de_LC. 12 June 2011.
- Berg . Robbie . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP152009_Linda}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Linda ]. National Hurricane Center . 12 January 2019.
- Avila . Lixion A. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP092010_Frank}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Frank ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Web site: Hurricane Frank leaves death, destruction behind as it moves off shore . CNN . 16 July 2011 . CNN wire staff . 26 August 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101017140700/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-08-26/world/hurricane.frank_1_mexico-s-pacific-baja-california-third-hurricane?_s=PM%3AWORLD . 17 October 2010 .
- Web site: Sandra Pacheco. CNX Oaxaca. 14 September 2010. 22 March 2011. Necesarios más de 100 mdp para atender emergencia: URO. es. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151304/http://cnxoaxaca.com/?mod=noticias&i=6930&is=5. 14 July 2014. dead.
- Kimberlain . Todd B. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP022011_Beatriz}} Tropical Cyclone Report ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Stewart . Stacy R. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP032011_Calvin}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Calvin ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Avila . Lixion A. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP072011_Greg}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Greg ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Schauer . Jessica . Berg . Robbie . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP072012_Gilma}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Gilma ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Stewart . Stacy R. . Bozeman . Monica L. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP092012_Ileana}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Ileana ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Pasch . Richard J. . Zelinsky . David A. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP122012_Lane}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Lane ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Brown . Daniel P. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP022013_Barbara}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Barbara ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Blake . Eric . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP032013_Cosme}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Cosme ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- News: Cosme se vuelve huracán y afecta a Guerrero. 25 June 2013. Zocalo Saltillo. 20 January 2017. 3 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230532/http://www.zocalo.com.mx/seccion/articulo/cosme-se-vuelve-huracan-y-afecta-a-guerrero-1372206717. dead.
- News: Aumentan daños en playas de Colima por Cosme. Alfredo Quiles. 27 June 2013. El Universal. 20 January 2017. 5 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131105040040/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/932492.html. dead.
- News: Huracán Cosme deja dos muertos en Guerrero. Adriana Covarrubias. 25 June 2013. El Universal. 16 January 2017.
- Pasch . Richard J. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP042013_Dalila}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Dalila ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Avila . Lixion A. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP052013_Erick}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Erick ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Beven II . John L. . Houston . Sam . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP072013_Gil}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Gil ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Brown . Daniel P. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP112013_Kiko}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Kiko ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Pasch . Richard J. . Zelinsky . David A. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP132013_Manuel}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Manuel ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- September 2013 Global Catastrophe Recap . AON Benfield . 5 January 2019 . 3 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222953/http://thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com/Documents/20131007_if_september_global_recap.pdf . dead .
- Berg . Robbie . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP082014_Hernan}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Hernan ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Brown . Daniel P. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP112014_Karina}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Karina ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Blake . Eric S. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP122014_Lowell}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Lowell ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Berg . Robbie . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP172014_Polo}} Tropical Cyclone Report ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Web site: Polo deja daños por más de 100 mdp en Guerrero . El Financiero . 5 January 2019.
- Landsea . Christopher W. . Kimberlain . Todd B. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP182014_Rachel}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Rachel ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Powell . Jeff . [{{NHC TCR url|id=CP022014_Ana}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Ana ]. Central Pacific Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Beven II . John L. . Landsea . Christopher W. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP032015_Carlos}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Carlos ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Web site: SPDnoticias.com. 18 June 2015. 21 May 2017. Tormenta causada por huracán Carlos hundió yate de Jorge Kahwagi en Acapulco. es. Mexico City.
- Wroe . Derek . [{{NHC TCR url|id=CP042015_Loke}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Loke ]. Central Pacific Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Berg . Robbie . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP172015_Marty}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Marty ]. National Hurricane Center . 5 January 2019.
- Web site: Damnificados al sur de Sonora por huracán Marty. La Izquierda Diario. es-LA. 9 March 2016.
- Avila . Lixion A. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP072016_Frank}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Frank ]. National Hurricane Center . 4 January 2019.
- Berg . Robbie . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP152016_Newton}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Newton ]. National Hurricane Center . 4 January 2019.
- News: Torrential rains cause damage in Mulegé . Mexico News Daily . 4 January 2019.
- News: 'Newton' dejó daños por 700 mdp en BCS . SDP Noticias . 4 January 2019.
- Blake . Eric S. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP172016_Paine}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Paine ]. National Hurricane Center . 4 January 2019.
- Beven II . John L. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP192016_Ulika}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Ulika ]. National Hurricane Center . 4 January 2019.
- Zelinsky . David A. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP102017_Irwin}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Irwin ]. National Hurricane Center . 4 January 2019.
- Pasch . Richard J. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP162017_Max}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Max ]. National Hurricane Center . 4 January 2019.
- Beven II . John L. . Landsea . Christopher W. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP172017_Norma}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Norma ]. National Hurricane Center . 4 January 2019.
- Latto . Andrew S. . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP012019_Alvin}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Alvin ]. National Hurricane Center . 10 October 2019 . 22 August 2019.
- Web site: Hurricane FLOSSIE Advisory Archive . National Hurricane Center . 10 October 2019.
- Avila . Lixion . [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP152019_Lorena}} Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Lorena ]. National Hurricane Center . 13 November 2019 . 30 October 2019.
- [ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/mwr/100/mwr-100-04-0276.pdf Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 1971]. William J. Denney. NOAA. 17 January 1972. 23 December 2018.
- [ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/mwr/101/mwr-101-04-0339.pdf Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 1972]. Robert A. Baum. NOAA. 16 January 1973. 23 December 2018.