List of American suffragists explained

This is a list of suffragists and suffrage activists working in the United States and its territories. This list includes suffragists who worked across state lines or nationally. See individual state or territory lists for other American suffragists not listed here.

Groups

• American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), created in 1869.^[1]
• College Equal Suffrage League.^[2]
• Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage.
• Equal Franchise Society.
• The Men's League.^[3]
• National American Suffrage Association (NWSA).
• National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), created in 1890 through the merger of AWSA and NWSA.
• Silent Sentinels.

Suffragists

A

• Mary Newbury Adams (1837–1901) – suffragist and education advocate.^[4]
• Jane Addams (1860–1935) – social activist and suffragist.^[5]
• Edith Ainge (1873–1948) – member of Silent Sentinels, Treasurer for National Woman's Party (NWP,) jailed five times^{[6] [7] [8]}
• Nina E. Allender (1873–1957) – speaker, organizer and cartoonist.^[9]
• Naomi Anderson (1863–1899) – African American suffragist, temperance advocate.^[10]
• Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906) – co-founder and leader National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), one of the leaders of the National American Woman Suffrage Association; Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed the right of women to vote, was popularly known as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment.^[11]
• Annie Arniel (1873–1924) – member of the Silent Sentinels, arrested eight times in direct actions.^[12]

B

• Elnora Monroe Babcock (1852–1934) – pioneer leader in the suffrage movement; chair of the NAWSA press department.
• Addie L. Ballou (1838–1916) – activist, journalist and lecturer on temperance, women's suffrage, and prison reform.
• Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1862–1931) – African-American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist, and early leader in the civil rights movement.^[13]
• Rosario Bellber González (1881–1948) – educator, social worker, women's rights activist, suffragist, and philanthropist; president of the Social League of Suffragists of Puerto Rico^{[14] [15] [16] [17]}
• Alva Belmont (1853–1933) – founder of the Political Equality League that was in 1913 merged into the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage.^[18]
• Elsie Lincoln Benedict (1885–1970) – suffragist leader and speaker.^[19]
• Alice Stone Blackwell (1857–1950) – journalist, activist, helped bring the AWSA and NWSA together.^[20]
• Antoinette Brown Blackwell (1825–1921) – preacher and contributor to the Woman's Journal.^[21]
• Henry Browne Blackwell (1825–1909) – co-founder of AWSA and Woman's Journal.
• Lillie Devereux Blake (1833–1913) – writer, suffragist, reformer.^[22]
• Harriot Eaton Stanton Blatch (1856–1940) – writer (contributor to History of Woman Suffrage), founded Women's Political Union, daughter of pioneering activist Elizabeth Cady Stanton.^[23]
• Amelia Bloomer (1818–1894) – women's rights and temperance advocate; her name was associated with women's clothing reform style known as bloomers.^[24]
• Marietta Bones (1842–1901) – suffragist, social reformer, philanthropist.^[25]
• Helen Varick Boswell (1869–1942) – member of the Woman's National Republican Association and the General Federation of Women's Clubs.^[26]
• Lucy Gwynne Branham (1892–1966) – professor, organizer, lobbyist, active in the National Women's Party and its Silent Sentinels, daughter of suffragette Lucy Fisher Gwynne Branham.^[27]
• Olympia Brown (1835–1926) – activist, first woman to graduate from a theological school, as well as becoming the first full-time ordained minister, suffrage speaker.^[28]
• Lucy Burns (1879–1966) – women's rights advocate, co-founder of the National Woman's Party.^[29]

C

• Jennie Curtis Cannon (1851–1929) – Vice President of NAWSA.^[30]
• Marion Hamilton Carter (1865–1937) – educator, journalist, suffragist author.^[31]
• Carrie Chapman Catt (1859–1947) – president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, founder of the League of Women Voters and the International Alliance of Women, campaigned for the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.^[32]
• Emily Thornton Charles (1845–1895) – poet, journalist, suffragist, newspaper founder.
• Tennessee Celeste Claflin (1844–1923) – one of the first women to open a Wall Street brokerage firm, advocate of legalized prostitution.^[33]
• Laura Clay (1849–1941) – co-founder and first president of Kentucky Equal Rights Association, leader of women's suffrage movement, active in the Democratic Party.^[34]
• Mary Barr Clay (1839–1924) – first Kentuckian to hold the office of president in a national woman's organization (American Woman Suffrage Association), and the first Kentucky woman to speak publicly on women's rights.^[35]
• Emily Parmely Collins (1814–1909) – in South Bristol, New York, 1848, was the first woman in the U.S. to establish a society focused on woman suffrage and women's rights.^[36]
• Helen Appo Cook (1837–1913) – prominent African American community activist and leader in the women's club movement.^{[37] [38]}
• Mary Leggett Cooke (1852–1938) – Unitarian minister; suffragist.^[39]
• Ida Craft (1861–1947) – known as the Colonel, took part in Suffrage Hikes.^[40]

D

• Carrie Chase Davis (1863–1953) – physician, suffragist.^[41]
• Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis (1813–1876) – a founder of the New England Woman Suffrage Association; active with the National Woman Suffrage Association; co-arranged and presided at the first National Women's Rights Convention.^[42]
• Rheta Childe Dorr (1868–1948) – journalist, suffragist newspaper editor, writer, and political activist.^[43]
• Frederick Douglass (1818–1895) – African-American social reformer, orator, writer, statesman.^[44]

E

• Crystal Eastman (1881–1928) – lawyer, antimilitarist, feminist, socialist, and journalist.^[45]
• Mary F. Eastman – educator, lecturer and writer.
• Max Eastman (1883–1969) – writer, philosopher, poet, political activist.
• Julia Emory (1885–1979) – suffragist from Maryland, protestor with the Silent Sentinels.^[46]
• Elizabeth Piper Ensley (1848–1919) – Caribbean-American woman who was the treasurer of the Colorado Non-Partisan Equal Suffrage Association.^[47]
• Elizabeth Glendower Evans (1856–1937) – social reformer and suffragist.^[48]

F

• Janet Ayer Fairbank (1878–1951) – author and champion of progressive causes.^{[49] [50]}
• Lillian Feickert (1877–1945) – suffragette; first woman from New Jersey to run for United States Senate^[51]
• Mary Fels (1863–1953) – philanthropist, suffragist, Georgist.^{[52] [53]}
• Sara Bard Field (1882–1974) – active with the National Advisory Council, National Woman's Party, and in Oregon and Nevada; crossed the US to deliver a petition with 500,000 signatures to President Wilson.^[54]
• Margaret Foley (1875–1957) – working class suffragist, active in Massachusetts and campaigning in other states.^[55]
• Jessica Garretson Finch (1871–1949) – president of the New York Equal Franchise Society
• Mariana Thompson Folsom (1845–1909) – Universalist minister and lecturer for Iowa Suffrage Association and Texas Equal Rights.^[56]
• Elisabeth Freeman (1876–1942) – Suffrage Hike participant and activist.^[57]
• Antoinette Funk (1869–1942) – lawyer and executive secretary of the Congressional Committee of the National American Woman Suffrage Association; supporter of the women's movement in WWI.^[58]

G

• Matilda Joslyn Gage (1826–1898) – activist, freethinker, author, co-founder of NWSA.^[59]
• Helen Hoy Greeley (1878–1965) – Secretary, New Jersey Next Campaign (1915), stump speaker, organizer, and mobilizer in California and Oregon campaigns (1911), speaker for Women's Political Union in NYC.^{[60] [61]}
• Josephine Sophia White Griffing (1814–1872) – active in the American Equal Rights Association and the National Woman Suffrage Association.^[62]
• Sarah Moore Grimké (1792–1873) – abolitionist, writer.^[63]

H

• Ida Husted Harper (1851–1931) – organizer, major writer and historian of the US suffrage movement.^[64]
• Florence Jaffray Harriman (1870–1967) – social reformer, organizer and diplomat.^[65]
• Oreola Williams Haskell (1875–1953) – prolific author and poet, who worked alongside other notable suffrage activists, such as Carrie Chapman Catt, Mary Garrett Hay, and Ida Husted Harper.^[66]
• Mary Garrett Hay (1857–1928) – suffrage organizer around the United States.^[67]
• Elsie Hill (1883–1970) – NWP activist.^[68]
• Helena Hill (1875–1958) – NWP activist, jailed for protest.^[69]
• Julia Ward Howe (1819–1910) – prominent abolitionist, social activist and poet.^[70]
• Emily Howland (1827–1929) – philanthropist, educator.^[71]

I

• Inez Haynes Irwin (1873–1970) – co-founder of the College Equal Suffrage League, active in National Woman's Party, wrote the party's history,

J

• Martha Waldron Janes (1832–1913) – minister, suffragist, columnist.
• Hester C. Jeffrey (1842–1934) – African American community organizer, creator of the Susan B. Anthony clubs.^[72]
• Izetta Jewel (1883–1978) – stage actress, women's rights activist, politician and first woman to second the nomination of a presidential candidate at a major American political party convention.^[73]
• Laura M. Johns (1849–1935) – suffragist, journalist.^[74]
• Adelaide Johnson (1859–1955) – sculptor who created a monument for suffragists in Washington D.C.^[75]
• Maria I. Johnston (1835–1921) — author, journalist, editor and lecturer from Virginia.^[76]
• Mary Johnston (1870–1936) – Virginia writer, author, and activist, spoke at the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession.^[77]
• Jane Elizabeth Jones (1813–1896) – suffragist, abolitionist, member of the early women's rights movement.^[78]
• Rosalie Gardiner Jones (1883–1978) – socialite, took part in Suffrage Hike, known as "General Jones."^[79]

K

• Helen Keller (1880–1968) – author and political activist.^[80]
• Florence E. Kollock (1848–1925) – Universalist minister and lecturer.^[81]

L

• Mary Livermore (1820–1905) – journalist and advocate of women's rights.^[82]
• Sarah Hunt Lockrey (1863–1929) – physician and suffragist
• Adella Hunt Logan (1863–1915) – African-American intellectual, activist and leading suffragist of the historically black Tuskegee University's Woman's Club.^[83]

M

• Katherine Duer Mackay (1878–1930) – founder of the Equal Franchise Society.
• Eugenia St. John Mann (1847–1932) – ordained minister, evangelist, temperance lecturer, suffragist; President, Kansas Equal Suffrage Association.^[84]
• Inez Milholland (1886–1916) – key participant in the National Woman's Party and the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession.^[85]
• Virginia Minor (1824–1894) – co-founder and president of the Woman's Suffrage Association of Missouri; unsuccessfully argued in Minor v. Happersett (1874 Supreme Court case) that the Fourteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote.^[86]
• Lucretia Mott (1793–1880) – Quaker, abolitionist; women's rights activist; social reformer.^[87]

N

• John Neal (1793–1876) – writer, critic, first American women's rights lecturer.^[88]
• Mary A. Nolan (died 1925) – one of the oldest suffragists active on NWP picket lines.^[89]

O

• Adelina Otero-Warren (1881–1965) – Congressional Union leader in New Mexico, honored on a 2022 American Women quarter.^[90]

P

• Maud Wood Park (1871–1955) – founder of the College Equal Suffrage League, co-founder of the Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government (BESAGG); worked for passage of the 19th Amendment.^{[91] [92]}
• Mary Hutcheson Page (1860–1940) – Member of the Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government, the National American Woman Suffrage Association, and the National Executive Committee of the Congressional Union for Women Suffrage. 1910 President of the National Woman Suffrage Association.^[93]
• Alice Paul (1885–1977) – one of the leaders of the 1910s Women's Voting Rights Movement for the 19th Amendment; founder of the National Woman's Party (NWP); initiator of the Silent Sentinels and Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913; author of the proposed Equal Rights Amendment.^[94]
• Nanette B. Paul (1866-1928) - suffragist in Washington, D.C.; co-founder of the Susan B. Anthony Foundation.^[95]
• Mary Gray Peck (1867–1957) – journalist, suffragist, clubwoman.^[96]
• Anita Pollitzer (1894–1975) – photographer, served as National chairman in NWP..^[97]

R

• Jeannette Rankin (1880–1973) – first U.S. female member of Congress (R) Montana. Rankin opened congressional debate on a Constitutional amendment granting universal suffrage to women, and voted for the resolution in 1919, which would become the 19th Amendment.^[98]
• Rebecca Hourwich Reyher (1897–1987) – author and lecturer.^{[99] [100]}
• Naomi Sewell Richardson (1892–1993) – African-American suffragist and educator.^[101]
• Emma Winner Rogers (1855–1922) – treasurer, National American Woman Suffrage Association; also writer, speaker.
• Joy Young Rogers (1891–1953) – assistant editor of the Suffragist.^[102]
• Juliet Barrett Rublee (1875–1966) – birth control advocate, suffragist, and film producer^{[103] [104] [105]}
• Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin (1842–1924) – African-American publisher, journalist, civil rights leader, suffragist, and editor.^[106]

S

• Margaret Sanger (1879–1966) – birth control activist, sex educator, nurse, established Planned Parenthood Federation of America.^[107]
• Florida Scott-Maxwell (1883–1979) – author and suffragist active in the UK.^[108]
• May Wright Sewall (1844–1920) – chairperson of the National Woman's Suffrage Association's (NWSA) executive committee from 1882 to 1890.^[109]
• Anna Howard Shaw (1847–1919) – president of National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA) from 1904 to 1915.^[110]
• Mary Shaw (1854–1929) – early feminist, playwright and actress
• Pauline Agassiz Shaw (1841–1917) – co-founder and first president of the Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government
• Lurana W. Sheldon (1862–1945) – writer, editor, suffragist
• Nettie Rogers Shuler (1862–1939) – writer, suffragist
• Jennie Hart Sibley (1846–1917) – Georgia temperance leader, suffragist
• Katherine Call Simonds (1865–1946) – musician, author, suffragist
• Abby Hadassah Smith (1797–1879) – early American suffragist from Connecticut who campaigned for property and voting rights
• Eliza Kennedy Smith, also known as Mrs. R. Templeton Smith (1889–1964) – suffragist, civic activist, and government watchdog in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and president of the Allegheny County League of Women Voters
• Jane Norman Smith (1874–1953) – suffragist and reformer. Chairman of the National Woman's Party from 1927 to 1929.
• Judith Winsor Smith (1821–1921) – president of the East Boston Woman Suffrage League
• May Gorslin Preston Slosson (1858–1943) – educator and first woman to obtain a doctoral degree in philosophy in the United States
• The Smiths of Glastonbury – family of 6 women in Connecticut who were active in championing suffrage, property rights, and education for women
• Louise Southgate, M.D. (1857–1941) – physician and suffragist in Covington, Kentucky, a leader in both the Ohio and the Kentucky Equal Rights Association and an early proponent for women's reproductive health
• Caroline Spencer (1861–1928) – physician and suffragist; inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame in 2006.
• Delphine Anderson Squires (1868–1961) – journalist, suffragist, and women's advocate in Nevada
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815–1902) – initiator of the Seneca Falls Convention, author of the Declaration of Sentiments, co-founder of National Women's Suffrage Association, major pioneer of women's rights in America.
• Helen Ekin Starrett (1840–1920) – author, journalist, educator, editor, business owner, lecturer, inventor, poet, pioneer suffragist, and one of the two state delegates from the 1869 National Convention to attend the Victory Convention in 1920
• Sarah Burger Stearns (1836–1904) – first president of the Minnesota Woman Suffrage Association
• Rowena Granice Steele (1824–1901) – advocate of woman suffrage, as a speaker and writer
• Doris Stevens (1892–1963) – organizer for National American Women Suffrage Association and the National Woman's Party, prominent Silent Sentinels participant, author of Jailed for Freedom
• Sara Yorke Stevenson (1847–1921) – archaeologist and Egyptologist, active in the Philadelphia suffrage movement
• Jane Agnes Stewart (1860–1944) – author, editor; inventor of the first equal rights calendar
• Lucy Stone (1818–1893) – prominent orator, abolitionist, and a vocal advocate and organizer for the rights for women; the main force behind the American Woman Suffrage Association and the Woman's Journal.
• Flora E. Strout (1867–1962) – Maryland delegate at American Woman Suffrage Association conventions
• Beaumelle Sturtevant-Peet (1840–1921) – President, California suffragist and temperance activist
• Adeline Morrison Swain (1820–1899) – first woman to run for public office in Iowa
• Lucy Robbins Messer Switzer (1844–1922) – established the suffrage movement in eastern Washington

T

• Beatrice Sumner Thompson (1874–1938) – African-American suffragist and education advocate
• Helen Taft (1891–1987) – daughter of President William Howard Taft; traveled the nation giving pro-suffrage speeches
• Lydia Taft (1712–1778) – first woman known to legally vote in colonial America
• Minnetta Theodora Taylor (1860–1911) – wrote the lyrics to the National Suffrage Anthem
• Mary Church Terrell (1863–1954) – African-American educator, journalist, and co-founder of the National Association of Colored Women's League
• Adolphine Fletcher Terry (1882–1976) – author, advocate for women's suffrage, education reform and social justice in Arkansas
• Helen Rand Thayer (1863–1935) — member, Advisory Board of the New Hampshire Equal Suffrage Association
• M. Carey Thomas (1857–1935) – educator, linguist, and second President of Bryn Mawr College
• Grace Gallatin Seton Thompson (1872–1959) – author
• Dorothy Thompson (1893–1961) – Buffalo and New York activist, later journalist and radio broadcaster
• Ella St. Clair Thompson (1870–1944)
• Minnie J. Terrell Todd (1844–1929) – Nebraska suffragist
• Elizabeth Richards Tilton (1834–1897) – suffragist, founder of the Brooklyn Women's Club, poetry editor of The Revolution, hellish scandal
• Annie Rensselaer Tinker (1884–1924) – suffragist, volunteer nurse in World War I, and philanthropist
• Augusta Lewis Troup (1848–1920) – women's rights activist and journalist who advocated for equal pay, better working conditions for women, and women's right to vote
• Grace Wilbur Trout (1864–1955) – President of the Illinois Illinois Equal Suffrage Association, spearheaded the 1913 effort granting Illinois women the right to vote
• Sojourner Truth (–1883) – abolitionist, women's rights activist, speaker, gave women's rights speech "Ain't I a Woman?"
• Harriet Tubman (1822–1913) – African-American abolitionist, humanitarian and Union spy during the American Civil War

V

• Lila Meade Valentine (1865–1921) – education and health care reformer, women's rights activist, and the first president of the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia
• Narcissa Cox Vanderlip, née Mabel Narcissa Cox (1879–1966) – leading New York suffragist and co-founder of the New York State League of Women Voters^{[111] [112] [113]}
• Amelie Veiller Van Norman (1844–1920) – educator; president, Joan of Arc Suffrage League; vice-president, New York County Suffrage League; member, Suffrage Party, New York City
• Mina Van Winkle (1875–1932) – crusading social worker, groundbreaking police lieutenant and national leader in the protection of girls and other women during the law enforcement and judicial process
• Mabel Vernon (1883–1975) – principal member of the Congressional Union for Women Suffrage, major organizer for the Silent Sentinels

W

• Evelyn Wotherspoon Wainwright (1851–1929) – founding member of the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage and the National Woman's Party
• Anna C. Wait (1837–1916) – Kansas Equal Suffrage Association
• Sarah E. Wall (1825–1907) – organizer of an anti-tax protest that defended a woman's right not to pay taxation without representation
• Elizabeth Lowe Watson (1842–1927) – president, California Equal Suffrage Association
• Emmeline B. Wells (1828–1921) – journalist, editor, poet, women's rights advocate, and diarist
• Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1862–1931) – journalist, educator, and early leader in the civil rights movement
• Lilian Welsh (1858–1938) – physician, educator, and advocate for women's health
• Ruza Wenclawska (1889–1977) – factory inspector and trade union organizer
• Marion Craig Wentworth (1872–1942) – playwright
• Nettie L. White (– 1921), president of the District of Columbia Woman Suffrage Association
• Margaret Fay Whittemore (1884–1937) – vice-president of the National Woman's Party 1925
• Emma Howard Wight (1863–1935) – Virginia suffragist; author
• Mary Holloway Wilhite (1831–1892) – physician, philanthropist; woman's suffrage and women's rights leader
• Frances Willard (1839–1898) – leader of the Women's Christian Temperance Union and International Council of Women, lecturer, writer
• Louise Collier Willcox (1865–1929) – honorary vice-president of the Virginia Equal Suffrage League
• Maud E. Craig Sampson Williams (1880–1958) – suffragette from Texas; formed the El Paso Negro Woman's Civic and Equal Franchise League
• Ella B. Ensor Wilson (1838–1913) – social reformer; Kansas suffragist
• Alice Ames Winter (1865–1944) – litterateur, author, clubwoman, suffragist
• Emma Wold (1871–1950) – president of the College Equal Suffrage Association in Oregon, later headquarters secretary of the National Woman's Party
• Clara Snell Wolfe (1872–1970) – first vice-chairman National Woman's Party and chairman Ohio Branch
• Victoria Woodhull (1838–1927) – women's rights activist, first woman to speak before a committee of Congress, first female candidate for President of the United States, one of the first women to start a weekly newspaper (Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly,) activist for labor reforms, advocate of free love

Suffragists by state

A

• List of Alabama suffragists
• List of Alaska suffragists
• List of Arizona suffragists
• List of Arkansas suffragists

C

• List of California suffragists
• List of Colorado suffragists
• List of Connecticut suffragists

D

• List of Delaware suffragists

F

• List of Florida suffragists

G

• List of Georgia (U.S. state) suffragists

H

• List of Hawaii suffragists

I

• List of Idaho suffragists
• List of Illinois suffragists
• List of Indiana suffragists
• List of Iowa suffragists

K

• List of Kansas suffragists
• List of Kentucky suffragists

L

• List of Louisiana suffragists

M

• List of Maine suffragists
• List of Maryland suffragists
• List of Massachusetts suffragists
• List of Michigan suffragists
• List of Minnesota suffragists
• List of Mississippi suffragists
• List of Missouri suffragists
• List of Montana suffragists

N

• List of Nebraska suffragists
• List of Nevada suffragists
• List of New Hampshire suffragists
• List of New Jersey suffragists
• List of New Mexico suffragists
• List of New York (state) suffragists
• List of North Carolina suffragists
• List of North Dakota suffragists

O

• List of Ohio suffragists
• List of Oklahoma suffragists
• List of Oregon suffragists

P

• List of Pennsylvania suffragists

R

• List of Rhode Island suffragists

S

• List of South Carolina suffragists
• List of South Dakota suffragists

T

• List of Tennessee suffragists
• List of Texas suffragists

U

• List of Utah suffragists

V

• List of Vermont suffragists
• List of Virginia suffragists

W

• List of Washington (state) suffragists
• List of Washington, D.C. suffragists
• List of West Virginia suffragists
• List of Wisconsin suffragists
• List of Wyoming suffragists

See also

• List of African American suffragists
• List of suffragists and suffragettes
• Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States
• Women's suffrage in states of the United States
• Women's suffrage in the United States

References

Sources

• Book: Anthony, Susan B. . Susan B. Anthony . The History of Woman Suffrage . The Hollenbeck Press . 1902 . Anthony . Susan B. . 4 . Indianapolis . Harper . Ida Husted.
• Book: Harper, Ida Husted . Ida Husted Harper . The History of Woman Suffrage . J.J. Little & Ives Company . 1922 . New York.
  • Book: Petrash, Antonia . Long Island and the Woman Suffrage Movement . The History Press . 2013 . 9781609497682 . London.
• Book: Stanton . Elizabeth Cady . History of Woman Suffrage . Anthony . Susan B. . Gage . Matilda Joslyn . Susan B. Anthony . 1889.
• Book: American Women: Fifteen Hundred Biographies with over 1,400 Portraits . Mast, Crowell & Kirkpatrick . Willard . Frances E. . Revised . New York . 1897 . en . Livermore . Mary A..

Notes and References

1. Web site: Henry Browne Blackwell . 2024-07-31 . Colorado Encyclopedia.
2. Web site: Inez Haynes Gillmore Irwin . 2024-09-15 . U.S. National Park Service . en.
3. Neuman . Johanna . July 2017 . Who Won Women's Suffrage? A Case for 'Mere Men' . The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era . en . 16 . 3 . 347–367 . 10.1017/S1537781417000081 . 1537-7814 . free.
4. Web site: Knight . R. Cecilia . Adams, Mary Newbury (or Newberry) . University of Iowa . 15 January 2018.
5. Web site: Woman Suffrage . 2024-07-25 . National History Day: Conflict and Compromise · Jane Addams Digital Edition.
6. News: Miss Edith Ainge, of Jamestown, New York, the first delegate to the convention of the National Woman's Party to arrive at Woman's Party headquarters in Washington, Miss Ainge is holding the New York state banner which will be carried by New York's delegation of 68 women at the conven. The Library of Congress. 31 July 2018. en.
7. Web site: Timeline – Making Women's History. www.sunyjcc.edu. en-US. 31 July 2018. 31 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180731213104/https://www.sunyjcc.edu/womenshistory/suffragemovement/timeline/. dead.
8. Web site: Edith Ainge Turning Point Suffragist Memorial. suffragistmemorial.org. 9 July 2017. en-US. 31 July 2018.
9. Web site: Nina Allender . 2024-07-31 . U.S. National Park Service . en.
10. Web site: African American Women Leaders in the Suffrage Movement . 2023-03-22 . Turning Point Suffragist Memorial . en-US.
11. News: Senators to Vote on Suffrage Today; Fate of Susan B. Anthony Amendment Hangs in Balance on Eve of Final Test. New York Times. 26 September 1918.
12. Web site: Annie Arniel (1870–1924) . 2024-07-31 . Turning Point Suffragist Memorial . en-US.
13. Web site: A Noble Endeavor: Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Suffrage . 2024-07-31 . U.S. National Park Service . en.
14. Lassalle . Beatriz . September 1949 . Biografía de Rosario Bellber González Por la Profesora Beatriz Lassalle . Spanish . Revista, Volume 8, Issue 5 . La Asociación de Maestros de Puerto Rico . 149, 158.
15. Encyclopedia: Quién es Quién en Puerto Rico . Diccionario Biográfico De Record Personal . Third edition 1941–42. Spanish . Asenjo. Conrado . San Juan, Puerto Rico . Cantero Fernández & Co. . 33 . 1942.
16. Web site: Rosario Bellber González: maestra, sufragista y espiritista kardeciana Sandra A. Enríquez Seiders . Spanish . Revista Cruce. 15 March 2019. 19 April 2022.
17. Book: Krüger Torres, Lola. 1975 . Enciclopedia Grandes Mujeres de Puerto Rico, Vol. IV . Spanish . Hato Rey, Puerto Rico . Ramallo Bros. Printing, Inc. . 273–274.
18. Web site: Benefactor Selected Leaders of the National Woman's Party Articles and Essays Women of Protest: Photographs from the Records of the National Woman's Party . 2024-07-31 . Library of Congress.
19. Web site: Boulder Daily Camera, Volume 25, Number 120, August 4, 1915 . 30 July 2024 . Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection.
20. Web site: Alice Stone Blackwell . 2024-07-31 . U.S. National Park Service . en.
21. Web site: Antoinette Brown Blackwell . 2024-07-31 . Oberlin College.
22. Web site: Lillie Devereux Blake - . 2024-07-31 . Archives of Women's Political Communication . en.
23. Web site: Harriot Stanton Blatch '1878 . 2024-07-31 . Vassar Encyclopedia . en.
24. Web site: 2016-08-15 . Petition of Amelia Bloomer Regarding Suffrage in the West . 2024-07-31 . National Archives . en.
25. Lynch . Ashley . Biography of Marietta Bones, 1842-1901 . Biographical Database of NAWSA Woman Suffragists, 1890-1920 . Alexander Street.
26. Web site: Wirth . Thomas . Nuzzi . Joseph . Biographical Sketch of Helen Varick Boswell . 31 July 2024 . Biographical Database of NAWSA Suffragists, 1890-1920 . Alexander Street Documents.
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