Lina Khan Explained

Lina Khan
Office:Chair of the Federal Trade Commission
President:Joe Biden
Term Start:June 15, 2021
Party:Democratic[1] [2]
Predecessor:Rebecca Slaughter (acting)
Office1:Commissioner of the Federal Trade Commission
President1:Joe Biden
Term Start1:June 15, 2021
Predecessor1:Joseph Simons
Birth Date:3 March 1989
Birth Place:London, England
Citizenship:British[3]
American
Children:1
Education:Williams College (BA)
Yale University (JD)
Signature:Lina Khan signature.svg
Signature Alt:Lina Khan signature

Lina M. Khan (born March 3, 1989) is a British-born American legal scholar who has served as chair of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) since 2021. She is also an associate professor of law at Columbia Law School.

While a student at Yale Law School, she became known for her work in antitrust and competition law in the United States after publishing the influential essay "Amazon's Antitrust Paradox".[4]

President Joe Biden nominated Khan to the FTC in March 2021, and after her confirmation she became the youngest FTC chair ever in June 2021.[5] [6]

Early life and education

Khan was born on March 3, 1989, in London, to a British family of Pakistani origin.[7] [8] Khan grew up in Golders Green in the London Borough of Barnet. Her parents, a management consultant and an employee of Thomson Reuters, moved to the United States when she was 11 years old. The family settled in Mamaroneck, New York, where she and her two siblings attended public school.[9]

At Mamaroneck High School, Khan was involved in the student newspaper.[10] After high school, Khan studied political science at Williams College in Massachusetts. She was also an undergraduate visiting student at Exeter College, Oxford.[11] Khan served as editor of the Williams College student newspaper and wrote her senior thesis on Hannah Arendt. She graduated in 2010 with a Bachelor of Arts.

Advocacy and academic career

From 2010 to 2014, Khan worked at the New America Foundation, where she engaged in anti-monopoly research and writing for Barry Lynn at the Open Markets Program.[12] Lynn was looking for a researcher without a background in economics, and he began critiquing market consolidation with Khan's help.

As a result of her work at the Open Markets Institute, Khan was offered a reporting position at The Wall Street Journal, where she would have covered commodities. During the same period, Khan was offered admission into Yale Law School. Describing it as "a real 'choose the path' moment", Khan ultimately chose to enroll at Yale.[12]

Khan served as a submissions editor for the Yale Journal on Regulation. She went on to graduate from Yale in 2017 with a Juris Doctor degree.[13]

"Amazon's Antitrust Paradox"

In 2017, during her third year at Yale Law School, the Yale Law Journal published Khan's student article "Amazon's Antitrust Paradox".[14] The article made a significant impact in American legal and business circles, and The New York Times described it as "reframing decades of monopoly law".

In the article, Khan argued that the current American antitrust law framework, which focuses on keeping consumer prices down, cannot account for the anticompetitive effects of platform-based business models such as that of Amazon. The title of Khan's piece was a reference to Robert Bork's 1978 book The Antitrust Paradox, which established the consumer-welfare standard that Khan critiqued. She proposed alternative frameworks for antitrust policy, including "restoring traditional antitrust and competition policy principles or applying common carrier obligations and duties."

For "Amazon's Antitrust Paradox", Khan won the Antitrust Writing Award for "Best Academic Unilateral Conduct Article" in 2018,[15] the Israel H. Peres Prize by Yale Law School, and the Michael Egger Prize from the Yale Law Journal.

Reception

The article was met with both acclaim and criticism. As of September 2018, it received 146,255 hits, "a runaway best-seller in the world of legal treatises," according to The New York Times. Makan Delrahim, then serving as Assistant Attorney General for the Antitrust Division under Donald Trump, praised Khan for her "fresh thinking on how our legal tools apply to new digital platforms".[16]

Joshua Wright, who served on the FTC from 2013 to 2015, derided her work as "hipster antitrust" and argued it "reveal[ed] a profound lack of understanding of the consumer welfare model and the rule of reason framework."[17] Herbert Hovenkamp wrote that Khan's claims are "technically undisciplined, untestable, and even incoherent", and that her work "never explains how a nonmanufacturing retailer such as Amazon could ever recover its investment in below cost pricing by later raising prices, and even disputes that raising prices to higher levels ever needs to be a part of the strategy, thus indicating that it is confusing predation with investment."[18]

Open Markets Institute and Columbia Law School

After graduating from law school, Khan worked as legal director at the Open Markets Institute. The institute split from New America after Khan and her team criticized Google's market power, prompting pressure from Google, a funder of New America.[19] During her time at OMI, Khan met with Senator Elizabeth Warren to discuss anti-monopolistic policy ideas.[20]

Initially planning to clerk for Judge Stephen Reinhardt on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Khan joined Columbia Law School as an academic fellow, where she pursued research and scholarship on antitrust law and competition policy, especially relating to digital platforms.[21] She published “The Separation of Platforms and Commerce” in the Columbia Law Review, making the case for structural separations that prohibit dominant intermediaries from entering lines of business that place them in direct competition with the businesses dependent on their networks.[22] In July 2020, Khan joined the school's faculty as an associate professor of law.[23]

Khan has described herself as belonging to the New Brandeis movement, a political movement that seeks a revival in antitrust enforcement.[24]

Early government service

In 2018, Khan worked as a legal fellow at the Federal Trade Commission in the office of Commissioner Rohit Chopra.[25] In 2019, she began serving as counsel to the House Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial, and Administrative Law, where she led the congressional investigation into digital markets.[26]

Chair of the FTC

On March 22, 2021, Joe Biden announced that he was nominating Khan to be a commissioner of the Federal Trade Commission to a term ending September 26, 2024.[5] [27] [28] On June 15, 2021, her nomination was confirmed by the Senate by a vote of 69 to 28.[5] [29] Khan was confirmed with bipartisan support, mainly attributed to her "influential anti-Amazon views" being widely reflected in Congress.[30] Biden then appointed her chairperson of the FTC.[31] Upon taking office, Khan became the third Asian-American to serve on the FTC, after Dennis Yao (who served from 1991 to 1994) and her former boss Rohit Chopra (who served from 2018 to 2021).[32]

Following her appointment as chairperson, both Amazon[33] and Facebook[34] filed petitions with the FTC seeking her recusal from investigations of the companies, suggesting that her past criticism of the companies left her unable to be impartial. However, according to legal scholar Eleanor Fox, the standard for recusal is very high and unlikely to be met for Khan.[35] Senator Elizabeth Warren and other supporters of Khan argued that the recusal demands amount to an attempt by these companies to intimidate Khan in order to curtail regulatory scrutiny.[36] According to leaked documents, the FTC's Designated Agency Ethics Official (DAEO), Lorielle Pankey, did not believe Khan had violated any ethical standards,[37] but still recommended that she recuse herself from the case with Meta Platforms to avoid the appearance of bias; this recommendation was rejected by Khan and the FTC.[38] The official who made the recommendation was later revealed to have owned Meta stock at that time, prompting concerns about Pankey's own conduct.[39] In response, Khan and the FTC released a unanimous statement in support of Pankey.[40] Earlier in February 2023, Republican FTC Commissioner Christine Wilson announced her plan to resign from the agency citing her opposition to Khan's leadership, including her refusal to recuse from the FTC lawsuit against Meta.[41] In July 2023, Republicans had her testify before the House of Representatives Judiciary Committee.[42] [43] Democrats on the committee defended Khan and the actions of the agency, arguing that she was taking steps that protected user privacy.[44]

In April 2024, the FTC issued a landmark regulation that banned the enforcement of existing non-compete agreements on employees other than senior executives, and prohibited new non-compete agreements against all categories of employees. The non-compete regulation was struck down in August 2024 by a federal court, which ruled that it was an overreach of statutory authority on the part of the FTC to issue such a regulation and that the regulation was arbitrary and capricious.[45]

Khan has been outspoken about potential perils from business monopolies[46] and expanding anti-trust regulation and enforcement[47] among merger filings, of which only two percent receive added scrutiny.[48] Under Khan's leadership, the FTC voted unanimously, in 2021, to enforce the right to repair as policy and to consider action against companies that limit the type of repair work that can be done at independent repair shops;[49] has pursued lawsuits against companies to lower drug prices,[50] including for insulin[51] and inhalers;[52] and adopted the "click to cancel" rule, in 2024, for consumers to efficiently end subscription services.[53]

Under Khan, the FTC had a mixed record in its attempts to block mergers and acquisitions. Through December 2023, the FTC lost a number of major merger challenges resolved in court, including against Meta, Microsoft, Amgen, and Altria.[54] [55] [56] [57] [58] In December 2023, the FTC successfully blocked Illumina's acquisition of Grail in December, after a three-year legal battle.[59]

However, Khan's litigation has led to some businesses dropping attempted mergers and acquisitions, such as Nvidia's attempted acquisition of Arm Holdings in 2022 and a 2024 merger involving Novant Health.[60] Khan and her supporters have pointed to these abandoned deals as enforcement victories, without the need for judicial decision.[61] [54] Other attempted mergers have also been held up by the FTC's regulatory delays, such as Kroger's attempt to merge with Albertsons, which the FTC later sought to block outright.[54] [62] In a 2023 Congressional hearing, Khan denied accusations that she brought cases that she expected to lose, but acknowledged risks in her aggressive approach in opposing mergers.[63]

Agency morale under Khan

Under Khan, FTC employees reported declines in metrics such as employee satisfaction and faith in leadership, according to data from the 2021 and 2022 Federal Employee Viewpoint Surveys conducted by the Office of Personnel Management. Prior to Khan's tenure, the FTC consistently ranked at the top of federal agencies in workplace rankings in both Democratic and Republican administrations. 94.3% of FTC staff had favorable views of senior leadership in 2020, declining to 51.7% in 2021, and to 46.6% in 2022. After Khan's appointment, the FTC switched from ranking first in favorable views of senior leadership among federal agencies to first in unfavorable views.[64] [65] [66]

FTC officials have attributed the decline in employee satisfaction under Khan to a lack of a clear strategy on achieving objectives, a lack of knowledge on agency operations, and disrespect and sidelining of career staff. One of Khan's first acts at the FTC, a ban on public speaking for FTC staff, was widely unpopular with employees and retracted in 2022 with an apology.[67] [68]

Khan said it was a priority to improve staff morale following the initial Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey results during congressional testimony in July, 2023.[69] Improvements in employee satisfaction were measured in 2023, reclaiming over half of its decline in morale since 2021.[70]

Legacy and influence

In 2018 Politico described Khan as "a leader of a new school of antitrust thought" as part of its "Politico 50" list of influential thinkers.[15] New York magazine said she was "indisputably the most powerful figure in the anti-monopoly vanguard".[71] She was also listed as one of Foreign Policy's "Global Thinkers,"[72] Prospect's "Top 50 Thinkers,"[73] Wired's WIRED25,[74] the National Journal 50,[75] Washingtonian's list of most influential women,[76] and Time's "Next Generation Leaders."[77]

Khan's practices at the FTC have been met with bipartisan praise as well as some criticism. Ankush Khadori of New York wrote in December 2023 that failed lawsuits against Meta and Microsoft led to reduced morale and high attrition among FTC employees.[78] However, Khan has gained praise for her tactics from members of both the Democratic and Republican parties. Republican Senator and 2024 Republican Vice Presidential nominee, JD Vance from Ohio cited Khan's campaigns against large technology companies as a success for antitrust efforts in the US, beliefs echoed by former Democratic representative David Cicilline, who expressed his confidence that Khan would ultimately prevail against large companies.[79] [80] Former colleague Matt Stoller described Khan as the best chair the FTC has ever had.

Personal life

Khan was born in London to Pakistani parents who immigrated to the United States in 2000. She is married to Shah Rukh Ali, a cardiologist at Columbia University in Manhattan.[7] In January 2023, Khan gave birth to her first child.[81]

Bibliography

Co-authored works

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Where Is the Republican Lina Khan? . https://archive.today/20240912190812/https://www.compactmag.com/article/where-is-the-republican-lina-khan/ . 12 September 2024 . 5 November 2024 . 18 October 2023 . The fact that Khan is a Democrat in a Democratic administration . Compact. Matt . live . Stoller.
  2. Lina M. Khan Sworn in as Chair of the FTC . https://web.archive.org/web/20240812235539/https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2021/06/lina-m-khan-sworn-chair-ftc . 15 June 2021 . 5 November 2024 . Lina M. Khan was sworn in today as Chair of the Federal Trade Commission. President Biden named Khan, a Democrat, to a term on the Commission that expires September 25, 2024, and designated her as Chair. Khan was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on June 15, 2021.. 12 August 2024 . live . Federal Trade Commission.
  3. News: Lina Khan Is Just Getting Started (She Hopes). 4 November 2024 . 10 October 2024 . Josh . Eidelson . Chafkin . Max . . (She'd grown up in London and the New York suburbs; her parents, British citizens of Pakistani origin, moved to the US when she was 11.) . 22 October 2024 .
  4. Khan . Lina M. . January 2017 . Amazon's Antitrust Paradox . live . . 126 . 3 . 564–907 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170405144903/http://www.yalelawjournal.org/note/amazons-antitrust-paradox . April 5, 2017 . July 18, 2022.
  5. Web site: March 24, 2021 . Lina M. Khan — Federal Trade Commission . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240919224057/https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/254?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%22lina+khan%22%7D&s=1&r=1&__cf_chl_rt_tk=QvFoye3rQKLFUUtrn_kFHBz3S.mevfi6yNIfu8ys8x8-1726785657-0.0.1.1-5439 . September 19, 2024 . September 19, 2024 . Congress.gov.
  6. Web site: Abovyan . Kristina . Scanlan . Quinn . May 5, 2024 . FTC is 'just getting started' as it takes on Amazon, Meta and more, Chair Lina Khan says . 2024-07-14 . ABC News . en . Her Republican supporters have been dubbed the 'Khanservatives.'.
  7. News: Streitfeld . David . September 7, 2018 . Amazon's Antitrust Antagonist Has a Breakthrough Idea . en . . September 8, 2018 . 0362-4331 . September 9, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180909101418/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/07/technology/monopoly-antitrust-lina-khan-amazon.html . live .
  8. Web site: Khan . Lina . March 28, 2021 . Senate Commerce Committee Nominee Questionnaire, 117th Congress . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210421082426/https://www.commerce.senate.gov/services/files/AB3EF7E3-1D58-4EB4-9646-3FBB5ADD144F . April 21, 2021 . United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
  9. Web site: June 25, 2021 . The education of Lina Khan, Big Tech's biggest critic . January 10, 2023 . U2B . en-US . January 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230110014503/https://u2b.com/2021/06/25/education-of-lina-khan/ . live .
  10. News: Mohn . Tanya . October 17, 2004 . A Tempest In a Coffee Shop . en-US . The New York Times . January 10, 2023 . 0362-4331 . January 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230110014506/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/17/nyregion/education/a-tempest-in-a-coffee-shop.html . live .
  11. Web site: Exeter College Association: Register 2008 . November 28, 2022 . November 28, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221128121208/https://www.exeter.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/register-08.pdf . live .
  12. News: Kolhatkar . Sheelah . 2021-11-29 . Lina Khan’s Battle to Rein in Big Tech . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211129132640/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/12/06/lina-khans-battle-to-rein-in-big-tech . 29 November 2021 . 2024-11-11 . The New Yorker . en-US . 0028-792X.
  13. 2016 . Title Page . Yale Journal on Regulation . subscription . 33 . [i] . February 9, 2021 . February 10, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210210093921/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fyjor33&id=1&div=&collection= . live .
  14. Khan . Lina M. . January 2017 . Amazon's Antitrust Paradox . live . . 126 . 3 . 564–907 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170405144903/http://www.yalelawjournal.org/note/amazons-antitrust-paradox . April 5, 2017 . July 18, 2022.
  15. Web site: January 4, 2019 . Lina Khan . February 25, 2019 . Source of the Week . en . February 25, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190225223832/https://sources.npr.org/lina-khan/ . dead .
  16. Web site: Scola . Nancy . FTC Democrat hires tech industry critic who's taken aim at Amazon . January 10, 2023 . POLITICO . July 9, 2018 . en . January 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230110014506/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/07/09/prominent-tech-critic-joins-dem-ftc-office-674511 . live .
  17. Wright . Joshua Daniel . Joshua D. Wright . Dorsey . Elyse . Klick . Jonathan . Jonathan Klick . Rybnicek . Jan M. . May 7, 2019 . Requiem for a Paradox: The Dubious Rise and Inevitable Fall of Hipster Antitrust . live . Arizona State Law Journal . https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185754/https://arizonastatelawjournal.org/2019/05/07/requiem-for-a-paradox-the-dubious-rise-and-inevitable-fall-of-hipster-antitrust/ . July 9, 2021 . July 7, 2021.
  18. Hovenkamp . Herbert . December 1, 2018 . Whatever Did Happen to the Antitrust Movement? . Faculty Scholarship at Penn Law . July 7, 2021 . July 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185712/https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/1964/ . live .
  19. News: Meyer . Robinson . June 12, 2018 . How to Fight Amazon (Before You Turn 29) . . September 8, 2018 . September 9, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035354/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/07/lina-khan-antitrust/561743/ . live .
  20. Kolhatkar . Sheelah . August 20, 2019 . How Elizabeth Warren Came Up with a Plan to Break Up Big Tech . . July 7, 2020 . July 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200718083114/https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/how-elizabeth-warren-came-up-with-a-plan-to-break-up-big-tech . live .
  21. News: Streitfeld . David . September 7, 2018 . Amazon's Antitrust Antagonist Has a Breakthrough Idea . en-US . The New York Times . February 19, 2023 . 0362-4331 . September 9, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180909101418/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/07/technology/monopoly-antitrust-lina-khan-amazon.html . live .
  22. Khan, Lina M. . 2019 . The Separation of Platforms and Commerce . . 119 . 4 . 973 . May 11, 2020 . April 24, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200424181739/https://columbialawreview.org/content/the-separation-of-platforms-and-commerce/ . live .
  23. Web site: . July 6, 2020 . Dean Gillian Lester announced that Lina Khan will join the Columbia Law faculty as an associate professor of law this fall. Khan is one of the leaders of an antitrust movement challenging some of the world's most powerful corporations. . July 7, 2020 . Twitter . July 6, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200706163933/https://twitter.com/ColumbiaLaw/status/1280174651134472192 . live .
  24. Khan . Lina . March 1, 2018 . The New Brandeis Movement: America's Antimonopoly Debate . Journal of European Competition Law & Practice . 9 . 3 . 131–132 . 10.1093/jeclap/lpy020 . 2041-7764 . free.
  25. Web site: About . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035505/http://www.linamkhan.com/ . September 9, 2018 . September 8, 2018 . Lina Khan.
  26. News: Lohr . Steve . December 8, 2019 . This Man May Be Big Tech's Biggest Threat . en-US . The New York Times . May 11, 2020 . 0362-4331 . April 24, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200424091414/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/08/technology/David-Cicilline-antitrust-tech.html . live .
  27. Web site: Kelly. Makena. March 22, 2021. Biden to nominate tech antitrust pioneer Lina Khan for FTC commissioner. March 22, 2021. The Verge. Vox Media. en. March 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210322195017/https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/22/22321092/lina-khan-ftc-tech-antitrust-law-regulation-amazon. live.
  28. Web site: March 22, 2021. President Biden Announces his Intent to Nominate Lina Khan for Commissioner of the Federal Trade Commission. March 22, 2021. whitehouse.gov . The White House. June 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210628011638/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/22/president-biden-announces-his-intent-to-nominate-lina-khan-for-commissioner-of-the-federal-trade-commission/. live.
  29. Web site: Brandom. Russell. June 15, 2021. Tech antitrust pioneer Lina Khan confirmed as FTC commissioner. June 15, 2021. The Verge . Vox Media . en. June 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210615162953/https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/15/22527709/lina-khan-ftc-commissioner-competition-facebook-amazon-google-apple. live.
  30. News: Brandom . Russell . Amazon says new FTC chair shouldn't regulate it because she's too mean . July 1, 2021 . The Verge . Vox Media . June 30, 2021 . June 30, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210630200856/https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/30/22557456/amazon-lina-khan-recusal-petition-federal-trade-commission-antitrust . live .
  31. Web site: McCabe. David. June 15, 2021. Biden Names Lina Khan, a Big-Tech Critic, as F.T.C. Chair. June 15, 2021. The New York Times. en. June 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210615210307/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/15/technology/lina-khan-ftc.html. live.
  32. Web site: Birnbaum. Emily. What to watch at Lina Khan's confirmation hearing. September 11, 2021. POLITICO. April 21, 2021 . en. February 26, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230226015942/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/morning-tech/2021/04/21/what-to-watch-at-lina-khans-confirmation-hearing-794797 . live.
  33. News: Kendall . Brent . Amazon Seeks Recusal of FTC Chairwoman Lina Khan in Antitrust Investigations of Company . July 1, 2021 . The Wall Street Journal . June 30, 2021 . June 30, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210630200856/https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/30/22557456/amazon-lina-khan-recusal-petition-federal-trade-commission-antitrust . live .
  34. News: Facebook Seeks FTC Chair Lina Khan's Recusal in Antitrust Case. Brent. Kendall. Wall Street Journal. July 14, 2021. www.wsj.com. July 14, 2021. July 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210714164508/https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-seeks-recusal-of-ftc-chairwoman-in-antitrust-case-11626267605. live.
  35. News: Greene . Jay . Lerman . Rachel . Amazon seeks recusal of FTC Chair Khan, a longtime company critic . Washington Post . July 9, 2021 . September 16, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210916200133/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/06/30/amazon-khan-ftc-recusal/ . live .
  36. Web site: Wyrich . Andrew . August 5, 2021 . Democratic senators blast Amazon, Facebook's efforts to 'bully' FTC over antitrust case . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210917221819/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/warren-lina-khan-ftc-amazon-facebook-bully-recusal/ . September 17, 2021 . September 17, 2021 . The Daily Dot . en-US.
  37. News: Dayen. David. David Dayen. June 23, 2023. Attacks on Lina Khan's Ethics Reveal Copious Amounts of Projection. The American Prospect. July 15, 2023. July 15, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230715154627/https://prospect.org/economy/2023-06-23-attacks-lina-khans-ethics-reveal-projection/. live.
  38. News: Nylen . Leah . June 16, 2023 . Lina Khan Rejected FTC Ethics Recommendation to Recuse in Meta Case . Bloomberg News . June 17, 2023 . July 11, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230711155356/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-16/ftc-rejected-ethics-advice-for-khan-recusal-on-meta-case . live .
  39. News: Mullins. Brody. June 30, 2023. Ethics Official Owned Meta Stock While Recommending FTC Chair Recuse Herself From Meta Case. The Wall Street Journal. July 15, 2023. July 15, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230715154627/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ethics-official-owned-meta-stock-while-recommending-ftc-chair-recuse-herself-from-meta-case-8582a83b. live.
  40. FTC Chair and Commissioners Issue Joint Statement . June 30, 2023. FTC.gov. Federal Trade Commission. July 15, 2023. July 15, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230715154627/https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2023/06/ftc-chair-commissioners-issue-joint-statement. live.
  41. News: Kang . Cecilia . February 14, 2023 . Republican F.T.C. Commissioner Says She Plans to Resign . en-US . . September 29, 2023 . 0362-4331 . September 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230925001516/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/14/technology/ftc-commissioner-resigns-christine-wilson.html . live .
  42. Web site: Jalonick . Mary Clare . O'Brien . Matt . 2023-07-13 . House Republicans interrogate FTC's Khan over regulation of Big Tech . 2024-07-14 . AP News . en.
  43. Web site: Bartz . Diane . Shepardson . David . July 13, 2023 . FTC chair defends tenure as lawmakers battle over consumer agency's impact . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230713175836/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-ftc-chair-face-questions-court-losses-congressional-hearing-2023-07-13/ . July 13, 2023 . July 13, 2023 . Reuters . en.
  44. Web site: Riley . Tonya . July 13, 2023 . FTC faces pressure from Twitter, Republicans over privacy investigation . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230713191159/https://cyberscoop.com/ftc-twitter-republicans-privacy-lina-khan/ . July 13, 2023 . July 13, 2023 . Cyber Scoop.
  45. Web site: Michaels . Dave . August 20, 2024 . Judge Tosses FTC Ban on Noncompete Agreements . The Wall Street Journal.
  46. Web site: Stahl . Lesley . Lesley Stahl . Chasan . Aliza . Bar-On . Shachar . Jung . Jinsol . Richards . Collette . 2024-09-22 . FTC head Lina Khan fighting Big Tech, Big Pharma and Big Groceries . 2024-11-11 . CBS News . en-US.
  47. Brown, Marcia "The Next Generation of Law Students Is Obsessed With Lina Khan" Politico, November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  48. Web site: Feiner . Lauren . 2023-07-24 . FTC chair defends track record on antitrust challenges, says big isn't categorically bad . 2024-11-11 . CNBC . en.
  49. Web site: Kelly . Makena . July 21, 2021 . FTC pledges to fight unlawful right to repair restrictions . July 21, 2021 . The Verge.
  50. News: Sisco . Josh . July 10, 2024 . Feds poised to sue pharmacy gatekeepers over high drug costs . Politico.
  51. News: Godoy . Jody . Sunny . Mariam E. . July 10, 2024 . US FTC to sue drug middlemen over insulin prices, source says . Reuters.
  52. News: Brittain . Blake . June 10, 2024 . Amneal, US FTC win order removing Teva inhaler patents from FDA list . Reuters.
  53. Godoy, Jody "FTC takes on subscription traps with 'click to cancel' rule" Reuters, October 16, 2024. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  54. Web site: Sonnenfeld . Jeffrey A. . Jeffrey Sonnenfeld . Tian . Steven . 13 December 2023 . The FTC’s Antitrust Overreach Is Hurting U.S. Competitiveness and Destroying Value . Yale Insights.
  55. Web site: 13 July 2023 . Losing record in hand, FTC chief faces Jim Jordan . Politico.
  56. Web site: 10 July 2023 . Assessing the state of affairs in FTC/DOJ merger enforcement. Reuters.
  57. Web site: Michaels . Dave . 12 July 2023 . Lina Khan Is Taking on the World’s Biggest Tech Companies—and Losing . The Wall Street Journal.
  58. Web site: July 11, 2023. F.T.C.’s Court Loss Raises Fresh Questions About Its Chair’s Strategy. The New York Times.
  59. Web site: 18 December 2023 . After a storm of criticism, Lina Khan’s FTC has a $7 billion victory related to a cancer-test acquisition. Fortune.
  60. Web site: Muoio . Dave . Novant Health gives up $320M hospital deal after FTC secures appeals court injunction . Fierce Healthcare . 25 November 2024.
  61. News: Jones . Callum . 2024-03-09 . 'She's going to prevail': FTC head Lina Khan is fighting for an anti-monopoly America . 2024-07-14 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077.
  62. Web site: September 23, 2024. Kroger-Albertsons merger will increase costs for shoppers, says FTC chair. The Guardian.
  63. Web site: July 13, 2023. F.T.C. Chair Faces Criticism in Congressional Hearing. The New York Times.
  64. Web site: Zakrzewski . Cat . July 13, 2022 . Sinking FTC workplace rankings threaten Chair Lina Khan’s agenda . The Washington Post.
  65. Web site: George. Ford. April 27, 2023. An Agency in Crisis: Employee Satisfaction at the FTC Continues to Decline. SSRN.
  66. Web site: April 29, 2022. FTC Chief Khan Vows to Address Sinking Staff Morale. The Information.
  67. Web site: March 16, 2023 . FTC Lawyers Leave at Fastest Rate in Years as Khan Sets New Tone. Bloomberg Law.
  68. Web site: March 26, 2022 . To Combat Declining Staff Morale, FTC Chair khan lifts Public Speaking Ban as Deputy Issues Apology. The Information.
  69. Web site: Watch live: House Judiciary hearing on oversight of FTC. July 13, 2023.
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  71. Web site: Scola . Nancy . Lina Khan Isn't Worried About Going Too Far . Intelligencer . . November 4, 2021 . en-us . October 27, 2021 . November 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211104190039/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/lina-khan-ftc-profile.html . live .
  72. Web site: Foreign Policy's 100 Global Thinkers. Foreign Policy. en-US. May 11, 2020. March 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210328090944/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019-global-thinkers/. live.
  73. Web site: The world's top 50 thinkers 2019. Team. Prospect. en-US. May 11, 2020. August 28, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190828121132/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/prospect-worlds-top-50-thinkers-2019. live.
  74. WIRED25: Stories of People Who Are Racing to Save Us. en. Wired. May 11, 2020. 1059-1028. May 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200511075958/https://www.wired.com/story/wired25-stories-people-racing-to-save-us/. live.
  75. Web site: Lina Khan – National Journal 50. nj50.nationaljournal.com. May 11, 2020. January 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210118110658/https://nj50.nationaljournal.com/lina-khan/. live.
  76. Web site: Washington's Most Powerful Women. October 1, 2019. Washingtonian. en-US. May 11, 2020. May 10, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200510213942/https://www.washingtonian.com/2019/10/01/most-powerful-women-in-washington/. live.
  77. Web site: This Legal Scholar Has Some Bold Ideas For How to Take on Major Companies Like Amazon. Semuels. Alana. Time. October 10, 2019 . May 11, 2020. May 10, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200510185125/https://time.com/collection-post/5692977/lina-khan-next-generation-leaders/. live.
  78. News: Khardori. Ankush . December 12, 2023. Lina Khan’s Rough Year Running the Federal Trade Commission. New York. March 16, 2024.
  79. Web site: Klar . Rebecca . February 27, 2024 . Vance: Biden FTC chief is ‘doing a pretty good job’ . March 12, 2024 . The Hill . en-US.
  80. News: Jones . Callum . March 9, 2024 . ‘She’s going to prevail’: FTC head Lina Khan is fighting for an anti-monopoly America . March 12, 2024 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077.
  81. Web site: Kerr . Dara . Lina Khan is taking swings at Big Tech as FTC chair, and changing how it does business . NPR . August 10, 2023 . August 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231652/https://www.npr.org/2023/03/07/1161312602/lina-khan-ftc-tech . live .

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