Legislature X of Italy explained

The Legislature X of Italy (it|X Legislatura della Repubblica Italiana) was the 10th legislature of the Italian Republic, and lasted from 2 July 1987 until 22 April 1992.^{[1] [2]} Its composition was the one resulting from the general election of 14 and 15 June 1987. The election was called by President Cossiga on 28 April 1987, when he dissolved the Houses of Parliament.^[3]

History

Following the general election, Christian democrat Giovanni Goria, a protégé of DC party leader Ciriaco De Mita, became prime minister at the head of a renewed Pentapartito coalition. At that time Goria was the youngest Prime Minister of Italy since the birth of the republic. Despite the initial credit towards Goria's reformist agenda, he was soon forced to resign in April 1988 after the Parliament refused to pass the government budget. Subsequently, De Mita himself was appointed prime minister: his short time in office just witnessed the passage of a law in May 1988 that introduced a new benefit for salaried workers called "benefit for the family nucleus", with the amount varying depending on the number of family members and the family income of the previous year.^[4]

However, in Spring 1989 the so-called "pact of the camper" stipulated between the socialist leader Bettino Craxi and the Christian democratic leaders Arnaldo Forlani and Giulio Andreotti – secretly shared in a parking out of Ex Ansaldo factory in Milan, where the Congress of the Italian Socialist Party were taking place – provided a new path that would have started with the fall of the De Mita's government and the formation of a cabinet with a social democrat-led transition, culminating in another Craxi's government, while Andreotti or Forlani would have been elected President of Italy in the 1992 presidential election. As agreed, shortly after De Mita's government fell and on 22 July 1989 Andreotti was sworn in for the third time as prime minister. His government was characterized by a turbulent course: Andreotti decided to stay at the head of government, despite the abandonment of many social democratic ministers, after the approval of the norm on TV spots (favorable to private TV channels of Silvio Berlusconi).

In 1990 Andreotti revealed the existence of the Operation Gladio; Gladio was the codename for a clandestine North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) "stay-behind" operation in Italy during the Cold War. Its purpose was to prepare for, and implement, armed resistance in the event of a Warsaw Pact invasion and conquest. Although Gladio specifically refers to the Italian branch of the NATO stay-behind organizations, "Operation Gladio" is used as an informal name for all of them.^[5]

During his premiership Andreotti clashed many times with President of the Republic Francesco Cossiga.

Government

Prime Minister	Party	Term of office		Government	Composition
Took office		Left office
		Giovanni Goria	Christian Democracy	28 July 1987	13 April 1988	bgcolor=#FFE2D5	Goria	bgcolor=#FFE2D5	DC PSI PSDI PLI PRI
		Ciriaco De Mita	Christian Democracy	13 April 1988	22 July 1989	bgcolor=#FFE2D5	De Mita	bgcolor=#FFE2D5	DC PSI PSDI PLI PRI
		Giulio Andreotti	Christian Democracy	22 July 1989	12 April 1991	bgcolor=#FFE2D5	Andreotti VI	bgcolor=#FFE2D5	DC PSI PSDI PLI PRI
12 April 1991				28 June 1992	bgcolor=#FFE2D5	Andreotti VII	bgcolor=#FFE2D5	DC PSI PSDI PLI

Composition

Chamber of Deputies

• President: Nilde Iotti (PCI), elected on 2 July 1987
• Vice Presidents: Aldo Aniasi (PSI), Alfredo Biondi (PLI), Vito Lattanzio (DC, until 12 May 1988), Gerardo Bianco (DC, until 27 July 1990), Michele Zolla (DC, from 12 May 1988), Adolfo Sarti (DC, from 18 October 1990)

Initial composition[6]					Final composition
Parliamentary group			Seats		Parliamentary group			Seats	Change
	Christian Democratic		234			Christian Democratic		234
	Communist		157			Communist Group – PDS		149	8
	Italian Socialist Party		94			Italian Socialist Party		100	6
	MSI – National Right		34			MSI – National Right		33	1
	Republican		21			Republican		20	1
	Independent Left		20			Independent Left		19	1
	Italian Democratic Socialist Party		17			Italian Democratic Socialist Party		12	5
	Green		13			Green		16	3
	European Federalist		12			European Federalist		8	4
	Italian Liberal Party		11			Italian Liberal Party		11
	Proletarian Democracy		8			DP – Communists		11	3
	Mixed		8			Mixed		16	8
Total seats			629		Total seats			629

Senate

• President: Giovanni Spadolini (PRI), elected on 2 July 1987
• Vice Presidents: Luciano Lama (PDS), Paolo Emilio Taviani (DC), Giorgio De Giuseppe (DC), Gino Scevarolli (PSI)

Initial composition[7]					Final composition
Parliamentary group			Seats		Parliamentary group			Seats	Change
	Christian Democratic		127			Christian Democracy		129	2
	Communist		85			Communist – PDS		74	11
	Italian Socialist Party		45			Italian Socialist Party		45
	Independent Left		17			Independent Left		15	2
	Italian Social Movement – National Right		16			Italian Social Movement – National Right		15	1
	Republican		9			Republican		9
	Italian Democratic Socialist Party		7			Italian Democratic Socialist Party		5	2
	European Federalist Ecologist		6			European Federalist Ecologist		6
						Communist Refoundation		11	11
	Mixed		12			Mixed		14	2
		Italian Liberal Party	3				Liberal	3
		South Tyrolean People's Party	2				South Tyrolean People's Party	2
		Progressive Democratic Autonomists	1				Progressive Democratic Autonomists	1
		Sardinian Action Party	1				Sardinian Action Party	1
		Lega Lombarda	1				Lega Lombarda – Lega Nord	1
		Green List	1						1
		Proletarian Democracy	1						1
							Federation of the Greens	1	1
							Housewives – Pensioners	1	1
		Non inscrits	2				Non inscrits	4	2
Total seats			324		Total seats			323	1

Senators for Life

Senator	Motivation	Appointed by	From	Till
Cesare Merzagora	Merits in the social field	President Antonio Segni		1 May 1991 (deceased)
Giuseppe Saragat	Former president of Italy	ex officio		11 June 1988 (deceased)
Amintore Fanfani	Merits in the social field	President Giovanni Leone
Giovanni Leone	Former president of Italy	ex officio
Leo Valiani	Merits in the social field	President Sandro Pertini
Camilla Ravera	Merits in the social field	President Sandro Pertini		14 April 1988 (deceased)
Carlo Bo	Merits in the literary field	President Sandro Pertini
Norberto Bobbio	Merits in the social and scientific field	President Sandro Pertini
Sandro Pertini	Former president of Italy	ex officio		24 February 1990 (deceased)
Giovanni Spadolini	Merits in the social field	President Francesco Cossiga	2 May 1991
Giovanni Agnelli	Merits in the social field	President Francesco Cossiga	1 June 1991
Giulio Andreotti	Merits in the social field	President Francesco Cossiga	1 June 1991
Francesco De Martino	Merits in the social field	President Francesco Cossiga	1 June 1991
Paolo Emilio Taviani	Merits in the social field	President Francesco Cossiga	1 June 1991

Notes and References

1. Web site: X Legislatura della Repubblica italiana / Legislature / Camera dei deputati – Portale storico . storia.camera.it . 6 August 2019 . it.
2. Web site: Senato della Repubblica – 10ª Legislatura . www.senato.it . 6 August 2019 . it.
3. Web site: IX Legislatura / Cronologia / Camera dei deputati – Portale storico . storia.camera.it . 6 August 2019 . it.
4. European Observatory on Family Policies: National Family Policies in EC-Countries in 1990 by Wilfred Dumon in collaboration with Françoise Bartiaux, Tanja Nuelant, and experts from each of the member states
5. News: Haberman . Clyde . Evolution in Europe; Italy Discloses its Web of Cold War Guerrillas . The New York Times . 16 November 1990 . 20 February 2015.
6. Web site: X Legislatura della Repubblica italiana / Legislature / Camera dei deputati – Portale storico . storia.camera.it . 6 August 2019 . it.
7. Web site: senato.it – Composizione dei gruppi parlamentari nella X Legislatura . www.senato.it . 1 July 2019 . it.