Achomi language explained

Achomi (fa|اچُمی), also known as Khodmooni^[2] and Larestani,^[3] is a Persian and Southwestern Iranian language spoken by people in southern Fars and western Hormozgan and by significant numbers of Ajam citizens in the UAE, Bahrain, Kuwait, and other neighbouring countries.

It is the predominant language of Gerash, Larestan, Lamerd, Khonj, and Evaz counties in Fars and Bastak County and Ruydar in Hormozgan Province.

Moreover, many cities, towns, and villages in Iran have their own particular dialect, such as Larestan, Khonj, Gerash, Evaz, Ashkanan, Bastak, Lar, and Banaruiyeh. The majority of Achomi speakers are Sunni Muslims, with a minority being Shia Muslims.^{[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]}

The Achomi language is considered a descendant of the Sassanid Persian language or Middle Persian.^{[11] [12] [13] [14] [15]}

Etymology and name of the language

There are different ways to refer to this language.

• Achomi: Native speakers often refer to their language as "ačomī", which means "I go" in the language. Other explanations for this name are the language's frequent usage of the [tʃ] consonant, and that Arabs, with whom these people traded, called them 'Ajam', which means non-Arab.
• Khodmooni: In GCC states surrounding the Persian Gulf, Achomis are referred to as Khodmooni'. This translates to "of our own kind".^{[16] [17]}
• Lari: This language is sometimes called Lari. To reiterate, 'Lar' originates from 'Lad' which means "the origin of everything". It is also important to note that Lari can be used to refer to a dialect or a language.^[18]

History

Achomi language and its various local dialects such as Lari, Evazi, Khonji, Gerashi, Bastaki, etc... and is a branch of the Middle Persian (Pahlavi) language of the Sassanid Empire.^[19]

Today, the language is known as an endangered language.^[20] In particular, UNESCO refers to it as a "definitely endangered" language with approximately 1,180,000 speakers. It also does not have official language status in Iran. This is because Iran only recognizes standard Persian as an official language. However, Iran allows the use of minority languages, such as Achomi, in the media and the education system (alongside Persian).^[21] Nevertheless, Achomi remains an endangered language with many dialectal differences gradually disappearing because of the domination of Iranian Farsi.^[22]

Many Iranians moved to GCC States in order to pursue better economic opportunities.^[23] This included Achomis. These Achomis are often multilingual. Achomi migrants still speak this language in their homes, however, this variety has been influenced by the Arabic language a little but is mutually intelligible with standard Persian.^[19]

Classification

The language is a branch of the Pahlavi language. This means that it shares the ergative structure of Pahlavi. It is also an analytical language. This can be linked back to its membership in the southwestern branch of Middle-Iranian languages.

Except for the regional accent, pronunciation of certain words, and a slight variation in grammar, this old language has been the common language of the Southwestern Pars Province and parts of Hormozgan Province for nearly 1,800 years despite the various conquests of the region since the fall of the Sassanid Empire.^[24]

Dialects

Achomi has many dialects.^[25] These dialects correspond to Larestan's different towns. Examples of these dialects include Lari, Evazi, Gerashi, Khonji and Bastaki.These dialectical variations may present themselves through pronunciation. There may also be grammatical and word differences between the dialects. Hence, if the speaker is from Evaz, they are referred as speaking Evazi, and if they are from Bastak their dialect is known as Bastaki.

An example of a dialectal variation: in some particular regions, Achomi people say raftom for "I went" (very similar to the Persian raftam), but in some other regions, just as Lar people, they say (Kurdish: dichim or dechim) instead.

Samples

Vocabulary

Nouns!English!Achomi!New Persian!Notes

House	khan, خان	khoneh, خونه	In Bahraini Arabic and Middle Persian they refer to hotel as "Khan" as well
Bracelet	Khonj: اسرتی Fedagh: بژبن Bandari/Langi: بنگلی Lari: میل/میلی Herang: ببو Burdestan: سوکی	دستبند، النگو
Rose of Jericho	Khonj: اِدرَه Jenah: هَندَرَه Fedagh: اُندُرُ Evaz: هِدره Ashkana/Kemashk: اَندِره Ehal: هُزرَه Other: شمسیل، اُندِرو، اُندِره	چنگ مریم
Frog	بک، بکریک، بکروک، بکو، بُکی، بَکی، باباهوی	قورباغه
Boy	پُس، چوک	پِسر
Hair strand	تال موی	تار موی
Uncovered/Bare	پاپتی	برهنه
Afternoon	پَسین, Pesin	بعد از ظهر
Aunt	دامون	عمة/خاله
Girl	کچ، دُخت	دُختر
Sun	افتاو	آفتاب
Sleep	خَو	خواب
Breakfast	ناشتا	صبحانه[26] [27]
Eye	چش/چیش	چشم
Ear	گُش[28]	گوش
Teeth	ددو	دندان
Mouth	کپ	دهن
Beard	لش	ریش[29] [30]	Reesh in Arabic (ريش) means Feather
Brow	برم	ابرو
Tongue	ازبو	زبون
Nose	پیز	دماغ[31] [32] [33]	Demagh (دماغ) is used to refer to the Brain in Arabic. While in some Gulf Arabic dialects, Buz (بوز) is used to refer to the mouth (noted to be from an older Iranian dialect).[34]
Door	دروازه/در	در
Socks	دو لاغ (لاخ)	جوراب[35] [36]	In Gulf Arabic they also say Dolagh (دولاغ),[37] as opposed to formal arabic (جورب).
Sandal	چِپَلی	کفش راحتی/صندل
Cave	اِشکَت	غار[38]
North	سرحد/گَهدِم/گَهدِم/گاه	شمال[39] [40]
Sand	بَل	خاک
Sky	آسمو	آسمان/آسمون
Waterfall	پَرتُنگَ آو	آبشار/آوشور
Rain	بَرون/بَرو	باران/بارون
Ice/Snow	بَفر	برف
Tonight	إشو	امشب
Today	اِروز	اِمروز

Pronouns!English!Achomi!Kurdish!New Persian (Farsi)

I/me
You
He/she
We
You (plural)
They

Grammatical features

Past tense verbs

First type

To make simple past verbs

The ids (om / ot / osh / mo / to / sho) + The simple past root of the first type.

Example:

!English!Achomi!Kurdish!New Persian (Farsi)

I told
He/she won
You ate (plural)

Second type

The root of the past simple second type + ids (em / esh / ruleless / am / ee / en)

Example:

English	Achomi	Kurdish	New Persian (Farsi)
Went (I)
Went (you)
Went (she/he)
Went (we)
Went (you-plural)
Went (they)

And...

Ergativity

To create an ergative verb in past tense we can use the verb root plus its proper prefix.

For example, in Achomi, the root for the verb "to tell" is "got" (gota equals "tell").

English	Achomi	Kurdish	New Persian (Farsi)
I told
You told
He/she told
We told
You (plural) told
They told

Another example: "deda" means "see," and "dee" Kurdish (Deed or dee) is the root verb. So:

English	Achomi	Kurdish	New Persian (Farsi)
I saw
You saw
He/she saw
We saw
You (plural) saw
They saw

Simple present

To create a simple present or continued present tense of a transitive verb, here's another example:

English	Achomi	Kurdish (Karmanji)	New Persian (Farsi)
I am telling...		Ez dibêjim...
You are telling...		Tu dibêjî...
He/she is telling...		Ew dibêje ...
We are telling		Em dibêjin
You (pl) are telling...		Tu dibêjî
They are telling...		Ew dibêjin ...

For the verb "see" ("deda"):

adead'em, adeda'esh, adeaday,...

Sentences

Source Material!Achomi!New Persian (Farsi)!English

اوش گت اِ خَش نیosh got e khash ne		He/she said this is not good
ریبای اُش گُت: مَم نای خونَه مِنRibay osh got: Mam nay khone min		The fox said: I don’t need it, I have a home already.
اُشنا فَمی چُنگ بُکُن اِران فِک کَت اُچی اَ خونَه‌ی دامونِ اُشتُریOshna fami chung bokon eran fek kat ochi a khone-ye damon-e oshtori		He didn’t know what to do, he thought he could go to the aunt camel’s house.
دامون اُشتُری در واز اُشکی، اوی گُت: از کَ هُندشDamon oshtori dar vaz oshki, oy got: Az ka hondash		The aunt camel opened the door, he/she said: where did you come from?
ریبای: مَ از خونموribay: ma az khonamo		Fox: I [came] from home
دامونٍ أُشتُرى اگی: بَر جِه هُندِسِش اَ اِكِه؟ damone oshtori agee: bar che honsesh aeke?		Camel aunt said: why did you come here?
ربياى: خونم پر تا پره او بُده ribay: khonamo por ta pore ow bode		Fox: my home was full of water
أُشتُرى: بِدو اِ كِه پَس دَروازَ هُخَت oshtori: bedo eke pase darvaza okhat		Camel: sleep behind my door
ربياى: مَ مِ کِ نا خَتِم, دَروازَى گُتى گُتى مَ لى بِكِت ribay: ma meke nakhatem, daravazy goti goti mali beket		Fox: I can't sleep there, the big door might fall on me
أُشتُرى: نِپَ بُرو پَنِ خُمَ هُخَت oshtori: nepa boro pane khoma hokhat		Camel: go sleep next to the park
ریبای اگی: خومَه ى كُتى كُتى مَلى بِكِتrobaye agee: khomaye goti goti mali beket
شَ هَرجُ اَگُت هُخَت شَ گُت مَ ناخَتِم sha harjo agot hokhat, shagot ma nakhatem		Wherever he told him to sleep he said I wont sleep

Poetry

Bastaki Dialect - Gol Bustan (Ali Akbar Bastaki ver)^[41] !Achomi!New Persian (Farsi)!English

گل بستانِن اسمُش نادُنِمGol bostanen esmush nadonemسرو گلستانِن اسمُش نادُنِم Sarv golestanen esmush nadonem	گل بوستان است، نامش را نمی‌برمسرو گلستان است، نامش را نمی‌دانم	The flower is from the garden, but I do not mention its name.   The cypress is from the grove, but I do not know its name.
جمال زیبایش هَرکِش نَدِدُهJamal zibayesh har kesh nadedeچون ماه تابانِن اسمُش نادُنِم Chon mah tabanen esmush nadonem	چهرهٔ زیبای او را هر کس ندیده‌است [بداند که]چون ماه تابان است، نامش را نمی‌دانم	Those who have not seen their beautiful face [should know that]   It shines like the radiant moon, but I do not know their name.
کمند گیسویش حلقه‌حلقه هِنKamand gisuyehsh halqeh-halqeh henچو عنبرافشانِن اسمُش نادُنِمcho anbara afshanen esmush nadonem	گیسویش همچون کمندی، حلقه‌حلقه است، که عطر عنبر می‌پراکند — نامش را نمی‌دانم.	Her hair, like a lasso, is curled in perfect rings, Scattering the fragrance of ambergris — I do not know her name.
بِگِرد رخسار ماه اَنوَرُشBegard rokhsar mah anvoreshoگِزِیْرِ چوگانِن اسمُش نادُنِم Gezir-e choganen esmush nadonem	بر گرد عارضش ماه انوری استکه زیر چوگان [زلفش محاط] است، نامش را نمی‌دانم	Around their visage is a luminous moon,   Encircled beneath the arc of their tresses, but I do not know their name.
کمان ابرویش وقت قصد دلKaman abruyesh vaght qasd delبا تیر مژگانِن اسمُش نادُنِم Ba tir-e mozhganen esmush nadonem	کمان ابروی او [در] هنگام شکار دل [عاشق]به همراه تیر مژگان است، نامش را نمی‌دانم	The bow of their eyebrow, in the hunt for a lover's heart,   Is accompanied by the arrow of their lashes, but I do not know their name.
چشمان شهلایَش پناهم بخداCheshman-e shahlayash panah-am be khodaرهزن ایمانِن اسمُش نادُنِم Rahzan-e iman-en esmush nadonem	[از] چشمان شهلای او پناه به خدا می‌برم[که] رهزن ایمان است، نامش را نمی‌دانم	I seek refuge in God from their captivating, doe-like eyes,  For they are a thief of faith, but I do not know their name.
دماغ باریکش پَترِنُویْ طلاDamaq-e barikash patrenavi talaچن چفت و موزونِن اسمُش نادُنِم Chen cheft o mozounen esmush nadonem	[بر] بینی باریک او پتری طلاچقدر متناسب و موزون است، نامش را نمی‌دانم	Upon their slender nose lies a golden ornament,  So perfectly balanced and harmonious, but I do not know their name.
دهان چون میمش دُرْجِ مُرْوَرِیDahan chon mimash dorj-e morvariپستهٔ خندانِن اسمُش نادُنِم Pesteh khandanen esmush nadonem	دهان چون میم او [که] پر از مروارید استپستهٔ خندان را مانَد، نامش را نمی‌دانم	Her mouth, shaped like the letter Mīm, is filled with pearls, It resembles a laughing pistachio; I do not know her name.
لعل لب قندُش چون نبات نابLa’l-e lab-e ghandesh chon nabat-e nabعقیق و مرجانِن اسمُش نادُنِم Aqiq o marjanen esmush nadonem	لعل لب شکرینش چون نبات و یا[چون] عقیق و مرجان است، نامش را نمی‌دانم	Her sweet lips of ruby are like sugarcane, Or like agate and coral; I do not know her name.
در مجلس صحبت خوش‌مَثَل چُونُویْDar majles sohbat khosh-masale chonoveyبلبل خوش‌خوانِن اسمُش نادُنِم Bolbol-e khosh-khanen esmush nadonem	در گفتگو و سخن از بس خوش‌صحبت است[مانند] بلبل خوش‌خوان است، نامش را نمی‌دانم	In conversation and speech, she is so charming, She is like a sweet-singing nightingale; I do not know her name.
لِه سینهٔ صافُش آخی بر دلمLe sineh safesh, akhi bar delamدو سیب پستانِن اسمُش نادُنِم Do sib-e pestanen esmush nadonem	روی سینهٔ صافش، ای وای بر دلمپستان او چون دو سیب است، نامش را نمی‌دانم	On her smooth chest—oh, woe to my heart! Her breasts are like two apples; I do not know her name.
همچون دل عاشق بیقرار و تابHamchon del-e asheq biqarar o tabزیبق لرزانِن اسمُش نادُنِم Zeybaq-e larzanen esmush nadonem
فیروزه‌انگشتر شَه انگشت بلورFirouzeh angoshtar-e shah angosht-e bolourدست پُر بِهْبانِن[ح] اسمُش نادُنِم Dast-e por behbanen esmush nadonem
هنگام آرایش زیب صورتُشHengam-e arayesh zeyb-e soorateshمشاطَه حیرانِن اسمُش نادُنِم Mashateh heyranen esmush nadonem	به هنگام آرایش، [از] زیبایی صورت اومشاطه حیران است، نامش را نمی‌دانم	When adorned, her face is so beautiful That even the beautician is left astonished; I do not know her name.
تِی سوخْتَنِی[خ] چِیْتُش وقتی شَه سُرُهTi sokhtane chitash vaghti shah sarehآشوب دورانِن اسمُش نادُنِم Ashoob-e dorananen esmush nadonem	[با] نقاب و سرپوش چیت وقتی که بر سر داردآشوب‌گر دوران است، نامش را نمی‌دانم	With her veil and cotton scarf upon her head, She is the turmoil of her time; I do not know her name.
جُمخُو مَلَس‌جُوزِی غرق پولکیJomkho malas-jozi qarq-e poolakiتا وَرِ کیبانِن اسمُش نادُنِم Ta var-e keibanen esmush nadonem	پیراهن ابریشمین گل‌درشت او [که] غرق از پولک [طلایی] است[کوتاه] و تا لبهٔ آغاز دامن [او]ست، نامش را نمی‌دانم	Her floral silk dress, covered in golden sequins, Short and just above the hemline; I do not know her name.
شلوار یَکتاکِی چیتِ اطلسیShalvar-e yaktake chit-e atlasiبه پای جانانِن اسمُش نادُنِم Be pay-e jananen esmush nadonem	شلوار یک‌طرفهٔ [دامن] او از چیت اطلسیبه پای او جانانه [و خوش‌نما] است، نامش را نمی‌دانم	Her one-sided skirt of atlas cotton Graces her legs beautifully; I do not know her name.
از مُو دل اُشبُردُه ان مَپِش بگُویAz mo del eshborde an mapash begoyکه شاه خوبانِن اسمُش نادُنِم Ke shah-e khobanen esmush nadonem	از من دلم را ربوده‌است، کسی نزد او [این سخن را] نگویدکه او شاه خوبان است، نامش را نمی‌دانم	She has stolen my heart—let no one tell her this, For she is the queen of beauties; I do not know her name.
دیوانه اُشکردِم نادُنِم کِه هِنDivaneh-osh kerdem nadonem ke henدل از غَمُش خونِن اسمُش نادُنِم Del az ghamash khoonen esmush nadonem	مرا دیوانه کرده‌است و نمی‌دانم که کیستدل [من] از غمش خون است، نامش را نمی‌دانم	She has driven me mad, and I do not know who she is, My heart bleeds from her sorrow; I do not know her name.
از ساعتی کِمْدِی هنگام پَسینAz sa’ati kemdi hangam-e pasinچشم مُو گریانِن اسمُش نادُنِم Cheshm-e mo geryanen esmush nadonem	از لحظه‌ای که به هنگام بعد از ظهر دیدمشچشم من گریان است، نامش را نمی‌دانم	Since the moment I saw her that afternoon, My eyes have been tearful; I do not know her name.
مَکِس خریدارِن بَر اِنِ مَخَهMakas kharidaren bar en makhahیوسف کنعانِن اسمُش نادُنِم Yousef-e Kan’ananen esmush nadonem	همه‌کس خریدار او هستند [با آنچنان عشوه و دلربایی‌اش]، مگراو یوسف کنعانی است، نامش را نمی‌دانم	Everyone admires her with such charm and grace— Could she be Joseph of Canaan? I do not know her name.
عاشق رخسارُش والله که وَ دلAsheq-e rokhsar-osh vallah ke va delغمناک و محزونِن اسمُش نادُنِم Ghamnak o mahzounen esmush nadonem

Lari Dialect - Mansour Arnvaz^[42] !Achomi!New Persian (Farsi)!English

تا بهاره بِدا تَو چَم بَر اَصَحرَو بُكُنَماَمِن خرمن گل بازي اَتَي تَو بكنم	وقتی بهار می‌رسد، در دشت‌ها و صحراها قدم خواهم زد، و در خرمن گل‌ها به دلخواه بازی خواهم کرد.	When spring arrives, I will wander along the plains and deserts, I will play with the fields of flowers as much as I desire.
چُنِ مهتاب بدا تا شَو نِخَتَم تا گل صبحكسي نادُو كه صَبا رُز شَواشَو بُكُنَم	مانند نور ماه، تا طلوع صبح بیدار خواهم ماند، و کسی نخواهد دانست که صبح را با نسیم به آواز می‌خوانم.	Like moonlight, I will stay awake until dawn, until the morning blooms, No one will know that I turn the morning breeze into song.
مخملِ سَوز شَبَر دشت بيابو اَمَه جابِدا ازتَم بِشَخَم غصَه شَوا اَو بُكُنَم	روی مخمل دشت‌های بیابانی در شب، غم‌هایم را دور می‌کنم و آن‌ها را به آب تبدیل می‌کنم.	On the velvet-strewn fields of the desert at night, I will scatter my sorrows away and turn them into water.
چه خَشه بوي گل شبّو كه مُناره تا پسينچَش اَلوي يك اُنِسَم يك چُندُكوي خَو بُكُنم	چه بوی خوشی از گل شب‌بو که تا غروب می‌پیچد، به آن خیره می‌شوم و در آغوشش به خوابی آرام فرو می‌روم.	How sweet is the fragrance of night-blooming jasmine at sunset, I will gaze upon it and sleep peacefully in its embrace.
آسمون ابري بُبُو بَرو بيا نَم پَرواراَمَه جا اَو بِگِره شايت اُچَم دَو بُكُنَم	وقتی آسمان ابری شود، باران ببارد، و مه پراکنده شود، بگذار آب اینجا را پر کند، شاید تشنگی‌ام را سیلاب کند.	When the sky turns cloudy, rain falls, and mist spreads, Let water fill this place, and perhaps it will flood my thirst.
چُنِ مورِدِ سَوز از تاي بركه بُده مالامالبدا تا تي تَخِ بِركَه اَو اَسَكرَو بُكُنَم	مانند برگ‌های مورد که برکه را می‌سوزاند و پر می‌کند، سطح برکه تو را پر می‌کنم و سوزش را با آب خاموش می‌کنم.	Like the burning myrtle leaves filling the pond, I will fill your pond's surface and quench the burning with water.

See also

• Kuwaiti Persian
• Kumzari language

External links

• Radio Achomestan on Instagram.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Larestan, Iran. 20 May 2014 . 2024-02-28. 2024-02-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20240201165728/https://borderlessblogger.com/2014/05/20/notes-on-a-journey-thru-larestan-iran/. live.
2. Book: Governance in Immigrant Family Businesses: Enterprise, Ethnicity and Family Dynamics. Halkias. Daphne. Adendorff. Christian. 2016-04-22. Routledge. 9781317125952. 10. en.
3. Web site: Endangered Languages Project - Lari - larestani . 2024-02-28 . www.endangeredlanguages.com . en.
4. Web site: Larestani, Lari in Iran. 2017-07-12. 2019-10-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20191010113021/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/12996/IR. live.
5. Web site: Larestani . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131014080039/http://www.globalprayerdigest.org/index.php/issue/day/Larestani-People/ . 2013-10-14 . While most people in Iran are Shi’ite Muslims, the Larestani are Sunnis..
6. Book: Islamic Desk Reference . January 1994 . Brill . 9004097384 . Van Donzel . E. J. . 225 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241127202846/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zHxsWspxGIIC&q=laristan+sunni+fars&pg=PA225&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=laristan%20sunni%20fars&f=false . 2024-11-27.
7. Web site: Information of the people of Bushehr province. 2020-12-17. 2021-05-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20210501034336/http://www.ost-boushehr.ir/?p=27. dead.
8. Web site: Bushehr Governor's Website. 2020-12-17. 2021-04-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20210429055709/http://samad.ostb.ir/?part=menu&inc=menu&id=169. dead.
9. Web site: Bushehr Province Justice Website.
10. Web site: Cyrus The Great International Open Academy.
11. Talei . Maryam . Rovshan . Belghis . 2024-10-24 . Semantic Network in Lari Language . live . Persian Language and Iranian Dialects . en . 10.22124/plid.2024.27553.1673 . 2476-6585 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241128033018/https://zaban.guilan.ac.ir/article_8091.html?lang=en . 2024-11-28 . This descriptive-analytical research examines sense relations between the lexemes of the Lari language, the continuation of the Middle Persian and one of the endangered Iranian languages spoken in Lar, Fars province.
12. Web site: 2024-06-16 . Western Iranian languages History . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20241128034127/https://www.destinationiran.com/western-iranian-languages.htm . 2024-11-28 . 2024-11-28 . Destination Iran . en-US . Achomi or Khodmooni (Larestani) is a southwestern Iranian language spoken in southern Fars province and the Ajam (non-arab) population in Persian Gulf countries such as UAE, Bahrain, and Kuwait. It is a descendant of Middle Persian and has several dialects including Lari, Evazi, Khoni, Bastaki, and more..
13. Taherkhani . Neda . Ourang . Muhammed . 2013 . A Study of Derivational Morphemes in Lari & Tati as Two Endangered Iranian Languages: An Analytical Contrastive Examination with Persian . Journal of American Science . 1545-1003 . Lari is of the SW branch of Middle Iranian languages, Pahlavi, in the Middle period of Persian Language Evolution and consists of nine dialects, which are prominently different in pronunciation (Geravand, 2010). Being a branch of Pahlavi language, Lari has several common features with it as its mother language. The ergative structure (the difference between the conjugation of transitive and intransitive verbs) existing in Lari can be mentioned as such an example. The speech community of this language includes Fars province, Hormozgan Province and some of the Arabic-speaking countries like the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman (Khonji, 2010, p. 15). . 2024-11-28 . 2024-11-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241130234815/https://www.jofamericanscience.org/journals/am-sci/am0911s/008_21547am0911s_38_45.pdf . live .
14. ICEHM: International Centre of Economics, Humanities and Management . dead . 10.15242/icehm.ed0115115 . 2020-12-10 . icehm.org . 2021-04-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210429055708/http://icehm.org/siteadmin/upload/4853ED0115115.pdf .
15. گويش مردم اوز. نسرين انصاف پور و محمد رفيع ضيايى 1396
16. Web site: Mehran . 2 March 2023 . كتاب تاريخ جنوب فارس لارستان وبستك . Arabic . 23 November 2023 . 5 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240305063452/https://www.neelwafurat.com/itempage.aspx?id=lbb391342-388816&search=books . live .
17. Web site: khodo mania . 27 April 2023 . كتاب تاريخ جنوب فارس لارستان وبستك . . Arabic . 23 November 2023 . 13 July 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240713172239/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USI2LPGol30 . live .
18. Moridi. Behzad. 2009. The Dialects of Lar (The State of Research). Iran & the Caucasus. 13. 2. 335–340. 10.1163/157338410X12625876281389. 25703812. 1609-8498. 2020-12-10. 2022-01-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20220103155930/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25703812. live.
19. Book: Southwestern Iranian Languages: Persian Dialects and Varieties, Persian Language, Tajik Language, Dari, Persianate Society, Tajik Alphabet, Old Persia. 2013. 9781230641287 . Wikipedia . Source . General Books .
20. Web site: UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger . 2020-12-10 . www.unesco.org . 2016-12-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161218184822/http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php . live .
21. Web site: Islamic Parliament of Iran - Constitution. 2020-12-10. en.parliran.ir. 2016-10-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20161027004409/https://en.parliran.ir/eng/en/Constitution. dead.
22. Moridi. Behzad. 2009. The Dialects of Lar (The State of Research). Iran & the Caucasus. 13. 2. 335–340. 10.1163/157338410X12625876281389. 25703812. 1609-8498.
23. Worrall. James. Saleh. Alam. 2019. Persian Pride and Prejudice: Identity Maintenance and Interest Calculations among Iranians in the United Arab Emirates. International Migration Review. en. 54. 2. 496–526. 10.1177/0197918319860154. 203427429. 0197-9183.
24. Web site: Iranian and Arab in the Gulf : endangered language, windtowers, and fish sauce. January 2014 . 2023-10-31. 2023-10-31. https://web.archive.org/web/20231031161536/https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1699797. live . Limbert . John W. .
25. Book: Rahimi . Ali . A Study of Personal Pronouns of Larestani Language as an Endangered Iranian Language . Tayebeh Mansoori . 2016 . 10.13140/RG.2.1.1342.0566.
26. Web site: صبحانه - معنی در دیکشنری آبادیس . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20241127030743/https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87/ . 2024-11-27 . 2024-11-27 . abadis.ir.
27. Web site: معنی صبحانه - لغت‌نامه دهخدا . https://web.archive.org/web/20241127030927/https://lamtakam.com/dictionaries/dehkhoda/340202/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87 . 2024-11-27 . 2024-11-27 . پرسش و پاسخ تخصصی لام تا کام . fa.
28. نام اعضای بدن به اچمی . #ولاگر #بلاگر #ولاگر #ولاگ_فارسی #ترند #اچمی #خودمونی . en . 2024-11-27 . www.youtube.com . 2024-05-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240528180321/https://www.youtube.com/shorts/gcbkZ7tcWNo . live .
29. Web site: معنی ریش - لغت‌نامه دهخدا . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20241127031919/https://lamtakam.com/dictionaries/dehkhoda/303981/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4 . 2024-11-27 . 2024-11-27 . پرسش و پاسخ تخصصی لام تا کام . fa.
30. Web site: ریش - معنی در دیکشنری آبادیس . 2024-11-27 . abadis.ir . 2024-11-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241127032103/https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4/ . live .
31. Web site: دماغ - معنی در دیکشنری آبادیس . 2024-11-27 . abadis.ir.
32. Web site: معنی دماغ لغت‌نامه دهخدا واژه‌یاب . 2024-11-27 . واژه یاب . fa . 2024-11-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241130232830/https://vajehyab.com/dehkhoda/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA . live .
33. Web site: معنی دماغ - لغت‌نامه دهخدا . 2024-11-27 . پرسش و پاسخ تخصصی لام تا کام . fa.
34. Book: Al-Tajer, Mahdi Abdulla . Language & Linguistic Origins In Bahrain . Taylor & Francis . 1982 . 9780710300249 . 134, 135.
35. Web site: معنی جوراب فرهنگ فارسی معین . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240608211031/https://lab.vajehyab.com/moein/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8 . 2024-06-08.
36. Web site: 2024-11-27 . جوراب - معنی در دیکشنری آبادیس . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20241127032450/https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8/ . 2024-11-27 . 2024-11-27 .
37. Web site: 2019-12-23 . دلاغ . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240608211034/https://ar.mo3jam.com/term/%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%BA . 2024-06-08 . 2024-06-08 . Mo3jam معجم . ar.
38. Web site: ویکی . پارسی . معنی غار لغت نامه دهخدا . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20241127030927/https://lamtakam.com/dictionaries/dehkhoda/340202/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87 . 2024-11-27 . 2024-11-27 . پارسی ویکی . fa.
39. Web site: معنی شمال واژه‌یاب . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211213174241/https://vajehyab.com/?q=%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84 . 2021-12-13 . 2024-11-27 . واژه یاب . fa.
40. Web site: شمال - معنی در دیکشنری آبادیس . https://web.archive.org/web/20210301131554/https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84/ . 2021-03-01 . 2024-11-27 . abadis.ir.
41. Book: Bastaki, Ali Akbar . ابیات محلی جهانگیریه . دانشگاه تهران, Dehkhoda Lexicon Institute Library . Local poems of Jahangiriya.
42. Web site: شعر لاری . Lari Poem . 2024-11-18 . لاري كائت . fa.