-yllion (pronounced)[1] is a proposal from Donald Knuth for the terminology and symbols of an alternate decimal superbase system. In it, he adapts the familiar English terms for large numbers to provide a systematic set of names for much larger numbers. In addition to providing an extended range, -yllion also dodges the long and short scale ambiguity of -illion.
Knuth's digit grouping is exponential instead of linear; each division doubles the number of digits handled, whereas the familiar system only adds three or six more. His system is basically the same as one of the ancient and now-unused Chinese numeral systems, in which units stand for 104, 108, 1016, 1032, ..., 102n, and so on (with an exception that the -yllion proposal does not use a word for thousand which the original Chinese numeral system has). Today the corresponding Chinese characters are used for 104, 108, 1012, 1016, and so on.
In Knuth's -yllion proposal:
Each new number name is the square of the previous one — therefore, each new name covers twice as many digits. Knuth continues borrowing the traditional names changing "illion" to "yllion" on each one. Abstractly, then, "one n-yllion" is
2n+2 | |
10 |
232 | |
10 |
2102 | |
10 |
The corresponding Chinese "long scale" numerals are given, with the traditional form listed before the simplified form. Same numerals are used in the Ancient Greek numeral system, and also the Chinese "short scale" (new number name every power of 10 after 1000 (or 103+n)), "myriad scale" (new number name every 104n), and "mid scale" (new number name every 108n). Today these Chinese numerals are still in use, but are used in their "myriad scale" values, which is also used in Japanese and in Korean. For a more extensive table, see Myriad system.
Value | Name | Notation | Standard English name (short scale) | Ancient Greek | Chinese ("long scale") | Pīnyīn (Mandarin) ! | Jyutping (Cantonese) | Pe̍h-ōe-jī (Hokkien) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
100 | One | 1 | One | εἷς (heîs) | 一 | yī | jat1 | it/chit | |
101 | Ten | 10 | Ten | δέκα (déka) | 十 | shí | sap6 | si̍p/cha̍p | |
102 | One hundred | 100 | One hundred | ἑκατόν (hekatón) | 百 | bǎi | baak3 | pah | |
103 | Ten hundred | 1000 | One thousand | χίλιοι (khī́lioi) | 千 | qiān | cin1 | chhian | |
104 | One myriad | 1,0000 | Ten thousand | μύριοι (mýrioi) | 萬, 万 | wàn | maan6 | bān | |
105 | Ten myriad | 10,0000 | One hundred thousand | δεκάκις μύριοι (dekákis mýrioi) | 十萬, 十万 | shíwàn | sap6 maan6 | si̍p/cha̍p bān | |
106 | One hundred myriad | 100,0000 | One million | ἑκατοντάκις μύριοι (hekatontákis mýrioi) | 百萬, 百万 | bǎiwàn | baak3 maan6 | pah bān | |
107 | Ten hundred myriad | 1000,0000 | Ten million | χιλιάκις μύριοι (khiliákis mýrioi) | 千萬, 千万 | qiānwàn | cin1 maan6 | chhian bān | |
108 | One myllion | 1;0000,0000 | One hundred million | μυριάκις μύριοι (muriákis mýrioi) | 億, 亿 | yì | jik1 | ek | |
109 | Ten myllion | 10;0000,0000 | One billion | δεκάκις μυριάκις μύριοι (dekákis muriákis mýrioi) | 十億, 十亿 | shíyì | sap6 jik1 | si̍p/cha̍p ek | |
1010 | One hundred myllion | 100;0000,0000 | Ten billion | ἑκατοντάκις μυριάκις μύριοι (hekatontákis muriákis múrioi) | 百億, 百亿 | bǎiyì | baak3 jik1 | pah ek | |
1011 | Ten hundred myllion | 1000;0000,0000 | One hundred billion | χῑλῐάκῐς μυριάκις μύριοι (khīliákis muriákis múrioi) | 千億, 千亿 | qiānyì | cin1 jik1 | chhian ek | |
1012 | One myriad myllion | 1,0000;0000,0000 | One trillion | μυριάκις μυριάκις μύριοι (muriákis muriákis mýrioi) | 萬億, 万亿 | wànyì | maan6 jik1 | bān ek | |
1013 | Ten myriad myllion | 10,0000;0000,0000 | Ten trillion | δεκάκις μυριάκις μυριάκις μύριοι (dekákis muriákis muriákis mýrioi) | 十萬億, 十万亿 | shíwànyì | sap6 maan6 jik1 | si̍p/cha̍p bān ek | |
1014 | One hundred myriad myllion | 100,0000;0000,0000 | One hundred trillion | ἑκατοντάκις μυριάκις μυριάκις μύριοι (hekatontákis muriákis muriákis mýrioi) | 百萬億, 百万亿 | bǎiwànyì | baak3 maan6 jik1 | pah bān ek | |
1015 | Ten hundred myriad myllion | 1000,0000;0000,0000 | One quadrillion | χιλιάκις μυριάκις μυριάκις μύριοι (khiliákis muriákis muriákis mýrioi) | 千萬億, 千万亿 | qiānwànyì | cin1 maan6 jik1 | chhian bān ek | |
1016 | One byllion | 1:0000,0000;0000,0000 | Ten quadrillion | μυριάκις μυριάκις μυριάκις μύριοι (muriákis muriákis muriákis mýrioi) | 兆 | zhào | siu6 | tiāu | |
1024 | One myllion byllion | 1;0000,0000:0000,0000;0000,0000 | One septillion | 億兆, 亿兆 | yìzhào | jik1 siu6 | ek tiāu | ||
1032 | One tryllion | 1'0000,0000;0000,0000:0000,0000;0000,0000 | One hundred nonillion | 京 | jīng | ging1 | kiaⁿ | ||
1064 | One quadryllion | Ten vigintillion | 垓 | gāi | goi1 | kai | |||
10128 | One quintyllion | One hundred unquadragintillion | 秭 | zǐ | zi2 | chi | |||
10256 | One sextyllion | Ten quattuoroctogintillion | 穰 | ráng | joeng4 | liōng | |||
10512 | One septyllion | One hundred novensexagintacentillion | 溝, 沟 | gōu | kau1 | kau | |||
101024 | One octyllion | Ten quadragintatrecentillion | 澗, 涧 | jiàn | gaan3 | kán | |||
102048 | One nonyllion | One hundred unoctogintasescentillion | 正 | zhēng | zing3 | chiàⁿ | |||
104096 | One decyllion | Ten milliquattuorsexagintatrecentillion | 載, 载 | zài | zoi3 | chài |
In order to construct names of the form n-yllion for large values of n, Knuth appends the prefix "latin-" to the name of n without spaces and uses that as the prefix for n. For example, the number "latintwohundredyllion" corresponds to n = 200, and hence to the number
2202 | |
10 |
To refer to small quantities with this system, the suffix -th is used.
For instance,
10-4
10-16777216
Knuth's system wouldn't be implemented well in Polish due to some numerals having -ylion suffix in basic forms due to rule of Polish language, which changes syllables -ti-, -ri-, -ci- into -ty-, -ry-, -cy- in adapted loanwoards, present in all thousands powers from trillion upwards, e.g. trylion as trillion, kwadrylion as quadrillion, kwintylion as quintillion etc. (nonilion as nonnillion is only exception, but also not always[2]), which creates system from 1032 upwards invalid.