The were a class of nine destroyers of the Imperial Japanese Navy.[1] Some authors consider the Nokaze, Kamikaze and es to be extensions of the s, and the Kamikaze class is sometimes referred to as the "Kiyokaze class" to distinguish it from the earlier World War I-era destroyer class of the same name. Obsolete by the beginning of the Pacific War, the Kamikazes were relegated to mostly secondary roles. Most ultimately were lost to U.S. submarines.
The Kamikaze-class vessels were an extension and improvement to the ongoing Minekaze-class program as part of the Eight-eight fleet Plan. They were ordered under the 1921-1922 fiscal budget. As with the, they were originally given only numbers rather than names, but were assigned individual names on 1 August 1928.[2]
Construction of the last two planned Kamikaze vessels was cancelled in conformance with the Washington Naval Treaty. Oite, Hayate, Asanagi and Yūnagi were called the Kamikaze-class late production model (or occasionally Oite-class), as the powerplant and armaments were different.
The Kamikaze-class ships were visually identical to the earlier Minekaze class, apart from slight detail changes in the bridge. The Kamikaze class was the first destroyer class in the Imperial Japanese Navy to be built with a bridge strengthened by steel plating. This gave the vessels a higher center of gravity, and to counteract this they were built with an increased displacement and a wider beam for better stability. Although they had slightly less speed >37.5kn they were considered satisfactory compared with the Minekaze class.[3]
The Kamikaze-class ships were essentially the same design as the Nokaze sub-class of the previous Minekaze-class destroyers. The three twin 21adj=onNaNadj=on torpedo tubes (one positioned in the well in front of the bridge and the other two located abaft the second stack) was unchanged; however, the launchers were now power-operated rather than manually-operated. The main battery was also unchanged, with four Type 3 120 mm 45 caliber naval guns in single open mounts, exposed to the weather except for a small shield. For anti-aircraft protection, the 6,5 mm machine guns mounted on each side of the bridge were replaced by two single 7.7mm machine guns. The final three vessels in the Kamikaze-class were also equipped with depth charges, with two Type 81 launchers deployed on the stern.
Following the start of the Pacific War, the Kamikaze-class vessels were modified for enhanced anti-aircraft capability at the expense of speed and surface warfare performance. One of both of the aft guns and the aft torpedo launcher were replaced by Type 96 25-mm anti-aircraft guns, which were added in increasing numbers, and eventually totaled between 13 and 20 guns per vessel in a combination of single and twin mounts. These modifications increased the displacement on some vessels to 1,523 tons, which reduced their maximum speed down to 35 knots.[4]
The Kamikaze-class vessels all saw combat during the Pacific War, with Hayate having the distinction of being the first Japanese destroyer to be lost in combat during that conflict. She was sunk during the Battle of Wake Island in December 1941.[5] By 1944 four Kamikaze-class vessels had been sunk by American submarines and a fifth was lost in an air raid on Truk. In 1945 a sixth ship was sunk by submarine action. Only Kamikaze and Harukaze survived the war, but Harukaze was in such poor condition when surrendered at Sasebo that she was soon scrapped. Kamikaze continued on as a repatriation ship after it was surrendered at Singapore, but grounded off Cape Omaezaki in June 1946 and was written off.[6]
Note these vessels only carried numbers ("Dai") until 1 August 1928, when they were given meteorological names.
| Name | Kanji | Number | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Completed | Fate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Japanese: 神風 | Dai-1 | Mitsubishi-Nagasaki, Japan | 15 December 1921 | 25 September 1922 | 19 December 1922 | renamed Kamikaze on 1 August 1928; demilitarized repatriation ship 1 December 1945; grounded Omaezaki 7 June 1946; stricken 26 June 1946 | ||
| Japanese: 朝風 | Dai-3 | Mitsubishi-Nagasaki, Japan | 16 February 1922 | 8 December 1922 | 16 June 1923 | renamed Asakaze on 1 August 1928; Torpedoed west of Luzon [16.06N, 119.44E] 23 August 1944; stricken 10 October 1944 | ||
| Japanese: 春風 | Dai-5 | Maizuru Naval Arsenal, Japan | 16 May 1922 | 18 December 1922 | 31 May 1923 | renamed Harukaze on 1 August 1928; surrendered to USN 10 November 1945-11-10; scrapped 1947 | ||
| Japanese: 松風 | Dai-7 | Maizuru Naval Arsenal, Japan | 2 December 1922 | 30 October 1923 | 5 April 1924 | renamed Matsukaze on 1 August 1928; Torpedoed NW of Chichijima [26.59N, 143.13E] 9 June 1944; stricken 10 August 1944 | ||
| Japanese: 旗風 | Dai-9 | Maizuru Naval Arsenal, Japan | 3 July 1923 | 15 March 1924 | 30 August 1924 | renamed Hatakaze on 1 August 1928; sunk by air attack off Takao [22.37N, 120.15E] 15 January 1945; stricken 10 March 1945 | ||
| Japanese: 追風 | Dai-11 | Uraga Dock Company, Japan | 16 March 1923 | 27 November 1924 | 30 October 1925 | renamed Oite on 1 August 1928; sunk by air attack at Truk [07.40N, 151.45E] 18 February 1944; stricken 11 March 1944 | ||
| Japanese: 疾風 | Dai-13 | Ishikawajima Shipyards, Japan | 11 November 1922 | 24 March 1925 | 21 November 1925 | renamed Hayate on 1 August 1928; combat loss in Battle of Wake Island [19.16N, 166.37E] 11 December 1941; stricken 10 January 1942 | ||
| Japanese: 朝凪 | Dai-15 | Fujinagata Shipyards, Japan | 5 March 1923 | 21 April 1924 | 29 December 1925 | renamed Asanagi on 1 August 1928; torpedoed W of Ogasawara [28.20N, 138.57E] 22 May 1944; stricken 10 July 1944 | ||
| Japanese: 夕凪 | Dai-17 | Sasebo Naval Arsenal, Japan | 17 September 1923 | 23 April 1924 | 24 May 1925 | renamed Yūnagi on 1 August 1928; torpedoed NW of Luzon [18.46N, 120.46E] 25 August 1944; struck 10 October 1944 |
The IJN originally planned that the Kamikaze-class ships should have names, but upon completion they were given numbers due to the projected large number of warships the IJN expected to build through the Eight-eight fleet plan. This proved to be extremely unpopular with the crews and was a constant source of confusion in communications. In August 1928, names were assigned, but not the original names that were planned.
| Final name (renamed 1 August 1928) | Originally planned name | Name as completed | Renamed 24 April 1924 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Translation | |||
| Kamikaze | Divine Wind | , Pure Wind; or, Breeze | , 1st Destroyer | , No.1 Destroyer |
| Asakaze | Morning Wind | , Light Wind | , 3rd Destroyer | , No.3 Destroyer |
| Harukaze | Spring Wind | , True Wind | , 5th Destroyer | , No.5 Destroyer |
| Matsukaze | Wind among the pine trees | , 7th Destroyer | , No.7 Destroyer | |
| Hatakaze | Wind causing waving of a flag | , 9th Destroyer | , No.9 Destroyer | |
| Oite | Fair Wind | , No.11 Destroyer | rowspan=6 | |
| Hayate | Squall | , No.13 Destroyer | ||
| Asanagi | Morning Calm | , No.15 Destroyer | ||
| Yūnagi | Evening Calm | , No.17 Destroyer | ||
| , Great Wind | rowspan=2 | |||
| , Whirlwind |