Indo-Pacific languages explained

Indo-Pacific
Acceptance:spurious
Region:Oceania, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Australia
Family:Proposed language family
Familycolor:Superfamily
Child1:Andamanese
Child2:Papuan
Child3:Tasmanian
Child4:Kusunda
Child5:Nihali
Child6:Vedda (?)
Child7:various Negrito languages (?)
Glotto:none

Indo-Pacific is a hypothetical language macrofamily proposed in 1971 by Joseph Greenberg and now believed to be spurious. It grouped together the Papuan languages of New Guinea and Melanesia with the languages of the Andaman Islands (or at least Great Andamanese) and, tentatively, the languages of Tasmania, both of which are remote from New Guinea. The valid cognates Greenberg found turned out to be reflexes of the less extensive Trans–New Guinea family. Recently the Kusunda language (and possibly other unclassificated languages), which is generally seen as a language isolate, is also included in the Indo-Pacific proposal.[1] Greenberg did not include "Australian" in his original 1971 proposal.

Proposal

The Indo-Pacific proposal, grouping the non-Austronesian languages of New Guinea with certain languages spoken on islands to the east and west of New Guinea, was first made by Greenberg in 1971. Greenberg's supporter Merritt Ruhlen considers Indo-Pacific an extremely diverse and ancient family, far older than Austronesian, which reflects a migration from southeast Asia that began only 6,000 years ago; he notes that New Guinea was inhabited by modern humans at least 40,000 years ago, and possibly 10,000 to 15,000 years earlier than that.[2] Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza sees Indo-Pacific as a very heterogenous family of 700 languages and suggests that it may be more than 40,000 years old.[3]

Reception

Greenberg's proposal was based on rough estimation of lexical similarity and typological similarity and has not reached a stage where it can be confirmed by the standard comparative method, including the reconstruction of a protolanguage. The languages of Tasmania are extinct and so poorly attested that many historical linguists regard them as unclassifiable. Roger Blench has dismissed the Indo-Pacific proposal as improbable, observing that while it "purported to be a purely linguistic exercise...it conveniently swept up all the languages of the crinklyhaired populations in the region that were not clearly Austronesian." He writes that despite decades of further research into Papuan languages and prehistory, Indo-Pacific is still not accepted by specialists and that it "only exists in the eye of the believer." George van Driem (2001)[4] responds as follows:

Since Greenberg's work, the languages of New Guinea have been intensively studied by Stephen Wurm. Wurm's Trans–New Guinea languages family includes about 70 percent of the languages Greenberg included in Indo-Pacific, though the internal classification is entirely different. Wurm states that the lexical similarities between Great Andamanese, West Papuan (which is not part of Trans–New Guinea), and certain languages of Timor "are quite striking and amount to virtual formal identity [...] in a number of instances", but considers this to be due to a linguistic substratum rather than a direct relationship.[5]

Pawley (2008) is the only thorough review of the proposal. He found that all branches of Indo-Pacific except Tasmanian and Andamanese include languages from Trans–New Guinea, and that this explains the more reasonable cognates that Greenberg proposed, but because these Trans–New Guinea languages are mixed in with languages from other families in those branches, cognates linking the branches do not provide support for Greenberg's proposal that all Papuan languages are related.[6]

Subdivision

According to Greenberg, Indo-Pacific consists of fourteen families, not counting a few which he could not classify. He suggested a tentative sub-classification into seven groups, listed in bold below. Some languages have not been identified.

[7] Southern: Chariar, Puchikwar, Kede, Kol, Juwoi; Northern: Beada, Bogijiab, Bale, Biada

Reef, Ndeni (Noole, Banua, Nea, Nabalue) [= AN]

The following were left unclassified:

Senagi & Komberatoro; Busa; Urim; Kwanga (Kwanga); Yuri; Fas; Amto
[= [[Senagi languages|Senagi]], Torricelli, Sepik, Pauwasi, Fas, Amto–Musan, and Busa families]

Comparison

This classification was never widely accepted, and was largely passed over for that of Stephen Wurm. They do not agree well. For example,

The few similarities are retentions from earlier linguists' work:

References

Notes and References

  1. Kusunda: An Indo-Pacific language in Nepal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004-04-13. 101. 5692–5695 . Paul Whitehouse . Timothy Usher . Merritt Ruhlen . Merritt Ruhlen . William S.-Y. Wang . William S-Y. Wang . 10.1073/pnas.0400233101. 15056764. 15. 397480. 2004PNAS..101.5692W. free.
  2. Ruhlen, Merritt. The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue. John Wiley & Sons, Inc: New York, 1994
  3. Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca. Genes, Peoples, and Languages. University of California Press: Berkeley, 2001
  4. Languages of the Himalayas, vol. 1, pp 139–141
  5. Wurm, S.A. (1977). New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study, Volume 1: Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra.
  6. Andrew Pawley, 2008. An assessment of Greenberg's Indo-Pacific hypothesis (draft)
  7. Southern Andamanese languages not addressed
  8. not the Tombenam in Northeastern
  9. Multitree ID as [mlu] is an error
  10. Multitree ID as [szn] is an error
  11. Multitree ID as Bugis is an error
  12. Supposedly Wartha (Tonda),https://books.google.com/books?id=dOw5AQAAIAAJ but the few words do not match.http://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/81764
  13. Identified with Biangai (Goilalan family) by Glottolog, but this makes little sense geographically.
  14. Sidney H. Ray. 1923. The Languages of the Western Division of Papua. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 53. 332-360.
  15. Johnston, H. L. C. 1923. Appendix IX: Vocabulary Kikori Station, Delta Division: Tribe, Barika, Name of village, Asanu. Commonwealth of Australia. Papua: Annual Report for the Year 1921-1922. 166-166.
  16. not Agob, pace Glottolog
  17. Jabga is not Marind, but no words from it appear in Greenberg's proposal.
  18. Multitree ID as [bhu] is an error
  19. The name Mogetemin is used for both Maibrat and Konda (Ogit).http://www.papuaweb.org/bib/hays/find/FINDIJNO.pdf The vocabulary in Greenberg is clearly Maibrat, but the placement here looks to be an inherited classification for Konda.
  20. Multitree ID as Yidiny an error
  21. Multitree ID as Hitu an error
  22. Terence Hays, New Guinea Bibliography'
  23. Multitree ID as Nalca is an error
  24. Identified with Jimajima (Dagan family) by Glottolog,http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dima1252 but this contradicts the location in Ray.

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