Bangladesh–India border explained

Bangladesh–India border
Territory2:
Established:17 August 1947
Current:7 May 2015
Currentreason:Exchange of enclaves, simplification of land boundaries

The Bangladesh–India border, known locally as the Radcliffe line (IB), is an international border running between the republics of Bangladesh and India that demarcates the six divisions of Bangladesh and the Indian states.

Bangladesh and India share a 4096adj=midNaNadj=mid international border, the fifth-longest land border in the world, including in Assam, in Tripura, in Mizoram, in Meghalaya and in West Bengal.[1] The Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet, and Chittagong are situated along the border. A number of pillars mark the border between the two states. Small demarcated portions of the border are fenced on both sides.

History

The Radcliffe Line was published on 17 August 1947 as a boundary demarcation line between the dominions of India and Pakistan upon the partition of India. It was named after its architect, Sir Cyril Radcliffe, who, as chairman of the Border Commissions, was charged with equitably dividing 175000sqmi of territory with 88 million people based on religious lines.[2] This involved the partition of the Bengal region, which resulted in transferring East Bengal to Pakistan,[3] which was later liberated in 1971, thereby Bangladesh continuing to share the same line as the border with the Indian Republic.

Issues

See also: Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border, 2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes and Bangladesh–India relations.

1970s Border Skirmishes

Several skirmishes occurred along the border during the 1970s, years after the victory of the Battles of Belonia Bulge by the Mukti Bahini and allied Indian troops.[4] [5] The Belonia issue was almost settled in 1974 when Indira Gandhi and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman agreed to the general principle of watershed. It was decided that in all cases of river line boundaries the midstream would be regarded as the border. And that both sides would take steps to ensure that the rivers did not change their course but unfortunately, it was not settled.[6]

The joint boundaries commission was to meet in the first week of November to finalise the Belonia border within the framework of the Indira-Mujib agreement. Officials of the two countries held a flag meeting.[7] However, on 15 August 1975, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his family was killed after Mujib established a one-party system,[8] and Ziaur Rahman became the President of Bangladesh in 1977, Indira Gandhi also lost the 1977 Indian general election in the same year. In October 1979, Bangladesh said, it should be regarded as no-man's-land and farmers on the Indian side should be refrained from harvesting in no-man's-land. The Indian side disagreed and Indian peasants began harvesting the paddy they had sown. Bangladesh Rifles and the Border Security Force both exchanged fire in the beginning days of November thus starting intense gunbattles between the two sides.[9]

Bangladesh Rifles and Indian Border Security Forces exchanged fire near the Comilla-Tripura border throughout the entire month of November to December 1979.[10] [11] [12] The shooting appeared to have become a habit with the soldiers on both sides. A joint survey team of India and Bangladesh visited the area and watched bullets flying across the disputed land for 90 minutes. No fatalities or injuries were reported.

After the three-day talks, the two delegations issued a brief joint statement in which, both sides agreed to exercise maximum restraint and avoided provocation to ensure the return of normalcy in the Muhuri Char area of the Belonia sector on the Tripura-Comilla border. This merely meant that the two sides would not resort to exchange of firing on the disputed 44-acre stretch of land.[13] [14]

Exchange of firing ended, but the talks had later failed.

Skirmishes after 1979 incident

Skirmishes in Belonia also occurred in 1985,[15] Where heavy mortars were used in the intense clash.[16] Skirmishes near and in Belonia also occurred in 1999,[17] where 6 civilians including 1 BSF Jawan were injured.[18] The 67.31-acre land at Muhurichar has remained a disputed area since 1974 with both India and Bangladesh claiming the cultivable tract as their own territory. Of it, 44.87 acre falls in the Indian territory, while the rest is in Bangladesh's control.

In total, there were 8 skirmishes from 1979 to 1999 in Muhuri Char.[19] BGB and BSF clashed for a total of 58 days in 20 years.

Smuggling

The border is used as a route for smuggling livestock, food items, medicines, and drugs from India to Bangladesh. Moreover, illegal immigrants from Bangladesh cross the border to India. Because of a large number of illegal immigrants crossing from Bangladesh into India, a controversial shoot-on-sight policy has been enforced by the Indian border patrols.[20] [21] [22] This policy was initiated with reports of violence between the illegal migrants and Indian soldiers.[23] The border has also witnessed occasional skirmishes between the Indian Border Security Force (BSF) and the Border Guards Bangladesh (BGB), most notably in 2001.

Fence Construction

In July 2009, Channel 4 News reported that hundreds of Indians and Bangladeshis were killed by the BSF along the Indo-Bangladeshi border fence during its construction. The BSF state that the fence's main purpose is to check illegal immigration and to prevent cross-border terrorism.[24] In 2010, Human Rights Watch (HRW) issued an 81-page report which documented a number abuses committed by the BSF. The report was compiled from the interviews of abuse victims, witnesses, members of the BSF, and its Bangladeshi counterpart, the BGB. The report stated that over 900 Bangladeshi citizens were killed during the first decade of the 21st century, many of whom crossed the border for cattle rustling or other smuggling activities. However, the report also noted that some were killed due to "indiscriminate firing from across the border". The HRW called for a joint independent investigation to be conducted by both governments.[25]

Alleged BSF incursions

The Bangladeshi government has often accused the BSF of incursions into Bangladeshi territory, and indiscriminate shooting of civilians along the India–Bangladesh border. In a news conference in August 2008, Indian BSF officials admitted that they killed 59 illegals (34 Bangladeshis, 21 Indians, 4 unidentified) who were trying to cross the border during the prior six months.[26] Bangladeshi media accused the BSF of abducting 5 Bangladeshi children, aged between 8 and 15, from the Haripur Upazila in Thakurgaon District of Bangladesh, in 2010. The children were setting fishing nets near the border.[27] In 2010, Human Rights Watch accused the Border Security Force of the indiscriminate killings. On 7 January 2011, BSF forces killed 15-year-old Felani Khatun after she became tangled while climbing the border fence during a return trip to Bangladesh. Her body was left hanging from the fence where it was photographed, drawing widespread outrage.[28]

In 2019, Bangladesh border guards shot at BSF personnel. They claimed self defence. One BSF officer was killed.[29]

Border length by Indian states

The breakdown of the length of land border by Indian states is as follows, clockwise:[30]

Enclaves

See main article: India–Bangladesh enclaves. There were nearly 200 enclaves and counter-enclaves that existed on both sides of the border up until 2015. The enclaves or chitmahals (bn|ছিটমহল) that ran along the border between the two nations were a longstanding feature of the region. The enclaves were reputedly part of a high-stakes card game or chess games centuries ago between two regional kings, the Raja of Cooch Behar and the Maharaja of Rangpur, and the result of the confused outcome of a treaty between the Kingdom of Koch Bihar and the Mughal Empire. After the partition of India in 1947, Cooch Behar district merged with India and Rangpur went to then-East Pakistan, which became Bangladesh in 1971.

The prime ministers of India and Bangladesh signed a Land Boundary Agreement in 1974 to exchange all enclaves and simplify the international border. In 1974 Bangladesh approved the proposed Land Boundary Agreement, but India did not ratify it. In 2011 the two countries again agreed to exchange enclaves and adverse possessions. A revised version of the agreement was finally adopted by the two countries when the Parliament of India passed the 119th Amendment to the Indian Constitution on 7 May 2015.[31]

Inside the main part of Bangladesh, there were 111 Indian enclaves (17,160.63 acres), while inside the main part of India, there were 51 Bangladeshi enclaves (7,110.02 acres). Under the Land Boundary Agreement, the enclave residents could continue to reside at their present location or move to the country of their choice.[32] [33] The adverse possession of Boraibari went to Bangladesh.[34] The undemarcated borders between the nations were also finally solved with respect to Daikhata-Dumabari, Muhurichar (an island in the Muhuri River),[35] and Pyrdiwah.[36] [37] [38]

Maritime boundary

See also: Exclusive economic zone of India.

India and Bangladesh, with different perceptions of their maritime boundaries and exclusive economic zone, engaged in eight rounds of bilateral negotiations since 1974, which remained inconclusive until 2009 when both agreed to undergo arbitration under the UNCLOS. On 7 July 2014, Arbitration Tribunal resolved the dispute in Bangladesh's favor, which was amicably accepted by both sides, thus ending the dispute.[39] Dispute also included South Talpatti (also called "New Moore"), a small uninhabited offshore sandbar that emerged as an Island in the aftermath of the Bhola cyclone in 1970, and disappeared around March 2010.[40] [41]

Cross-border transport

See main article: Transport between India and Bangladesh and Borders of India.

Road links & official crossing points

Designated Integrated Check Posts (ICP, with both customs and immigration facilities) and Land Customs Stations (LCS) are:[42]

Bus service

Transport between India and Bangladesh bears much historical and political significance for both countries, which possessed no ground transport links for 43 years, starting with the partition of Bengal and India in 1947. After the establishment of Bangladesh following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, bilateral relations improved considerably, but the two governments moved slowly on implementing a 1980 agreement on improving transport links.[44]

The Kolkata–Dhaka Bus started in 1999.[45] In 2001, another bus service was launched to connect Dhaka with Agartala, the capital of the Indian state of Tripura, the second-largest city of Northeast India that borders Bangladesh in the east. In 2015 June direct bus service from Kolkata to Agartala via, Petrapole, Dhaka, Akhoura began. The service is operated by West Bengal surface transport corporation.

India–Bangladesh rail links

Before partition India and Bangladesh had multiple rail links. In the 21st century, the countries are only connected by rail links on the Western Bangladeshi border, although there are plans to rebuild some of the other rail links. 2 scheduled passenger trains run between Kolkata and Bangladesh as the Maitree Express and the Bandhan Express. One train Mitali Express runs between and of North Bengal.

Barrier

Out of total length of International Border with Bangladesh 4096.7km (2,545.6miles), Government of India has completely fenced 3180km (1,980miles) by 2024 and the remaining 916km (569miles) is covered by physical and non-physical barriers as it is not feasible to fence the entire border due to densely forested rugged mountains, riverine and marshy areas. India has similar fence on borders with Pakistan and Myanmar.[46]

The approved length of the fence along Indo-Bangladesh Border was 3326.14km (2,066.77miles) in 2018, sections of which were progressively constructed, i.e. by November 2007,[47] by October 2009,[48] by March 2011,[49] by February 2018, by July 2019, by August 2021,[50] [51] [52] and 3180km (1,980miles) by 2024.[46]

Border protection force

Border Security Force (BSF) is India's border guarding organisation on its border with Pakistan and Bangladesh.[53] [54] Border Guards Bangladesh (BGB), formerly known as the Bangladesh Rifles (BDR), is a paramilitary force responsible for the security of Bangladesh's long border with India and Myanmar.[55] [56] [57] [58]

Border ceremonies

Benapole–Petrapole border ceremony at the India-Bangladesh border crossing site is a beating retreat flag ceremony jointly held by the military of both nations every day at 6 pm, which is open to the public as tourist attractions.[59] [60] No special permit or ticket is needed. India has similar border ceremonies with other nations.

Border markets

India-Bangladesh borer has numerous border haats or markets held one day each week.[61] [62] [63] [64] [65] It is not only a market for locals and tourists for buying daily commodities but also a reunion spot for families living on both sides of the international border.[66] [67]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Border Management: Dilemma of Guarding the India–Bangladesh Border. . January 2004.
  2. Book: Read. Anthony. Fisher. David. 1998. The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence. New York. W. W. Norton & Company. 9780393045949. 482.
  3. Web site: The Partition of Bengal & Assam . 29 October 2024 .
  4. Web site: Mustafa . FF Ghulam . Battles of Belonia Bulge and "Durdharsha Dosh" (the daring ten) . 2024-04-30 . The Daily Observer.
  5. Web site: Mustafa . FF Ghulam . 2017-12-16 . Battles of Belonia Bulge . 2024-04-30 . The Daily Star . en.
  6. Web site: 18 February 2018 . Indian paramilitary forces, Bangladesh Rifles exchange fire over river islet . 30 April 2024 . . en.
  7. Web site: 18 February 2018 . Indian paramilitary forces, Bangladesh Rifles exchange fire over river islet . 30 April 2024 . . en.
  8. Maniruzzaman . Talukder . 1976 . Bangladesh in 1975: The Fall of the Mujib Regime and Its Aftermath . Asian Survey . en . . 16 . 2 . 119–129 . 10.2307/2643140 . 2643140 . 15 September 2024.
  9. News: Bhaumik . Subir . 25 August 1999 . Border commanders declare truce . BBC News.
  10. Web site: 18 February 2018 . Indian paramilitary forces, Bangladesh Rifles exchange fire over river islet . 30 April 2024 . . en.
  11. News: 3 December 1979 . India and Bangladesh Trade Fire in Border Dispute . 30 April 2024 . . en-US . 0362-4331.
  12. Web site: 17 December 2019 . December 17, 1979, Forty Years Ago: Indo-Bangla Talks . 30 April 2024 . . en.
  13. Web site: 17 December 2019 . December 17, 1979, Forty Years Ago: Indo-Bangla Talks . 30 April 2024 . . en.
  14. Web site: 16 December 2019 . December 9, 1979, Forty Years Ago: Indo-Bangla talks . 30 April 2024 . . en.
  15. News: Bhaumik . Subir . 25 August 1999 . Border commanders declare truce . BBC News.
  16. News: 24 August 1999 . India-Bangladesh clash 'over' . 15 September 2024 . . en . At least six civilians and one border guard have been wounded in the exchanges of automatic weapons fire. The border between India's Tripura state and the Feni region of south-eastern Bangladesh is marked by the river Muhuri. "The Indian side stopped firing at 1310 (0710GMT) and we also ceased shooting," said Colonel Shawkat Hossain of the BDR ... In 1985, heavy mortars were used in one of the more intensive clashes..
  17. News: 19 January 2014 . Survey at Muhurichar . 15 September 2024 . . en . In 1964, security forces of India and erstwhile East Pakistan, now Bangladesh, first exchanged fire over Muhurichar after it surfaced following erosion in the river Muhuri. The last skirmish that lasted for three days was in 1999.
  18. News: Sujit Chakraborty . 25 August 1999 . Indo-Bangla cross-fire stops, both parties agree to maintain status quo . Rediff.
  19. News: 23 December 2020 . Delhi's Muhuri river demarcation proposal unacceptable . 15 September 2024 . . en . Border forces of both the countries are also reported to have exchanged gunfire in at least eight incidents in 1979–1999 in Muhurir Char. India has a history of not resolving prickly issues with Bangladesh,.
  20. News: Tusha Mittal . 15 October 2011 . Blood on the Border . Tehelka . 30 April 2019 . 28 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200928063038/http://old.tehelka.com/blood-on-the-border/ . dead .
  21. News: India's shoot-to-kill policy on the Bangladesh border . London . The Guardian . Brad . Adams . 23 January 2011.
  22. Web site: India: New Killings, Torture at Bangladeshi Border . 24 July 2011 . Human Rights Watch . 17 November 2016.
  23. Web site: BSF jawan killed in ambush near Bangladesh border . DNA . 6 August 2010 . 17 November 2016.
  24. News: India-Bangladesh 'security' fence . Channel 4 News . 24 July 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090725083858/http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/politics/international_politics/indiabangladesh+apossecurityapos+fence/3281357 . 25 July 2009.
  25. Web site: India/Bangladesh: Indiscriminate Killings, Abuse by Border Officers . 9 December 2010 . . 21 January 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110123104243/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/12/06/indiabangladesh-indiscriminate-killings-abuse-border-officers . 23 January 2011 . live.
  26. http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-35156020080824 India says 59 killed over last six months on Bangladesh border
  27. News: BSF abducts 5 children from border. 24 July 2010. The Daily Star. 24 July 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100726180826/http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=148029. 26 July 2010 . live.
  28. Web site: 15 Years Innocent Bangladeshi Girl Felani Killed by Aggressive Indian Border Security Force (BSF). 17 November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20140108042121/http://blog.akmnahid.com/countries/bangladesh/bsf-killed-innocent-bangladeshi-girl-117.html. 8 January 2014. dead.
  29. Web site: BSF jawan killed in firing by Bangla border guards; BGB says action in 'self defence'.
  30. https://www.bhaskar.com/db-original/news/drug-addicts-cough-syrup-is-in-high-demand-girls-take-it-by-hiding-in-clothes-130318277.html गाय ही नहीं, ड्रग्स भी जा रहीं बांग्लादेश: नशा देने वाले खांसी सिरप की हाई डिमांड
  31. "The Constitution (119th Amendment) Bill, 2013" PRS India. Retrieved 10 May 2015.http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-constitution-119th-amendment-bill-2013-3049/
  32. News: India–Bangladesh sign pact on border demarcation . https://web.archive.org/web/20120622024224/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indiabangladesh-sign-pact-on-border-demarcation/181937-3.html . dead . 22 June 2012 . Sougata Mukhopadhyay . CNN-IBN . 7 September 2011 . 20 September 2011.
  33. Web site: Parliament passes historic land accord bill to redraw border with Bangladesh . The Times of India . 7 May 2015 . 7 May 2015.
  34. Web site: Manoj Anand . Bangladesh land swap deal: AGP calls bandh, says PM Modi betrayed people . The Asian Age . 8 May 2015 . 8 May 2015.
  35. Web site: Shubhajit Roy . Everything you need to know: Land swap in offing with Bangladesh to end disputes . The Indian Express . 2 December 2014 . 2 December 2014.
  36. Web site: Meghalaya groups flay land-swap deal . https://web.archive.org/web/20150507093650/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150507/jsp/frontpage/story_18745.jsp. dead. 7 May 2015. The Telegraph . Calcutta . 6 May 2015 . 6 May 2014.
  37. News: Stateless misery on India–Bangladesh border . BBC News . 5 September 2011.
  38. https://web.archive.org/web/20140221124357/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jC3MBSdkuCv8RMTee88OerJ2sFAQ?docId=CNG.d83256110765c85aab9e890617af6914.1c1 "Bangladesh, India to swap 162 land parcels"
  39. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/ChanakyaCode/pca-ruling-on-the-chinese-claims-of-sovereignty-in-south-china-sea/ PCA Ruling on the Chinese claims of sovereignty in South China Sea
  40. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/0324/Global-warming-as-peacemaker-Disputed-island-disappears-under-rising-sea. Global warming as peacemaker? Disputed island disappears under rising sea.
  41. Book: Bonnett, Alastair, 1964-. Off the map : lost spaces, invisible cities, forgotten islands, feral places, and what they tell us about the world. 2014. 978-1-78131-257-5. London. 868380030.
  42. Web site: Expansion of North East India's Trade and Investment with Bangladesh and Myanmar . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140521051759/http://www.mdoner.gov.in/sites/default/files/silo2_content/Look%20East%20Policy/RIS%20Border%20Trade%20Report%20-%20final.pdf . 2014-05-21.
  43. News: India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar, Bangladesh . The Hindu Business Line . 1 October 2017.
  44. News: Bus maps the route to better Indo-Bangla ties . Malhotra . Jyoti . 18 June 1999 . . 21 April 2008.
  45. News: Kolkata–Dhaka Moitree Express flagged off . 14 April 2008 . . 21 April 2008.
  46. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/1643-km-indo-myanmar-border-to-be-fenced-a-patrol-track-to-be-built-amit-shah-101707231177832.html 1643 km Indo-Myanmar border to be fenced, a patrol track to be built: Amit Shah
  47. Web site: 2007-11-27 . Fencing and Flood Lighting of Borders . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220408002341/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=54877&lsno=14 . 2022-04-08 . 2022-04-08 . loksabhaph.nic.in.
  48. News: Indo-Bangla border fencing to be completed by March 2010. 6 August 2012. Zee News. 9 October 2009.
  49. News: 17 March 2011 . Bangla border fence deadline extended . The Assam Tribune . dead . 6 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120318021212/https://assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar1711/at09 . 18 March 2012.
  50. Web site: 2018-02-07 . Status of Fencing work along Indo-Bangladesh Border . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220408010649/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1519501 . 2022-04-08 . 2022-04-08 . pib.gov.in.
  51. Web site: 2019-07-23 . Over Rs. 1100 crore spent on Border Fencing on Indo-Bangladesh Border . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210503052238/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1579970 . 2021-05-03 . 2022-04-08 . pib.gov.in.
  52. Web site: 2021-08-03 . Border Fencing . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220408011056/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1741906 . 2022-04-08 . 2022-04-08 . pib.gov.in.
  53. Web site: Government of India . 2 September 1968 . The Border Security Force Act, 1968 No. 47 of 1968 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141017063459/http://bsf.nic.in/doc/bsfActRules.pdf . 17 October 2014 . 8 September 2014 . Ministry of Law (Legislative Department) . 1–2 . en, hi . dmy.
  54. Web site: Role of the BSF . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140908224637/http://bsf.nic.in/en/introduction1.html . 8 September 2014 . 8 September 2014 . Border Security Force, Ministry of Home Affairs, India . dmy-all.
  55. http://bgb.gov.bd/ Bangladesh
  56. News: Maj Gen Shafeenul new DG of BGB . The Daily Star . 24 March 2018.
  57. News: Bangladesh Rifles to get new name . BBC News . 1 March 2010 . 26 April 2010.
  58. Book: Schendel, Willem van . The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia . 2005-01-01 . Anthem Press . 9781843311454 . 73 . en.
  59. https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/indo-pak-border-839044-2016-10-10 5 crossing points in India: All you need to know
  60. https://changing-guard.com/changing-guard-worldwide/wagah-india.html Beating Retreat Wagah India
  61. News: Bangladesh, Mizoram plan to set up 4 border 'haats' . The Financial Express . 24 April 2022.
  62. Web site: Mode of Operation (MoO) of Border Haats Across the border between Bangladesh and India . Ministry of Commerce . https://web.archive.org/web/20210227114708/https://mincom.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/mincom.portal.gov.bd/page/973880a5_4749_4345_9687_529c657681a2/3.Mode%20of%20Operations(MoO)%20of%20Border%20Haats%20between%20Bangladesh%20and%20India%20(2017).pdf . 27 February 2021.
  63. News: Hasina, Modi to open border haat in Kasba . banglanews24.com . en . 2017-08-07.
  64. News: http://www.bbc.com/bengali/news/2015/01/150113_rh_border_haat . bn:ফেনীতে তৃতীয় বর্ডার হাট চালু হচ্ছে আজ . BBC Bangla . bn . 2017-08-07.
  65. News: https://www.prothomalo.com/business/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F . bn:ছাগলনাইয়ায় আজ উদ্বোধন হচ্ছে তৃতীয় সীমান্ত হাট . Prothom Alo . 12 January 2015 . bn . 2017-08-07.
  66. News: http://www.anandabazar.com/bangladesh-news/more-retail-market-is-being-established-along-indo-bangladesh-border-bng-dgtl-1.606855 . bn:চোরাচালান রুখতে ভারত-বাংলাদেশ সীমান্তে আরও বর্ডার-হাট . Basu . Amit . Anandabazar Patrika . 2017-08-07 . bn.
  67. News: http://www.dhakatimes24.com/2017/03/10/23473/সীমান্ত-হাট-দুই-দেশের-মানুষের-হৃদয়েরও-সেতু . bn:সীমান্ত হাট: দুই দেশের মানুষের হৃদয়েরও সেতু . Dhaka Times 24 . bn . 2017-08-07.

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