Ian Holm Explained

Sir Ian Holm Cuthbert (12 September 1931 – 19 June 2020) was an English actor. After graduating from RADA (Royal Academy of Dramatic Art) and beginning his career on the British stage as a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, he became a successful and prolific performer on television and in film. He received numerous accolades including two BAFTA Awards and a Tony Award, along with a nomination for an Academy Award. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1998 for services to drama.^{[1] [2]}

Holm won the 1967 Tony Award for Best Featured Actor for his performance as Lenny in the Harold Pinter play The Homecoming. He won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor for his performance in the title role in the 1998 West End production of King Lear. For his television roles he received two Primetime Emmy Awards for King Lear, and the HBO film The Last of the Blonde Bombshells (2003).

He gained acclaim for his role in The Bofors Gun (1968) winning the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, and won a second BAFTA Award for his role as athletics trainer Sam Mussabini in Chariots of Fire (1981). Other notable films he appeared in include Alien (1979), Brazil (1985), Dreamchild (1985), Henry V (1989), Naked Lunch (1991), The Madness of King George (1994), The Fifth Element (1997), The Sweet Hereafter (1997), and The Aviator (2004). He played Napoleon in three different films. He gained wider appreciation for his role as the elderly Bilbo Baggins in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit trilogies. Holm's appearance was used posthumously via CGI in the 2024 film .

Early life and education

Ian Holm Cuthbert was born on 12 September 1931 in Goodmayes, Essex, to Scottish parents, James Cuthbert and his wife Jean (née Holm). His father was a psychiatrist who worked as the superintendent of the West Ham Corporation Mental Hospital and was one of the pioneers of electric shock therapy; his mother was a nurse.^{[3] [4] [5] [6]} He had an older brother, who died when Ian was 12 years old.^[7] Holm was educated at the independent Chigwell School in Essex.^{[8] [7]} His parents retired to Mortehoe in Devon and then to Worthing, where he joined an amateur dramatic society.^[9]

A chance encounter with Henry Baynton, a well-known provincial Shakespearean actor, helped Holm train for admission to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, where he secured a place from 1950.^[8] His studies were interrupted a year later when he was called up for National Service in the British Army, during which he was posted to Klagenfurt, Austria, and attained the rank of Lance Corporal. They were interrupted a second time when he volunteered to go on an acting tour of the United States in 1952. Holm graduated from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1953.^[8]

He made his stage debut in 1954, at Stratford-upon-Avon, playing a spear carrier in a staging of Othello.^[10] Two years later, he made his London stage debut in Love Affair.^[10]

Career

Holm was an established actor in the Royal Shakespeare Company before he gained notice in television and film. He began in 1954 with minor roles, progressing to Puck in A Midsummer Night's Dream and the fool in King Lear. In 1965, he played Richard III in the BBC serialisation of The Wars of The Roses, based on the RSC production of the plays. He gained acclaim for his role in the 1968 film The Bofors Gun, winning the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role.^[11] In 1969, he appeared in Moonlight on the Highway.^[12] He took on minor roles in films such as Oh! What a Lovely War (1969),^[13] Nicholas and Alexandra (1971),^[14] Mary, Queen of Scots (1972)^[15] and Young Winston (1972).^[16]

In 1967 Holm won a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play as Lenny in The Homecoming by Harold Pinter. Holm appeared in the 1977 television mini-series Jesus of Nazareth as the Sadducee Zerah, and as the villain in March or Die. The following year he played J. M. Barrie in the award-winning BBC mini-series The Lost Boys,^[17] In 1981, he played Frodo Baggins in the BBC radio adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings.^[18]

Holm's first film role to gain much notice was that of Ash, the "calm, technocratic" science officer – later revealed to be an android – in Ridley Scott's science-fiction film Alien (1979). His portrayal of the running coach Sam Mussabini in Chariots of Fire (1981) earned him a special award at the Cannes Film Festival, a BAFTA award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, and an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.^[19] In the 1980s, Holm played in Time Bandits (1981), (1984) and Brazil (1985). He played Lewis Carroll, the author of Alice in Wonderland, in Dreamchild (1985).^{[20] [21]}

In 1989, Holm was nominated for a BAFTA award for the television series Game, Set and Match.^[22] Based on the novels by Len Deighton, this tells the story of an intelligence officer (Holm) who finds a security leak at the heart of his network.^[23] He continued to perform Shakespeare in films. He appeared with Kenneth Branagh in Henry V (1989)^[24] and as Polonius to Mel Gibson's Hamlet (1990).^[25] Holm was reunited with Branagh in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1994), playing the father of Branagh's Victor Frankenstein.^[26]

Holm raised his profile in 1997 with two prominent roles, as the priest Vito Cornelius in Luc Besson's sci-fi The Fifth Element and the lawyer Mitchell Stephens in The Sweet Hereafter. In 2001 he starred in From Hell as the physician Sir William Withey Gull.^[1] The same year, he followed up his radio role as Frodo by appearing as Frodo's older cousin Bilbo Baggins in the blockbuster film . This brought him wider fame, somewhat overshadowing the rest of his acting career.^[1] He returned for (2003), for which he shared a SAG award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. He later reprised his role as the elderly Bilbo Baggins in the films and .^[27] Martin Freeman portrayed the young Bilbo in those films.^[28]

Holm was nominated for an Emmy Award twice, for a PBS broadcast of a National Theatre production of King Lear, in 1999; and for a supporting role in the HBO film The Last of the Blonde Bombshells opposite Judi Dench, in 2001.^[29] He voiced Chef Skinner in the Pixar animated film Ratatouille (2007). He appeared in two David Cronenberg films: Naked Lunch (1991) and eXistenZ (1999).^[30] His acting was admired by Harold Pinter: the playwright once said: "He puts on my shoe, and it fits!"^[31] Holm played Lenny in both the London and New York City premieres of Pinter's The Homecoming; the BBC wrote that he "electrified audiences" in the play.^[32] He played Napoleon Bonaparte three times: in the television mini-series Napoleon and Love (1974), Terry Gilliam's Time Bandits (1981), and The Emperor's New Clothes.^[17] Holm received royal recognition for his contributions: he was made CBE in 1989 and knighted in 1998.^[8]

Personal life

Holm was married four times:^[33] to Lynn Mary Shaw in 1955 (divorced 1965); to Sophie Baker in 1982 (divorced 1986); to the actress Penelope Wilton, in Wiltshire, in 1991 (divorced 2002); and to the artist Sophie de Stempel in 2003. He had five children.^{[8] [34]}

Holm and Wilton appeared together in the BBC miniseries The Borrowers (1993). His last wife, Sophie de Stempel, was a protégée and a life model of Lucian Freud,^[35] as well as an artist in her own right.^[36]

He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1989 by Queen Elizabeth II.^{[37] [38]}

Holm was treated for prostate cancer in 2001.^[33] He was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2007.^{[39] [40] [41]}

Death

Holm died in hospital in London on 19 June 2020 at the age of 88.^[42] According to Alex Irwin, Holm's agent, his death was related to Parkinson's disease. His remains are interred on the western side of Highgate Cemetery.^[43]

Posthumous image use

With the consent of his heirs, the role of android Rook was generated from Holm's archive data and computer-generated imagery for the 2024 film , the identical model to Ash, the most controversial character of the first Alien film, he played in 1979.^{[44] [45]}

Filmography

Film

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1968	The Bofors Gun	Flynn
	The Fixer	Grubeshov		[46]
	A Midsummer Night's Dream	Puck		[47]
1969	Oh! What a Lovely War	Raymond Poincaré
1970	A Severed Head	Martin Lynch-Gibbon
1971	Nicholas and Alexandra	Vasily Yakovlev
	Mary, Queen of Scots	David Rizzio
1972	Young Winston	George E. Buckle
1973	The Homecoming	Lenny
1974	Juggernaut	Nicholas Porter
1976	Robin and Marian	King John
	Shout at the Devil	Mohammed
1977	March or Die	El Krim		[48]
1979	Alien	Ash
	S.O.S. Titanic	J. Bruce Ismay
1981	Chariots of Fire	Sam Mussabini
	Time Bandits	Napoleon
1982	The Return of the Soldier	Doctor Anderson
	Inside the Third Reich	Joseph Goebbels		[49]
1984	Laughterhouse	Ben Singleton
	Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes	Capitain Philippe D'Arnot
	Terror in the Aisles	Ash		[50]
1985	Dreamchild	Charles L. Dodgson
	Wetherby	Stanley Pilborough
	Brazil	Mr Kurtzmann
	Dance with a Stranger	Desmond Cussen
	Mr and Mrs Edgehill	Eustace Edgehill		[51]
1988	Another Woman	Ken Post
1989	Henry V	Fluellen
1990	Hamlet	Polonius
1991	Naked Lunch	Tom Frost		[52]
	Kafka	Doctor Murnau
1992	Blue Ice	Sir Hector
1993	The Hour of the Pig	Albertus		[53]
1994	Mary Shelley's Frankenstein	Baron Alphonse Frankenstein
	The Madness of King George	Dr. Francis Willis
1996	Big Night	Pascal
	Loch Ness	Water Bailiff
1997	Night Falls on Manhattan	Liam Casey
	The Sweet Hereafter	Mitchell Stephens
	The Fifth Element	Father Vito Cornelius
	A Life Less Ordinary	Naville
	Incognito	John	Uncredited cameo	[54]
1998	Alice through the Looking Glass	White Knight
	King Lear	Lear		[55]
1999	Shergar	Joseph Maguire
	eXistenZ	Kiri Vinokur
	Simon Magus	Sirius/Boris/The Devil
	Wisconsin Death Trip	Frank Cooper (voice)		[56]
	The Match	Big Tam
2000	Joe Gould's Secret	Joe Gould		[57]
	The Miracle Maker	Pontius Pilate (voice)
	The Last of the Blonde Bombshells	Patrick
	Esther Kahn	Nathan Quellen
	Beautiful Joe	George The Geek
	Bless the Child	Reverend Grissom
2001	From Hell	Sir William Gull
	The Emperor's New Clothes	Napoleon / Eugene Lenormand		[58]
		Bilbo Baggins
2003
2004	The Day After Tomorrow	Professor Terry Rapson
	Garden State	Gideon Largeman
	The Aviator	Professor Fitz
2005	Strangers with Candy	Dr. Putney
	Chromophobia	Edward Aylesbury
	Lord of War	Simeon Weisz
2006	Renaissance	Jonas Muller (voice)		[59]
	O Jerusalem	Ben Gurion
	The Treatment	Dr. Ernesto Morales
2007	Ratatouille	Chef Skinner (voice)
2012		Older Bilbo Baggins
2014			Final film role

Television

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1972–74	BBC Play of the Month	Khrushchov/Oedipus	2 episodes	[60] [61]
1974	Napoleon and Love	Napoleon I	9 episodes	[62]
1974–75	The Lives of Benjamin Franklin	Wedderburn	3 episodes	[63]
1975	Private Affairs	David Garrick	Episode: Mr Garrick and Mrs Woffington	[64]
1977	The Man in the Iron Mask	Duval	Television film
	Jesus of Nazareth	Zerah	Parts 1 & 2
	Jubilee	Bill Ramsey	Episode: Ramsey	[65]
1978	Do You Remember?	Walter Street	Episode: Night School	[66]
	The Lost Boys	J. M. Barrie	3 episodes	[67]
	Holocaust	Heinrich Himmler	2 episodes
	Les Misérables	Thénardier	Television film
	The Thief of Baghdad	The Gatekeeper		[68]
1979	All Quiet on the Western Front	Himmelstoss
	S.O.S. Titanic	Bruce Ismay		[69]
1980	We, the Accused	Paul Pressett	Miniseries; 5 episodes
	The Misanthrope	Alceste	Television film	[70]
1981–2008	Horizon	Narrator	Television documentary	[71] [72]
1982	The Bell	Michael Meade	Television drama	[73]
	Play for Today	Alexie	Television play (episode: Soft Targets)	[74]
	Tales of the Unexpected	Alan Corwin	Television play (episode: Death Can Add)	[75]
1985	Television	Narrator	Television documentary series	[76]
1986	Murder by the Book	Hercule Poirot	Television film	[77]
1988	Game, Set and Match	Bernard Samson	13 episodes	[78]
1989	The Tailor of Gloucester	The Tailor	Television film	[79]
	The Endless Game	Control	2 episodes	[80]
1991	Uncle Vanya	Astrov	BBC TV	[81]
1992	The Borrowers	Pod Clock	6 episodes
1993	The Return of the Borrowers
1999	Animal Farm	Squealer (voice)	Television film	[82]
2003	Monsters We Met	Narrator	Television documentary	[83]
2004	The Last Dragon		Television film	[84]
2005	The Adventures of Errol Flynn		Television documentary	[85]
2009			2 episodes	[86] [87]
2020	Scary Stories Around the Fire	Teller (voice)	2 episodes; podcast

Theatre

Year	Title	Role	Venue
1954–	Shakespeare plays	multiple roles	Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon
1959	A Midsummer Night's Dream		Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon	[88]
	King Lear	The Fool	Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon
1962	Troilus and Cressida	Troilus	Aldwych Theatre, London
1965	Henry V	Henry V	Aldwych Theatre, London
1966	Twelfth Night		Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon
1967	Romeo and Juliet	Romeo	Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon
	The Homecoming	Lenny	Music Box Theatre, Broadway
1997	King Lear	Lear	Cottesloe Theatre, London

Honours and accolades

See main article: List of awards and nominations received by Ian Holm.

• 1989: Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1989 Birthday Honours.
• 1998: Knight Bachelor in the 1998 Birthday Honours for services to drama.

Bibliography

• Book: Holm, Ian . Jacobi, Steven . Acting my Life . London . Bantam Press . 2004 . 978-0-593-05214-3 . none.

External links

• • • • • Obituary: Ian Holm by BBC News. Published 19 June 2020.
• Sir Ian Holm obituary by The Guardian. Authors – Michael Billington and Ryan Gilbey. Published 19 June 2020.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Ian Holm obituary: an actor of many facets . 7 February 2021 . BFI . 21 June 2020 . 14 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210214061357/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/features/ian-holm-obituary-actor-many-facets . live .
2. News: 19 June 2020 . Sir Ian Holm: Lord of the Rings and Alien star dies aged 88 . BBC News . 7 February 2021 . 22 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210222040343/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-53110391 . live .
3. Web site: Ian Holm . https://web.archive.org/web/20071218062744/http://www.channel4.com/film/reviews/person.jsp?id=12990 . dead . 18 December 2007 . Channel 4 Film . 2008 . 22 January 2009.
4. Web site: Ian Holm – Family and Companions . https://web.archive.org/web/20060114084205/http://au.movies.yahoo.com/Ian+Holm/biography/122636/family/ . dead . 14 January 2006 . Yahoo! Movies . 2008 . 22 January 2009.
5. Web site: Excerpts from Loch Ness Presskit (1995) . https://web.archive.org/web/20040702142255/http://www.aboutjamesfrain.com/pr28.html . dead . 2 July 2004 . aboutjamesfrain . 18 April 2004 . 27 January 2009.
6. News: Sweet . Matthew . Film: Napoleon Complex . The Independent . 16 January 2004 . 8, 9.
7. Alan Strachan (2020) "Ian Holm: Versatile actor whose measured, gritty performances took him from Shakespeare to Hollywood" The Independent. Published 19 June 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
8. Michael Billington & Ryan Gilbey (2020) "Sir Ian Holm obituary" The Guardian. Published 20 June 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
9. Book: 2004 . Ian Holm with Steven Jacobi . 978-0-593-05214-3 . Acting My Life – Ian Holm . Bantam Books.
10. Mel Gussow (2020) "Ian Holm, Malleable Actor Who Played Lear and a Hobbit, Dies at 88" The New York Times. Published 19 June 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
11. Web site: Film in 1969: BAFTA Awards . awards.bafta.org . 21 June 2020 . 22 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210122045155/http://awards.bafta.org/award/1969/film . live .
12. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622074902/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6bcc4ce7 "Moonlight on the Highway (1969)"
13. https://web.archive.org/web/20160309073043/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b1e5daa "Oh! What a Lovely War (1969)"
14. https://web.archive.org/web/20160809085458/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b170907 "Nicholas and Alexandra (1971)"
15. https://web.archive.org/web/20170724025345/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b014217 "Mary, Queen of Scots (1972)"
16. https://web.archive.org/web/20170621155716/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6bb7319a "Young Winston (1972)"
17. Mike Barnes (2020) "Ian Holm, Oscar-Nominated Actor in 'Chariots of Fire,' Dies at 88" The Hollywood Reporter. Published 19 June 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
18. Web site: Review: The BBC Lord of the Rings Dramatization re-released by BBC AudioBooks America . www.tolkienlibrary.com . 24 December 2012 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111755/http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/850-Lord-of-the-Rings-BBC-Dramatization.php . live .
19. Web site: Actor Ian Holm, Who Played King Lear To Bilbo Baggins, Has Died . Anastasia . Tsioulcas . . June 19, 2020 . November 8, 2024.
20. https://web.archive.org/web/20160729213643/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b70e9350c "Dreamchild (1985)"
21. Roger Ebert (1986) "Dreamchild" film review . rogerebert.com. Published 10 January 1986. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
22. Web site: Television in 1989: BAFTA Awards . awards.bafta.org . 21 June 2020 . 2 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102941/http://awards.bafta.org/award/1989/television . live .
23. News: O'Connor . John . 13 Hours' Worth of British Spying on the 'Mystery' Series . . 23 March 1989 . 6 February 2024 . 6 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240206101233/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/23/arts/review-television-13-hours-worth-of-british-spying-on-the-mystery-series.html . live .
24. Web site: Henry V . BFI . 6 February 2024 . 339343 . 3 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240203224428/https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150333405 . live .
25. Web site: Hamlet . BFI . 348471 . 6 February 2024 . 6 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240206161623/https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150342735 . live .
26. https://web.archive.org/web/20160505234311/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7c457939 "Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1994)"
27. News: Obituary: Ian Holm . 19 June 2020 . . 19 June 2020 . 19 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200619182212/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13960349 . live .
28. Rodrigo Perez (2012) "Review: ‘The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey’ Rallies From A Goofy Opening To Become Another Thrilling, If Familiar, Action-Adventure Epic" IndieWire. Published 4 December 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
29. Web site: Ian Holm . 20 June 2020 . Television Academy . 22 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200622025314/https://www.emmys.com/bios/ian-holm . live .
30. Peter Bradshaw (2020) "Ian Holm: a virtuoso actor of steel, sinew – and charm" The Guardian. Published 19 June 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
31. Brantley, Ben. THEATER REVIEW; Talk About a Reality Show. A Pinter Classic Is It . The New York Times 21 July 2001.
32. https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-13960349 "Obituary: Ian Holm"
33. Book: Holm, Ian . Jacobi, Steven . Acting my Life . 220, 224, 313ff . London . Bantam Press . 2004 . 978-0-593-05214-3.
34. News: Telegraph Obituaries . 19 June 2020 . Sir Ian Holm, gifted actor whose many films included Alien and The Lord of the Rings – obituary . The Telegraph . 19 June 2020 . 0307-1235 . 20 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200620112745/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2020/06/19/sir-ian-holm-gifted-actor-whose-many-films-included-alien-lord/ . live .
35. News: Portrait of the actor and his fourth wife . The Daily Telegraph . 7 February 2004 . 14 July 2008 . London . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20040630191135/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fopinion%2F2004%2F02%2F07%2Fdp0701.xml . 30 June 2004.
36. Web site: Sophie De Stempel . . 26 January 2024 . 26 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240126201732/https://www.royaldrawingschool.org/artists/drawing-year-alumni/sophie-de-stempel/ . live .
37. Web site: Ian Holm obituary: an actor of many facets . 7 February 2021 . BFI . 21 June 2020 . 14 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210214061357/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/features/ian-holm-obituary-actor-many-facets . live .
38. News: 19 June 2020 . Sir Ian Holm: Lord of the Rings and Alien star dies aged 88 . BBC News . 7 February 2021 . 22 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210222040343/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-53110391 . live .
39. Web site: Dagan . Carmel . 19 June 2020 . Ian Holm, Shakespearean Actor Who Played Bilbo Baggins, Dies at 88 . 19 June 2020 . Variety . 19 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200619143304/https://variety.com/2020/film/global/ian-holm-dead-bilbo-baggins-lord-of-the-rings-1234642549/ . live .
40. News: 19 June 2020 . Lord of the Rings star Sir Ian Holm dies aged 88 . 19 June 2020 . . 19 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200619124429/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-53110391 . live .
41. Web site: 27 May 2019 . True Crime Stories: Baroness de Stempel (and family) . 19 June 2020 . The Steeple Times . 12 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200612092158/https://www.thesteepletimes.com/movers-shakers/true-crime-stories-baroness-de-stempel-and-family/ . dead.
42. News: Pulver, Andrew . 19 June 2020 . Ian Holm, star of Lord of the Rings, Alien and Chariots of Fire, dies aged 88 . The Guardian . 19 June 2020 . 19 June 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200619191759/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/jun/19/ian-holm-dies-alien-chariots-of-fire-bilbo-baggins . live .
43. Web site: Cochran . Jason . Highgate Cemetery: Coffins, Catacombs, and Celebrities in London's Creepy Necropolis . Frommer's . 26 January 2024 . 29 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231129213752/https://www.frommers.com/slideshows/848545-highgate-cemetery-coffins-catacombs-and-celebrities-in-london-s-creepy-necropolis . live .
44. Holub . Christian . 18 August 2024 . How Alien: Romulus resurrected that character from the original film . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240816225347/https://ew.com/how-alien-romulus-resurrected-ian-holm-8695189 . 16 August 2024 . 18 August 2024 . Entertainment Weekly.
45. Web site: 23 August 2024 . How Did 'Alien: Romulus' Create Its Most Controversial Character? . The Hollywood Reporter.
46. Web site: Filmography for Ian Holm . Turner Classic Movies . 19 June 2020 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200622030639/http://www.tcm.turner.com/tcmdb/person/88215%7C72230/Ian-Holm/filmography.html . 22 June 2020.
47. Web site: A Midsummer Night's Dream . BFI . 6 February 2024 . 37815 . 23 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231023113203/https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150028931 . live .
48. Web site: March or Die . BFI . 6 February 2024 . 6 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230406035525/http://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150043544 . live .
49. Web site: Inside the Third Reich . BFI . 6 February 2024 . 202353 . 7 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240207011803/https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150193755 . live .
50. Book: Lambie, Ryan . The Geek's Guide to SF Cinema . Robinson . 4 June 2019 . 978-1-4721-3985-6 . London . 1027484713 . 119.
51. Web site: Mr & Mrs Edgehill . BFI . 6 February 2024 . 291882 . 6 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240206181646/https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150293829 . live .
52. Web site: The Naked Lunch . BFI . 6 February 2024 . 356072 . 22 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230422135844/http://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150344026 . live .
53. Web site: The Hour of the Pig . BFI . 6 February 2024 . 394541 . 7 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240207011802/https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150390116 . live .
54. Web site: Elley. Derek. 17 November 1997. Incognito. 20 June 2020. Variety. 20 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201020151233/https://variety.com/1997/film/reviews/incognito-2-1200451859/. live.
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56. Web site: Wisconsin Death Trip . BFI . 6 February 2024 . 552009 . 7 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240207013307/https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150544992 . live .
57. Web site: Joe Gould's Secret . BFI . 6 February 2024 . 529107 . 7 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240207011800/https://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150521317 . live .
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