Horseshoe Canyon Formation Explained

The Horseshoe Canyon Formation is a stratigraphic unit of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin in southwestern Alberta.^{[2] [3]} It takes its name from Horseshoe Canyon, an area of badlands near Drumheller.

The Horseshoe Canyon Formation is part of the Edmonton Group. In its type section (Red Deer River Valley at Drumheller), it is ~250m (820feet) thick, but further west the formation is older and thicker, exceeding 500m (1,600feet) near Calgary.^[4] It is of Late Cretaceous age, Campanian to early Maastrichtian stage (Edmontonian Land-Mammal Age), and is composed of mudstone, sandstone, carbonaceous shales, and coal seams. A variety of depositional environments are represented in the succession, including floodplains, estuarine channels, and coal swamps, which have yielded a diversity of fossil material. Tidally-influenced estuarine point bar deposits are easily recognizable as Inclined Heterolithic Stratification (IHS). Brackish-water trace fossil assemblages occur within these bar deposits and demonstrate periodic incursion of marine waters into the estuaries.

The Horseshoe Canyon Formation crops out extensively in the area around Drumheller, as well as farther north along the Red Deer River near Trochu and along the North Saskatchewan River in Edmonton. It is overlain by the Battle and Scollard formations. The Drumheller Coal Zone, located in the lower part of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, was mined for sub-bituminous coal in the Drumheller area from 1911 to 1979, and the Atlas Coal Mine in Drumheller has been preserved as a National Historic Site.^[5] In more recent times, the Horseshoe Canyon Formation has become a major target for coalbed methane (CBM) production.

Dinosaurs found in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation include Albertavenator, Albertosaurus, Anchiceratops, Anodontosaurus, Arrhinoceratops, Atrociraptor, Epichirostenotes, Edmontonia, Edmontosaurus, Hypacrosaurus, Ornithomimus, Pachyrhinosaurus, Parksosaurus, Saurolophus, and Struthiomimus. Other finds have included mammals such as Didelphodon coyi, non-dinosaur reptiles, amphibians, fish, marine and terrestrial invertebrates and plant fossils. Reptiles such as turtles and crocodilians are rare in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, and this was thought to reflect the relatively cool climate which prevailed at the time. A study by Quinney et al. (2013) however, showed that the decline in turtle diversity, which was previously attributed to climate, coincided instead with changes in soil drainage conditions, and was limited by aridity, landscape instability, and migratory barriers.^[6]

Oil/gas production

The Drumheller Coal Zone has been a primary coalbed methane target for industry. In the area between Bashaw and Rockyford, the Coal Zone lies at relatively shallow depths (about 300 metres) and is about 70 to 120 metres thick. It contains 10 to 20 metres of cumulative coal, in up to 20 or more individual thin seams interbedded with sandstone and shale, which combine to make an attractive multi-completion CBM drilling target. In total, it is estimated there are 14 trillion cubic metres (500 tcf) of gas in place in all the coal in Alberta.

Biostratigraphy

The timeline below follows work by David A. Eberth and Sandra L. Kamo published in 2019.^[7]
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bar:eratop from: -72.1 till: -67.2 color:mesozoic text:Maastrichtian from: -73.2 till: -72.1 color:cretaceous text:Campanian

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bar:era from: -72.1 till: -67.2 color:mesozoic text:Maastrichtian from: -73.2 till: -72.1 color:cretaceous text:Campanian

Dinosaurs

Ornithischians

Ankylosaurs

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Ankylosaurs reported from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation
Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Anodontosaurus	A. lambei	Horsethief, Morrin, and lowest Tolman	[Five] skulls, mandibles, cervical vertebra, caudal vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, sacrocaudal vertebrae, sacrum, illium, ischium, partial pelvis, coossified ribs, femur, ?manual phalanx, tail clubs, numerous cervical half-rings and osteoderms.	An ankylosaurine ankylosaurid also known from the middle Dinosaur Park Formation and closely related to Ankylosaurus.[8]
Edmontonia[9]	E. longiceps	Upper Horsethief	A skull with mandible, dorsal vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, cervical ribs, dorsal ribs, humerus, radius, ulna, radius, ilia, ischia, both pubes (?), femur, tibia, fibula and osteoderms.	A panoplosaurin nodosaurid also known from the lower Dinosaur Park Formation and closely related Denversaurus.[10]
Euoplocephalus	E. tutus			Walter Coombs (1971) synonymised Anodontosaurus lambei with E. tutus. However, recent studies suggest that Anodontosaurus is distinct enough from Euoplocephalus to be placed in its own genus and species.[11] [12] Furthermore, all Horseshoe Canyon Formation ankylosaurine specimens were suggested to be reassigned to Anodontosaurus.[13]

Hadrosaurs

Hadrosaurs reported from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Edmontosaurus	E. regalis		Horsethief; likely present in Drumheller.
Hypacrosaurus	H. altispinus		Morrin and Tolman.	"[Five to ten] articulated skulls, some associated with postcrania, isolated skull elements, isolated postcranial elements, many individuals, embryo to adult."[14]
Saurolophus	S. osborni		Upper Morrin and Tolman.	"Complete skull and skeleton, [two] complete skulls."

Marginocephalians

Ceratopsians

Ceratopsians reported from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation
Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Anchiceratops[15]	A. ornatus	Horsethief, Morrin, and Tolman; may have been present in Drumheller[16]	[Two] nearly complete skulls and [seven] partial skulls.	A chasmosaurine ceratopsid contemporaneous and closely related to Arrhinoceratops.
Arrhinoceratops[17]	A. brachyops	Horsethief	A nearly complete skull.	A chasmosaurine ceratopsid restricted to the holotype specimen as Farke (2007) assigned the referred specimen ROM 1439 to Torosaurus.[18]
Eotriceratops[19]	E. xerinsularis	Carbon	Premaxillae, maxillae, rostral, supraorbital horncore with lacrimal, prefrontal, frontal, postorbital, jugal, epijugal, quadratojugal, quadrate, partial parietal, squamosal frill, braincase, syncervical, cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, ribs and fragments of ossified ligaments.	A large chasmosaurine ceratopsid that may represent a senior synonym of Ojoceratops from the Ojo Alamo Formation.[20]
Montanoceratops[21]	M. cerorhynchus	Upper Tolman	An isolated braincase.[22]	A leptoceratopsid ceratopsian also known from the St. Mary River Formation.
Pachyrhinosaurus[23]	P. canadensis	Drumheller and Horsethief	[Two] partial skulls.	A centrosaurine ceratopsid also known from the St. Mary River Formation.

Pachycephalosaurs

Thescelosaurs

Theropods

Maniraptorans

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Maniraptors reported from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation
Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Albertavenator[26]	A. curriei	Horsethief	[Two] frontals.	A troodontid theropod that adds to the diversity of North American troodontids.
Albertonykus[27]	A. borealis	Upper Tolman	Ulna, tibiae, metatarsals, manual ungual, pedal phalanxes and unidentified pedal phalanges.	An mononykin alvarezsaurid specialized for digging insect nests.
Apatoraptor [28]	A. pennatus	Horsethief	A palatine, mandibles, ceratobranchials, axis, cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, pectoral girdles, sternal plate, forelimb, ilium, femur, tibia and fibula.	A caenagnathid oviraptorosaur recovered as sister taxon to Elmisaurus .
Atrociraptor[29]	A. marshalli	Lower Horsethief	Premaxillae, maxilla, dentaries, teeth and numerous bone fragments.	A dromaeosaurid; teeth indicate it may have been present across all members.
Epichirostenotes	E. curriei[30]	Horsethief, Morrin, and Tolman	A maxilla, probable palatine, partial braincase, cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, synsacrum, an anterior and a posterior cervical rib, a mid-dorsal rib, fragments of ilia, ischium, both pubes, partial tibia, and unidentifiable bones.	A caenagnathid oviraptorosaur known from material previously assigned to Chirostenotes.

Ornithomimids

Ornithomimids reported from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Dromiceiomimus	D. brevitertius			Several specimens. type specimen	An ornithomimid
Ornithomimus	O. currelli				Junior synonym of O. edmontonicus
	O. edmontonicus		Drumheller, Horsethief, Morrin, and Tolman	Several specimens, type specimen	An ornithomimid
Struthiomimus	S. altus		Drumheller, Horsethief, and Morrin		An ornithomimid

Tyrannosaurs

Tyrannosaurids reported from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Albertosaurus	A. arctunguis				Junior synonym of A. sarcophagus
	A. sarcophagus		Horsethief, Morrin, and Tolman; likely present in Drumheller and Carbon.	Several skeletons and partial skeletons, type specimen	A tyrannosaurid which was the most common large carnivore in the area.[31] [32]
Daspletosaurus	D. sp.				Suggested from the skeleton of an immature tyrannosaurid (CMN 11315), thorough analysis of this specimen supports a referral to A. sarcophagus.[33] An isolated maxilla and teeth from an Edmontosaurus bonebed were also mistakenly referred to Daspletosaurus, however all the tyrannosaurid material in the bonebed was confirmed to belong to A. sarcophagus.[34]

Other animals

Other reptiles

Reptiles reported from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Stangerochampsa[36]	S. mccabei			"a skull, partial lower jaws, and partial postcranial skeleton"	An alligatoroid
Champsosaurus[37]	C. albertensis			"partial skeleton with partial skull"	a choristodere
Leurospondylus[38]	L. ultimus			"a partial skeleton"	a plesiosaur of uncertain classification
Basilemys[39]	B. morrinensis			"nearly complete shell"	a nanhsiungchelyid turtle

Fish

Fish reported from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Boreiosturion[40]	B. labyrinthicus	Edmonton.		Partial skull.	A sturgeon.
Horseshoeichthys[41]	H. armaserratus				An ellimmichthyiform

See also

• List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations

References

Bibliography

• Makovicky, P. J., 2001, A Montanoceratops cerorhynchus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) braincase from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, pp. 243–262.
• Varricchio, D. J. 2001. Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Theropoda) dinosaurs from Montana. pp. 42–57 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Indianapolis, Indiana.
• Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. .

Notes and References

1. Eberth . David A. . Kamo . Sandra L. . October 2020 . High-precision U–Pb CA–ID–TIMS dating and chronostratigraphy of the dinosaur-rich Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Campanian–Maastrichtian), Red Deer River valley, Alberta, Canada . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences . 57 . 10 . 1220–1237 . 10.1139/cjes-2019-0019 . 2020CaJES..57.1220E . 0008-4077.
2. Web site: Bedrock Geology of Alberta. Alberta Geological Survey, Map 600. Prior, G. J., Hathaway, B., Glombick, P.M., Pana, D.I., Banks, C.J., Hay, D.C., Schneider, C.L., Grobe, M., Elgr, R., and Weiss, J.A.. 2013. 2013-08-13. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130705151548/http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/publications/abstracts/MAP_600.html. 2013-07-05.
3. Web site: The Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Chapter 24: Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary strata of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Mossop, G.D. and Shetsen, I., (compilers), Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. 1994. 2013-08-01. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130721174353/http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/publications/wcsb_atlas/a_ch24/ch_24.html. 2013-07-21.
4. Eberth . David A. . Braman . Dennis R. . September 2012 . A revised stratigraphy and depositional history for the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Alberta plains . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences . 49 . 9 . 1053–1086 . 10.1139/e2012-035 . 2012CaJES..49.1053E . 0008-4077.
5. Web site: Mine History . Atlas Coal Mine National Historic Site . 9 June 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100823212059/http://www.atlascoalmine.ab.ca/history.html . 23 August 2010 .
6. Quinney . Annie . Therrien . François . Zelenitsky . Darla K. . Eberth . David A. . 2013 . Palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic reconstruction of the Upper Cretaceous (late Campanian–early Maastrichtian) Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 371 . 26–44 . 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.12.009 . 2013PPP...371...26Q .
7. High-precision U-Pb CA-ID-TIMS dating and chronostratigraphy of the dinosaur-rich Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Campanian–Maastrichtian), Red Deer River valley, Alberta, Canada . Eberth . David A. . Kamo . Sandra . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences . 2019 . 57 . 10 . 1220–1237 . 10.1139/cjes-2019-0019. 2020CaJES..57.1220E . 210299227 .
8. Paul Penkalski (2018). Revised systematics of the armoured dinosaur Euoplocephalus and its allies. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 287(3): 261-306. doi: https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2018/0717
9. Sternberg . C.M. . 1928 . A new armored dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta . Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada . Series 3 . 22 . 93–106 .
10. Russell . L.S. . 1940 . Edmontonia rugosidens (Gilmore), an armored dinosaur from the Belly River Series of Alberta . University of Toronto Studies, Geology Series . 43 . 3–28 .
11. Penkalski . P. . 10.4202/app.2012.0125 . A new ankylosaurid from the late Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana, USA . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica . 2013 . free .
12. Penkalski . P. . Blows . W. T. . 10.1139/cjes-2012-0098 . Scolosaurus cutleri (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences . 171–182 . 2013 . 50. 2 . 2013CaJES..50..171P .
13. Arbour . Victoria . 2010 . A Cretaceous armoury: Multiple ankylosaurid taxa in the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada and Montana, USA . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 30 . Supplement 2 . 55A . 10.1080/02724634.2010.10411819.
14. "Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 441.
15. Brown . B . 1914 . Anchiceratops, a new genus of horned dinosaurs from the Edmonton Cretaceous of Alberta. With a discussion of the origin of the ceratopsian crest and the brain casts of Anchiceratops and Trachodon". . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . 33 . 539–548 .
16. Mallon . Jordan C. . Holmes . Robert . Eberth . David A. . Ryan . Michael J. . Anderson . Jason S. . 2012 . Variation in the skull of Anchiceratops (Dinosauria, Ceratopsidae) from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 31 . 5. 1047–1071 . 10.1080/02724634.2011.601484. 86349131 .
17. Parks, W.A. (1925). "Arrhinoceratops brachyops, a new genus and species of Ceratopsia from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta". University of Toronto Studies, Geology Series 19:1-15
18. Farke, A.A., 2007, "Cranial osteology and phylogenetic relationships of the chasmosaurine ceratopsid Torosaurus latus", pp 235-257 in: K. Carpenter (ed.), Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs, Bloomington, Indiana University Press
19. Wu . X-C. . Brinkman . D.B. . Eberth . D.A. . Braman . D.R. . 2007 . A new ceratopsid dinosaur (Ornithischia) from the uppermost Horseshoe Canyon Formation (upper Maastrichtian), Alberta, Canada . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences . 44 . 9 . 1243–1265 . 10.1139/E07-011. 2007CaJES..44.1243W .
20. Wick . S. L. . Lehman . T. M. . 10.1007/s00114-013-1063-0 . A new ceratopsian dinosaur from the Javelina Formation (Maastrichtian) of West Texas and implications for chasmosaurine phylogeny . Naturwissenschaften . 100. 7. 667–82. 2013 . 23728202. 2013NW....100..667W . 16048008 .
21. Brown . B. . Schlaikjer . E. M. . 1942 . The skeleton of Leptoceratops with the description of a new species . American Museum Novitates . 1169 . 1–15 .
22. P. J. Makovicky. 2001. A Montanoceratops cerorhynchus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) braincase from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta. Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Indiana University Press, Bloomington 243-262
23. Sternberg . C. M. . 1950 . Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis, representing a new family of the Ceratopsia, from southern Alberta . National Museum of Canada Bulletin . 118 . 109–120 .
24. Longrich N. R. . Sankey J. T. . 2010 . Texacephale langstoni, a new genus of pachycephalosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the upper Campanian Aguja Formation, southern Texas, USA . Cretaceous Research . 31 . 2 . 274–284 . 10.1016/j.cretres.2009.12.002. 2010CrRes..31..274L . etal.
25. Carr Thomas D. . Williamson Thomas E. . 2002 . A new genus of highly derived pachycephalosaurian from western North America . 10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0779:angodp]2.0.co;2 . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 22 . 4. 779–801 . 86112901 .
26. Evans, D.C., Cullen, T.M., Larson, D.W., and Rego, A. "A new species of troodontid theropod (Dinosauria: Maniraptora) from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Maastrichtian) of Alberta, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Early Online: 813-826. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0034
27. Longrich . Nicholas R. . Currie, Philip J. . 2009 . Albertonykus borealis, a new alvarezsaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Maastrichtian of Alberta, Canada: Implications for the systematics and ecology of the Alvarezsauridae . Cretaceous Research . 30 . 1 . 239–252. 10.1016/j.cretres.2008.07.005 . 2009CrRes..30..239L .
28. Gregory F. Funston . Philip J. Currie . 2016 . A new caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, Canada, and a reevaluation of the relationships of Caenagnathidae . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 36 . 4 . e1160910 . 10.1080/02724634.2016.1160910 . 2016JVPal..36E0910F . 131090028 .
29. Currie, P. J. and D. J. Varricchio (2004). "A new dromaeosaurid from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada". Pp. 112–132 in P. J. Currie, E. B. Koppelhus, M. A. Shugar and J. L. Wright. (eds.), Feathered Dragons. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. http://lesdinos.free.fr/003%202004.pdf
30. Robert M. Sullivan . Steven E. Jasinski . Mark P.A. Van Tomme . 2011 . A new caenagnathid Ojoraptorsaurus boerei, n. gen., n. sp. (Dinosauria, Oviraptorosauria), from the Upper Ojo Alamo Formation (Naashoibito Member), San Juan Basin, New Mexico . Fossil Record 3. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin . 53 . 418–428.
31. Coulton . Richard L. . The Theropod Dinosaurs of the Edmonton Formation, Alberta, Canada . Rocks & Minerals . 1977 . 52 . 4 . 176–181 . 10.1080/00357529.1977.11761949 . 1977RoMin..52..176C . 21 March 2021.
32. Tanke . Darren H. . Currie . Phillip J. . A history of Albertosaurus discoveries in Alberta, Canada . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences . 7 September 2010 . 47 . 9 . 1197–1211 . 10.1139/e10-057 . 2010CaJES..47.1197T . 21 March 2021.
33. Mallon . J.C. . Bura . J.R. . Currie . P.J. . A Problematic Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Skeleton and Its Implications for Tyrannosaurid Diversity in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta . 2019 . . 303 . 4 . 673–690 . 10.1002/ar.24199. free . 31254458 . 7079176 .
34. Torices . A. . Reichel . M. . Currie . P.J. . Multivariate analysis of isolated tyrannosaurid teeth from the Danek Bonebed, Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada. . 2014 . . 51 . 11 . 1045–1051 . 10.1139/cjes-2014-0072. 2014CaJES..51.1045T .
35. R. C. Fox and B. G. Naylor. 1986. A new species of Didelphodon Marsh (Marsupialia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada: paleobiology and phylogeny. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 172(3):357-380
36. X.-C. Wu, D. B. Brinkman, and A. P. Russell. 1996. A new alligator from the Upper Cretaceous of Canada and the relationships of early eusuchians. Palaeontology 39(2):351-375
37. K. -Q. Gao and R. C. Fox. 1998. New choristoderes (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Upper Cretaceous and Palaeocene, Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada, a phylogenetic relationships of Choristodera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 124:303-353
38. B. Brown. 1913. A new plesiosaur, Leurospondylus, from the Edmonton Cretaceous of Alberta. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 32(40):605-615
39. Mallon . Jordan C. . Brinkman . Donald B. . 2018 . Basilemys morrinensis, a new species of nanhsiungchelyid turtle from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 38. 2 . e1431922. 10.1080/02724634.2018.1431922 . 2018JVPal..38E1922M . free .
40. Murray . Alison M. . Nelson . Luke E. . Brinkman . Donald B. . 2023-08-08 . A new sturgeon from the Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation in central Alberta, Canada . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 43 . en . 10.1080/02724634.2023.2232846 . 0272-4634.
41. A new articulated freshwater fish (Clupeomorpha, Ellimmichthyiformes) from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Maastrichtian, of Alberta, CanadaThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Albertosaurus . 10.1139/E10-041 . 2010 . Newbrey . Michael G. . Murray . Alison M. . Brinkman . Donald B. . Wilson . Mark V. H. . Neuman . Andrew G. . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences . 47 . 9 . 1183–1196 .