| Hinuq | |
| Nativename: | гьинузас мец / |
| Pronunciation: | pronounced as /[hiˈnuzas mɛt͡s]/ |
| States: | North Caucasus |
| Region: | Southern Dagestan |
| Ethnicity: | Hinukh people |
| Speakers: | 635 |
| Date: | 2020 census |
| Ref: | [1] |
| Familycolor: | Caucasian |
| Fam1: | Northeast Caucasian |
| Fam2: | Tsezic |
| Fam3: | Tsez–Hinukh |
| Iso3: | gin |
| Glotto: | hinu1240 |
| Glottorefname: | Hinuq |
| Notice: | IPA |
| Also Known As: | Hinukh, Ginukh |
| Map: | File:Northeast Caucasus languages map en.svg |
| Map2: | Lang Status 60-DE.svg |
The Hinuq language (autonym: гьинузас мец, also known as Hinukh, Hinux, Ginukh, or Ginux) is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Tsezic subgroup. It is spoken by about 200 to 500 people, the Hinukhs, in the Tsuntinsky District of southwestern Dagestan, mainly in the village of (Hinukh: Hino). Hinukh is very closely related to Tsez, but they are not entirely mutually intelligible.
Only half of the children of the village speak the Hinukh language. As Hinukh is unwritten, Avar and Russian are used as literary languages. Hinukh is not considered to have dialects, but due to its linguistic proximity to Tsez, it was once considered a Tsez dialect.
The Hinukh people were already mentioned in the Georgian chronicles of the Early Middle Ages. The language itself was first described in 1916 by Russian ethnographer A. Serzhputovsky.
Hinukh distinguishes 6 vowel qualities pronounced as //a, e, i, o, u, y//, all of which can be either long or short. Two vowels can occur pharyngealized: pronounced as //aˤ// and pronounced as //eˤ//. However, these are only used by the older generation. Today they are usually replaced by pronounced as //i//.
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | /pronounced as /ink// i /pronounced as /ink// ü | /pronounced as /ink// u | ||
| Mid | /pronounced as /ink// e | /pronounced as /ink// o | ||
| Low | /pronounced as /ink// a |
Like many Caucasian languages, Hinuq has a large number of consonants. In addition to voiced and unvoiced consonants, there are also ejectives.
| Labial | Alveolar | (Post)- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | plain | lab. | |||||||||
| Nasal | /pronounced as /ink// m | /pronounced as /ink// n̪ | ||||||||||
| Plosive | voiced | /pronounced as /ink// b | /pronounced as /ink// d | /pronounced as /ink// g | /pronounced as /ink// gʷ | (/pronounced as /ink//) ʡ | ||||||
| voiceless | /pronounced as /ink// p | /pronounced as /ink// t | /pronounced as /ink// k | /pronounced as /ink// kʷ | /pronounced as /ink// q | /pronounced as /ink// qʷ | /pronounced as /ink// ʔ | |||||
| ejective | /pronounced as /ink// pʼ | /pronounced as /ink// tʼ | /pronounced as /ink// kʼ | /pronounced as /ink// kʼʷ | /pronounced as /ink// qʼ | /pronounced as /ink// qʼʷ | ||||||
| Affricate | voiceless | /pronounced as /ink// c | /pronounced as /ink// ƛ | /pronounced as /ink// č | ||||||||
| ejective | /pronounced as /ink// cʼ | /pronounced as /ink// ƛʼ | /pronounced as /ink// čʼ | |||||||||
| Fricative | voiced | /pronounced as /ink// z | /pronounced as /ink// ž | /pronounced as /ink// ʁ | /pronounced as /ink// ʁʷ | /pronounced as /ink// ħ | ||||||
| voiceless | (/pronounced as /ink//) f | /pronounced as /ink// s | /pronounced as /ink// ɬ | /pronounced as /ink// š | /pronounced as /ink// χ | /pronounced as /ink// χʷ | /pronounced as /ink/ | |||||