Hahn series explained

In mathematics, Hahn series (sometimes also known as Hahn–Mal'cev–Neumann series) are a type of formal infinite series. They are a generalization of Puiseux series (themselves a generalization of formal power series) and were first introduced by Hans Hahn in 1907^[1] (and then further generalized by Anatoly Maltsev and Bernhard Neumann to a non-commutative setting). They allow for arbitrary exponents of the indeterminate so long as the set supporting them forms a well-ordered subset of the value group (typically

). Hahn series were first introduced, as groups, in the course of the proof of the Hahn embedding theorem and then studied by him in relation to Hilbert's second problem.

Formulation

The field of Hahn series

K\left[\left[T^{\Gamma\right]\right]}

(in the indeterminate

) over a field

and with value group

\Gamma

(an ordered group) is the set of formal expressions of the form

f=\sum_e\in\Gammac_eT^e

with

c_e\inK

such that the support

\operatorname{supp}f:=\{e\in\Gamma:c_e ≠ 0\}

of f is well-ordered. The sum and product of

f=\sum_e\in\Gammac_eT^e

and

g=\sum_e\in\Gammad_eT^e

are given by

f+g=\sum_e\in\Gamma(c_e+d_e)T^e

and

fg=\sum_e\in\Gamma\sum_e'+e''=ec_e'd_e''T^e

(in the latter, the sum

\sum_e'+e''=e

over values

(e',e'')

such that

c_e' ≠ 0

d_e'' ≠ 0

and

e'+e''=e

is finite because a well-ordered set cannot contain an infinite decreasing sequence).^[2]

For example,

T^-1/p+

	-1/p²
T

	-1/p³
T

+ …

is a Hahn series (over any field) because the set of rationals

\left\{-	1
	p

	1
	p²

	1
	p³

,\ldots\right\}

is well-ordered; it is not a Puiseux series because the denominators in the exponents are unbounded. (And if the base field K has characteristic p, then this Hahn series satisfies the equation

X^p-X=T^-1

so it is algebraic over

K(T)

Properties

Properties of the valued field

The valuation

v(f)

of a non-zero Hahn series

f=\sum_e\in\Gammac_eT^e

is defined as the smallest

e\in\Gamma

such that

c_e ≠ 0

(in other words, the smallest element of the support of

): this makes

K[[T^\Gamma]]

into a spherically complete valued field with value group

\Gamma

and residue field

(justifying a posteriori the terminology). In fact, if

has characteristic zero, then

(K[[T^\Gamma]],v)

is up to (non-unique) isomorphism the only spherically complete valued field with residue field

and value group

\Gamma

.^[3] The valuation

defines a topology on

K\left[\left[T^{\Gamma\right]\right]}

. If

\Gamma\subseteqR

, then

corresponds to an ultrametric absolute value

|f|=\exp(-v(f))

, with respect to which

K\left[\left[T^{\Gamma\right]\right]}

is a complete metric space. However, unlike in the case of formal Laurent series or Puiseux series, the formal sums used in defining the elements of the field do not converge: in the case of

T^-1/p+

	-1/p²
T

	-1/p³
T

+ …

for example, the absolute values of the terms tend to 1 (because their valuations tend to 0), so the series is not convergent (such series are sometimes known as "pseudo-convergent"^[4]).

Algebraic properties

is algebraically closed (but not necessarily of characteristic zero) and

\Gamma

is divisible, then

K\left[\left[T^{\Gamma\right]\right]}

is algebraically closed.^[5] Thus, the algebraic closure of

K((T))

is contained in

\overline{K}[[T^Q]]

, where

\overline{K}

is the algebraic closure of

(when

is of characteristic zero, it is exactly the field of Puiseux series): in fact, it is possible to give a somewhat analogous description of the algebraic closure of

K((T))

in positive characteristic as a subset of

K\left[\left[T^{\Gamma\right]\right]}

.^[6]

is an ordered field then

K\left[\left[T^{\Gamma\right]\right]}

is totally ordered by making the indeterminate

infinitesimal (greater than 0 but less than any positive element of

) or, equivalently, by using the lexicographic order on the coefficients of the series. If

is real-closed and

\Gamma

is divisible then

K\left[\left[T^{\Gamma\right]\right]}

is itself real-closed.^[7] This fact can be used to analyse (or even construct) the field of surreal numbers (which is isomorphic, as an ordered field, to the field of Hahn series with real coefficients and value group the surreal numbers themselves^[8]).

If κ is an infinite regular cardinal, one can consider the subset of

K\left[\left[T^{\Gamma\right]\right]}

consisting of series whose support set

\{e\in\Gamma:c_e ≠ 0\}

has cardinality (strictly) less than κ: it turns out that this is also a field, with much the same algebraic closedness properties as the full

K\left[\left[T^{\Gamma\right]\right]}

: e.g., it is algebraically closed or real closed when

is so and

\Gamma

is divisible.^[9]

Summable families

One can define a notion of summable families in

K\left[\left[T^{\Gamma\right]\right]}

. If

is a set and

(f_i)_i

is a family of Hahn series

f_i\inK\left[\left[T^{\Gamma\right]\right]}

, then we say that

(f_i)_i

is summable if the set

cup\limits_i\operatorname{supp}f_i\subset\Gamma

is well-ordered, and each set

\{i\inI\mide\in\operatorname{supp}f_i\}

for

e\in\Gamma

is finite.

We may then define the sum

\sum\limits_if_i

as the Hahn series

\sum_if_i:=\sum\limits_e\left(\sum_if_i(e)\right)T^e.

(f_i)_i,(g_i)_i

are summable, then so are the families

(f_i+g_i)_i,(f_ig_j)_(i,j)

, and we have^[10]

\sum_if_i+g_i=\sum_if_i+\sum_ig_i

and

\sum_(i,j)f_ig_j=\left(\sum_if_{i\right)\left(\sum}_ig_i\right).

This notion of summable family does not correspond to the notion of convergence in the valuation topology on

K\left[\left[T^{\Gamma\right]\right]}

. For instance, in

Q\left[\left[T^{Q\right]\right]}

, the family

	n
	n+1

+Tⁿ⁺¹)_n

is summable but the sequence

(\sum\limits_k

	k
	k+1

+T^k+1)_n

does not converge.

Evaluating analytic functions

Let

a\inR

and let

l{A}_a

denote the ring of real-valued functions which are analytic on a neighborhood of

contains

, then we can evaluate every element

l{A}_a

at every element of

K\left[\left[T^{\Gamma\right]\right]}

of the form

a+\varepsilon

, where the valuation of

\varepsilon

is strictly positive. Indeed, the family

(	f⁽ⁿ⁾(a)
	n!

	n)
\varepsilon
	n\inN

is always summable,^[11] so we can define

f(a+\varepsilon):=\sum\limits_n

	f⁽ⁿ⁾(a)
	n!

\varepsilonⁿ

. This defines a ring homomorphism

l{A}_a\longrightarrowK\left[\left[T^{\Gamma\right]\right]}

Hahn–Witt series

The construction of Hahn series can be combined with Witt vectors (at least over a perfect field) to form twisted Hahn series or Hahn–Witt series:^[12] for example, over a finite field K of characteristic p (or their algebraic closure), the field of Hahn–Witt series with value group Γ (containing the integers) would be the set of formal sums

\sum_e\in\Gammac_ep^e

where now

c_e

are Teichmüller representatives (of the elements of K) which are multiplied and added in the same way as in the case of ordinary Witt vectors (which is obtained when Γ is the group of integers). When Γ is the group of rationals or reals and K is the algebraic closure of the finite field with p elements, this construction gives a (ultra)metrically complete algebraically closed field containing the p-adics, hence a more or less explicit description of the field

C_p

or its spherical completion.^[13]

Examples

The field

K((T))

of formal Laurent series over

can be described as

K[[T^Z]]

The field of surreal numbers can be regarded as a field of Hahn series with real coefficients and value group the surreal numbers themselves.^[14]
The Levi-Civita field can be regarded as a subfield of

R[[T^Q]]

, with the additional imposition that the coefficients be a left-finite set: the set of coefficients less than a given coefficient

c_q

is finite.

is a directed union of Hahn fields (and is an extension of the Levi-Civita field). The construction of

resembles (but is not literally)

T₀=R

T_n+1=

	T_n
R\left[\left[\varepsilon

\right]\right]

References

(reprinted in:)
- - Book: Alling, Norman L. . Foundations of Analysis over Surreal Number Fields . North-Holland . Mathematics Studies . 141 . 1987 . 0-444-70226-1 . 0621.12001 .

Notes and References

Hahn (1907)
Neumann (1949), Lemmas (3.2) and (3.3)
Kaplansky, Irving, Maximal fields with valuation, Duke Mathematical Journal, vol. 1, n°2, 1942.
Kaplansky (1942, Duke Math. J., definition on p. 303)
MacLane (1939, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., theorem 1 (p. 889))
Kedlaya (2001, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.)
Alling (1987, §6.23, (2) (p. 218))
Alling (1987, theorem of §6.55 (p. 246))
Alling (1987, §6.23, (3) and (4) (pp. 218–219))
Joris van der Hoeven
Neumann
Kedlaya (2001, J. Number Theory)
Poonen (1993)
Alling (1987)

Hahn series explained

Formulation

Properties

Properties of the valued field

Algebraic properties

Summable families

Summable families

Evaluating analytic functions

Hahn–Witt series

Examples

See also

References

Notes and References