Grmoščica Explained

Grmoščica or Grmošćica is a hill on Medvednica mountain in central Croatia, just north of Zagreb. Its highest peak is 239 m.

Etymology

The oldest surviving mention of the hill is in a 1217 document under the name Gremla.^{[2] [3]}

The form Grmoščica is Kajkavian, whereas the form Grmošćica is a correction according to the Croatian standard. It consists of a root inherited from Proto-Slavic grъmъ + -oš + -čica.^[4] A dialectal form Grmovčica is also encountered.^[5] Both spellings continue to be used.^[6]

In other dialects, the word grmoščica is used to refer to the mushroom Armillaria tabescens.^[7]

Biology

Flora

Trees include Salix alba, Salix purpurea,^[8] and others.

The lichen species found on oak bark on the hill are Flavoparmelia caperata and Hypogymnia physodes.^{[9] [10]}

Fauna

Insects include Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata^[11] and the invasive species Dryocosmus kuriphilus, the latter a risk for the spread of Cryphonectria parasitica.^{[12] [13]}

Geoscience

Geology

Grmoščica is home to some of the most active landslides in Zagreb.^[14]

Speleology

See also: List of caves on Zagrebačka gora.

Kustošijanka is a cave with two entrances and 44 m of passageway on the north slope of a valley on the east side of Grmoščica. It is located on the fault line dividing Grmoščica in half from northeast to southwest. Its entrance is at an elevation of 155 m. The caver Darko Višek learned of its existence in conversation with local resident Vlado Krapljan, who was among the visitors who left many names and dates inscribed on the walls of the cave in their childhood. It formed in Upper Pontian layers of marlstone, duststone, and sandstone: "Rhomboidea layers", deposited in brackish conditions.^[15] Thanks to being on a landslide-prone part of the hill,^[16] the entrance became covered at some point after 1993 and could only be passed following digging in 2010.^[17]

Clay pit

An inactive 15.85 ha clay pit remains in situ on the southeast side of the hill.^[18]

Landslides

A large area of the forest on Grmoščica is under private ownership, which has resulted in forest loss, which has led to landslide formation.^[19]

Forest Park

The park is one of the few places in Zagreb where dogs are allowed without a leash.^[20]

Recreation

The arrangement of the Forest Park Grmoščica for recreation has been described as "neglected" by authorities.^{[21] [22]} This began to change following the inclusion of the addition of recreational infrastructure to the park plan.^[23] A series of new downhill bicycle routes were added in 2021,^[24] although the majority of routes had been constructed on private initiative.^[25]

One of the earliest and more successful branches of the, Grmoščica, founded in 1938,^[26] meets on the hill.^{[27] [28]} Within Yugoslavia, they won the male national cup 9 times.^[29]

Further reading

Astronomy

• 1946-08-31 . Nikola . Abakumov . Veza Astronomskog paviljona u Maksimiru sa Zagrebačkom Gorom . 75–80 . Geodetski List . 1849-0611 . 23 . 3.

Toponymy

• 1956-01-01 . Ljudevit . Jonke . Grmoščica, Laščina, Medveščak, Peščenica ili Grmošćica. Lašćina, Medvešćak, Pešćenica? . 30–31 . Jezik: časopis za kulturu hrvatskoga književnog jezika . 1849-174X . 5 . 1.

Cartography

• 1948-06-30 . Nikolaj . Abakumov . Nikola . Čubranić . Bazisna mreža grada Zagreba . 129–135 . Geodetski List . 0016-710X . 25 . 5–6.

Hydrology

• 1998 . Željka . Brkić . Ivan . Čakarun . Osnovna hidrogeološka karta Republike Hrvatske . Zagreb.

Geology

• 1972 . Oto . Basch . Krešimir . Šikić . Antun . Šimunić . etal . Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ . Zagreb.
• 1976-06-15 . Andrija . Bognar . Vilko . Klein . Litostratigrafski profil pleistocenih sedimenata Grmoščice i njegovo značenje u tumačenju geomorfološkog razvoja prigorja Medvednice . 30–51 . Hrvatski geografski glasnik . 1331-5854 . 38 . Lithostratigraphic Profile of Pleistocene Sediments in Brickyard of Grmoscica and its Importance for the Interpretation of the Geomorphologic Development of the Medvednica Foothill Area.
• 2020-07-22 . defended 2020-02-26 . Sara . Radić . Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu . Mineraloške i geokemijske značajke kvartarnih pelitnih sedimenata napuštenog glinokopa Grmoščica (Zagreb) . Zagreb . Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of Quaternary pelitic sediments from Grmoščica (Zagreb) abandoned clay pit.

Geotechnics

• 1977 . Željko . Miklin . V. . Šikić . Osnovna inženjerskogeološka karta Republike Hrvatske 1:100.000 . Zagreb.
• Book: Ortolan, Želimir . 2008 . etal . Geotehničke okolnosti - rubni uvjet održivog razvitka "Podsljemenske urbanizirane zone" . 273–284 . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317368611 . Zbornik radova konferencije Razvitak Zagreba . 978-953-95428-5-4.
• 2011-10-21 . Zlatko . Mihalinec . Građevinski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu . Monitoring klizišta u urbanim sredinama . Zagreb . Monitoring of Landslides in Urban Environments.
• 2013-07-10 . Mario . Bačić . Meho Saša . Kovačević . Zlatko . Mihalinec . Identifikacija rizika pri monitoringu klizišta . 523–536 . Građevinar . 1333-9095 . 65 . 6 . Risk identification in landslide monitoring.
• 2013-11-15 . Željko . Sokolić . Klizišta – mogućnosti smanjenja šteta . 49–56 . Politehnika I Dizajn . 2459-6302 . 1. 1 . 10.19279/TVZ.PD.2013-1-1-07 .
• Book: Mihalić, Arbanas . 2013 . etal . Upravljanje kriznim situacijama uslijed pokretanja klizišta . 151–164 . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262934418 . Hrvatska platforma za smanjenje rizika od katastrofa: Zbornik radova . 1847-7070.
• Book: Podolszki, Laszlo . 2014 . etal . Overview of historical landslide inventories of the Podsljeme Area in the City of Zagreb . 57–62 . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271908712 . Landslide and Flood Hazard Assessment: Proceedings of the 1st Regional Symposium on Landslides in the Adriatic-Balkan Region . Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering of the University of Zagreb . 978-953-6923-26-7.

Paleontology

• Book: Sokač, Ana . 1972 . Panonska i Pontska Fauna Ostrakoda Medvednice . Palaeontologia Jugoslavica . 0552-9352 . 11 . Pannonian and Pontian Ostracode Fauna of Mt. Medvednica.

Biology

Botany

• 2015 . Katharina . Seifter . Karl-Franzens-Universität . Vorarbeiten zu einem Katalog der Flechten Kroatiens . Graz.

Forestry

• 1997 . Slavko . Matić . Branimir . Prpić . Program njege, obnove i održavanja, te ekološke i socijalne funkcije park-šuma na području grada Zagreba . 225–242 . Šumarski list . 0373-1332 . 121 . 5–6.
• Book: 2010 . Igor . Anić . Milan . Oršanić . Morfološka i šumskouzgojna obilježja park-šuma grada Zagreba . 135–146 . Park-šume grada Zagreba . Akademija Šumarskih Znanosti . 978-953-98571-4-9.
• 2020-12-01 . Stjepan . Posavec . etal . Strateški ciljevi gospodarenja urbanim šumama grada Zagreba . 37–47 . Nova mehanizacija šumarstva: Časopis za teoriju i praksu šumarskoga inženjerstva . 1845-8815 . 41 . 10.5552/nms.2020.5 . Strategic goals for urban forest management in the city of Zagreb.
• 2022-10-28 . defended 2022-09-30 . Zvonimir . Mihetec . Agronomski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu . Obilježja i uloge park-šuma Grada Zagreba . Zagreb . Characteristics and functions of the park-forests of the city of Zagreb.

History

• Book: 2007 . Jasenka . Ferber Bogdan . Andreja . Der-Hazarijan Vukić . Darija . Alujević . Uspomene na Rudu Valdeca i prvih deset godina Umjetničke škole . 15–119 . Sjećanja na prve generacije Umjetničke akademije u Zagrebu . Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, Arhiv za likovne umjetnosti . 978-953-154-795-6 .
• 2018-09-05 . Sandra . Debanić . Intermedijsko mapiranje sjećanja: pukotine i klizišta . Akademija primijenjenih umjetnosti . Rijeka.

Recreation

• 2011-09-22 . Iva . Petković . Arhitektonski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu . Urbani vrtovi-urbanističko-arhitektonsko rješenje rekreacijskog parka na lokaciji Grmoščica u Zagrebu . Zagreb.
• 2015-07-13 . Ines . Mravunac . Arhitektonski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu . Gradski park Grmoščica u Zagrebu . Zagreb.
• 2020-12-15 . Martina . Kičić . Ana Marija . Marin . Dijana . Vuletić . Ivana . Kaliger . Ninoslav . Matošević . Sergej . Šimpraga . Silvija . Krajter Ostoić . Who Are the Visitors of Forest Park Grmoščica and What Are Their Needs? Results of Quantitative Exploratory Survey . 169–180 . South-east European Forestry . 1849-0891 . 11 . 2. 10.15177/seefor.20-19 .
• 2021-10-25 . defended 2021-09-23 . Marko . Marušić . Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu . Razvoj glavnih biciklističkih ruta u gradu Zagrebu . Zagreb . Development of the main bicycle routes in the City of Zagreb.
• 2022-11-25 . Martina . Kičić . Fakultet šumarstva i drvne tehnologije Sveučilišta u Zagrebu . Kvantitativna procjena i kartiranje percepcije kulturoloških usluga i negativnosti zelene infrastrukture grada Zagreba . Zagreb . Quantitative assessment and mapping of perception of cultural ecosystem services and disservices of urban green infrastructure in the city of Zagreb.
• 2023-07-20 . Ivan . Braje . Antonio . Milde . Measurement and Analysis of the Air Interface of 4G and 5G Mobile Networks on ICT Green Routes for Recreation in Zagreb . 85–94 . Politehnika I Dizajn . 2459-6302 . 11 . 2. 10.19279/TVZ.PD.2023-11-2-12 .
• 2023-09-28 . defended 2023-09-26 . Ivan . Stošić . Agronomski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu . Mogućnost povezivanja park šume Grmoščica i Jarunskog jezera revitalizacijom trase potoka Kustošak . The possibility of connecting the Grmoščica park forest and Lake Jarun through the revitalization of the Kustošak stream route.

Notes and References

1. 1954–2010 . Državna geodetska uprava . Hrvatska osnovna kartau mjerilu 1:5000 .
2. Book: Smičiklas, Tadija . 1905 . Andrija kralj ugarski i hrvatski potvrdjuje na prošnju prepozita zagrebačkoga Ciriaka sve darovnice učinjene toli od kraljeva koli od inih darovatelja crkvi zagrebačkoj . 150–157 . https://archive.org/details/codex-diplomaticus-vi-1908./Codex%20Diplomaticus%20III%201905/page/n150 . Diplomatički zbornik Kraljevine Hrvatske, Dalmacije i Slavonije . 3.
3. 2011-12-29 . 2010 . Branimir . Brgles . Toponimija na području Susedgradskog vlastelinstva u srednjovjekovnim i ranonovovjekovnim izvorima . 9–36 . Folia onomastica Croatica . 1848-7858 . 19 . Toponymy of the Susedgrad manor in historical sources.
4. 1956-01-01 . Ljudevit . Jonke . Grmoščica, Laščina, Medveščak, Peščenica ili Grmošćica. Lašćina, Medvešćak, Pešćenica? . 30–31 . Jezik: časopis za kulturu hrvatskoga književnog jezika . 1849-174X . 5 . 1.
5. 1902-10-28 . Ljudevit . Ivančan . Crkva Svih Svetih u Stenjevcu . 187–191 . Journal of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb . 0350-7165 . 6.
6. 1994-10-01 . Stjepan . Babić . Primjedbe na primjedbe o Hrvatskome pravopisu . 18–21 . Jezik: časopis za kulturu hrvatskoga književnog jezika . 1849-174X. 42 . 1.
7. 2021-11-08 . 2021-05-19 . Ivana . Džalto . Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Rijeci . Fitonimija u Parčićevu Rječniku hrvatsko-talijanskome iz 1901. godine . Rijeka . Phytonymy in Rječnik hrvatsko-talijanski (1901) written by Dragutin Antun Parčić.
8. 2021-11-23 . 2021-10-15 . Dominik . Grudiček . Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu . Vrbe (Salix spp.) u zbirkama Herbarium Croaticum i Herbarij Ive i Marije Horvat . Zagreb.
9. 1928 . Fran . Kušan . Predradnje za floru lišajeva Hrvatske . 1–40 . Acta Botanica Croatica . 0365-0588 . 3.
10. 2015 . Katharina . Seifter . Karl-Franzens-Universität . Vorarbeiten zu einem Katalog der Flechten Kroatiens . Graz.
11. 2012-12-13 . Toni . Koren . Dina . Hlavati . Ivana . Rojko . Mladen . Zadravec . First checklist of ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of Croatia along with new faunistical records . Acta Entomologica Serbica . 2406-1581 . 17 . 1–2.
12. 2010-10-31 . Boris . Hrašovec . Dinka . Matošević . Milan . Pernek . Prvi nalaz kestenove ose šiškarice (Drycosmus kuriphilus) u Hrvatskoj . 497–502 . Šumarski list . 1846-9140 . 134 . 9–10 . First Record of Oriental Chestnut Gall Wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus) in Croatia.
13. 2012-11-15 . Ivan . Lukić . Mogućnost jačanje zaraze rakom kore pitomoga kestena zbog pojave kestenove ose šiškarice u Hrvatskoj . 159–165 . Radovi . 1849-0875 . 44 . 2 . Potential increase in chestnut blight infection due to the appearance of oriental chestnut gall wasp in Croatia.
14. 2016-04-11 . Boris . Guberina . Pavle . Kalinić . Critical Infrastructures Protection in the City Region of Zagreb . 135–152 . National Security and the Future . 1846-1425 . 17 . 1–2.
15. Web site: 2010-05-05 . Marijana . Jelić . Špilja Kustošijanka . DDISKF.
16. Book: 2012 . Pavle . Ferić . Martin . Krkač . Snježana . Mihalić . Visual mapping of landslides from LiDAR imagery, Zagreb, Croatia . 130–133 . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259708123 . Monitoring and analyses for disaster mitigation of landslides, debris flow and floods . University of Rijeka . 978-953-6953-30-1.
17. Web site: 2010-05-05 . Darko . Višek . Kako sam došao do Kustošijanke ili Kustošija ima špilju . DDISKF.
18. 2024-03-18 . defended 2024-02-22 . Bartul . Marunić . Rudarsko-geološko-naftni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu . Sanacija napuštenih površinskih kopova . Reclmation of abandoned surface mines.
19. 2016 . Davorin . Kapec . Privatne šume Grada Zagreba nekad i danas . Hrvatska revija . 1334-2037 . 1.
20. 2018-07-09 . defended 2018-07-03 . Karla . Skuliber . Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu . Korištenje javnih površina i prostorne prakse šetača pasa: primjer zagrebačke Trešnjevke . Zagreb.
21. 2021-12-12 . Anđela . Balić . Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu . Održivi oblici prometa i javne zelene površine kao element urbane održivosti na primjeru grada Zagreba . Zagreb . Sustainable forms of transport and public green spaces as an element of urban sustainability on the example of the city of Zagreb.
22. Web site: 2021-04-30 . Clive . Davies . etal . CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research . Governance, institutional and economic frameworks for Urban Forests as Nature-Based Solutions (UF- NBS) (D1.4) . Zenodo.
23. Book: 2016 . Grad Zagreb . Generalni urbanistički plan Grada Zagreba: izmjene i dopune 2016. (Tekstualni dio plana, knjiga I - odredbe za provođenje) . Zagreb.
24. 2021-10-25 . defended 2021-09-23 . Marko . Marušić . Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu . Razvoj glavnih biciklističkih ruta u gradu Zagrebu . Zagreb . Development of the main bicycle routes in the City of Zagreb.
25. Web site: 2014-06-06 . Vanja . Radovanović . Donosimo prijedloge za pet alternativnih zagrebačkih izleta . Pogledaj.to.
26. Encyclopedia: 2002 . Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža . Grmoščica . https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/grmoscica . Hrvatska enciklopedija . 4 . 953-6036-34-7.
27. 2015-12-11 . published 2015-09-28 . Mirko . Slavica Klarić . Kineziološki fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu . Bowling u sportskoj rekreaciji . Zagreb.
28. 2016-04-19 . defended 2016-01-18 . Ljiljana . Lešić . College of Economics, Entrepreneurship and Managemnet Nikola Šubić Zrinski . Motivacija za ostvarenje rezultata i unapređenje kvalitete rada hrvatskog sporta na primjeru Hrvatskog kuglačkog saveza . Zagreb.
29. Web site: n.d. . Miroslav . Liović . Prvaci Jugoslavije 1947-1991 . Kuglački savez Osječko-baranjske županije.