Glossary of sound laws in the Indo-European languages explained

This glossary gives a general overview of the various sound laws that have been formulated by linguists for the various Indo-European languages. A concise description is given for each rule; more details are given in their respective articles.

Proto-Indo-European or in multiple branches

See main article: Bartholomae's law.

See main article: grc.

See main article: Grassmann's law.

See main article: Osthoff's law.

See main article: Pinault's law.

See main article: ruki sound law.

See main article: Siebs's law.

See main article: Stang's law.

See main article: Szemerényi's law.

See main article: Weise's law.

Armenian

See main article: Adjarian's law.

Balto-Slavic

See main article: Hirt's law.

See main article: Pedersen's law.

See main article: Winter's law.

Slavic

See main article: Dybo's law.

See main article: Havlík's law.

See main article: Ivšić's law.

See main article: Meillet's law.

See main article: Slavic first palatalization.

See main article: Slavic second palatalization.

Germanic

See main article: Germanic spirant law.

See main article: Grimm's law.

See main article: Holtzmann's law.

See main article: Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law.

See main article: Kluge's law.

See main article: Sievers's law.

See main article: Thurneysen's law.

See main article: Verner's law.

Indo-Iranian

See main article: Brugmann's law.

See main article: Fortunatov's law.

Italic

See main article: Lachmann's law.

References

Sources

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• Babik . Zbigniew . The hypothesis of a postpositional compensatory lengthening (so-called van Wijk's law) vs. the relative chronology of Common Slavic phonological developments – in search of inconsistencies . Baltistica . 52 . 2 . 2017 . 2345-0045 . 10.15388/baltistica.52.2.2320. free .
• Book: Beekes, R. S. P. . Robert S. P. Beekes . 1969 . The Development of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Greek . . . Mouton . Janua Linguarum: Studia Memoriae Nicholai van Wijk Dedicata . van Schooneveld . C. H. . 42.
• Book: Beekes, Robert S. P. . Robert S. P. Beekes . de Vaan . Michiel . Michiel de Vaan . Comparative Indo-European Linguistics . John Benjamins Publishing . Amsterdam . 18 October 2011 . 2nd . 978-90-272-8500-3 . 730054595 . .
• Bičovský . Jan . The phonetics of PIE *d I: typological considerations . Linguistica Brunensia . . 69 . 2 . 2021 . 2336-4440 . 10.5817/LB2021-2-1 . 5–21 . free .
• Book: Byrd, Andrew Miles . Andrew Miles Byrd . The Indo-European Syllable . Brill . Leiden, Netherlands . 2015 . 978-90-04-29302-1.
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• Book: Collinge, N. E.. The Laws of Indo-European. 1985. John Benjamins. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. 35 . Amsterdam . 978-90-272-8638-3.
• Dedvukaj. Lindon. Gehringer. Patrick. 10.3765/plsa.v8i1.5508. 2473-8689. 8. 1. 5508. Morphological and phonological origins of Albanian nasals and its parallels with other laws. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America. 2024-09-12. 2023-04-27. free.
• Book: de Vaan, Michiel . Michiel de Vaan . Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages . Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series . 7 . Leiden. 2008 . Brill . 978-90-04-16797-1 . 225873936.
• Eskes. Pascale. University of Leiden. The Kortlandt Effect. Leiden. July 2020. Master's.
• Book: Fortson IV, Benjamin W. . Benjamin W. Fortson IV . . Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction . Wiley-Blackwell . Chichester, United Kingdom . 2010 . 2nd . 978-1-4051-8895-1 . 276406248.
• Garnier. Romain. Hattat. Philippe. Sagot. Benoît . Romain Garnier . What is Old is New again: PIE Secondary Roots with Fossilised Preverbs . . 2019 . . 29 August 2024.
• Garrett . Andrew . Andrew Garrett (linguist) . Adjarian's Law, the Glottalic Theory, and the Position of Armenian . Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society . 24 . 2 . 25 June 1998 . 2377-1666 . 10.3765/bls.v24i2.1250 . free . 12–23.
  • Book: Klein . Jared . Joseph . Brian . Fritz . Matthias . Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics . De Gruyter. Berlin . 11 June 2018 . 978-3-11-054052-9.
    • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Web site: Weise's Law: Depalatalization of Palatovelars before *r in Sanskrit. Kloekhorst . Alwin . Alwin Kloekhorst . 2011. 2008 . Salzburg. Wiesbaden, Germany . Indo-European Studies and Linguistics in Dialog: Acts of the XIIIth Conference of the Society of Indo-European Studies.
• Kölligan . Daniel . 2015 . A Note on Proto-Norse ek and Kuiper's law . International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction . 12 . 2 . 83–87 . Munich . 1614-5291 . 21 August 2024.
• Book: Kortlandt, Frederik . Frederik Kortlandt . 1975 . Slavic Accentuation: A Study in Relative Chronology . . Peter de Ridder Press .
• Kortlandt . Frederik . Frederik Kortlandt . Historical laws of Baltic accentuation . Baltistica . 13 . 2 . 1977 . 2345-0045 . 10.15388/baltistica.13.2.1129. 1887/1854 . free .
• Langendoen . D. Terence . A Restriction on Grassmann's Law in Greek . Language . Linguistic Society of America . 42 . 1 . 1966 . 0097-8507 . 411596 . 7–9 . 10.2307/411596 . subscription . 13 September 2024.
• Book: Lehmann, Winfred P. . Winfred P. Lehmann . A Gothic Etymological Dictionary . Brill . . 1986 . 90-04-08176-3 . .
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• Maras . Daniele Federico . Scientists declare the Fibula Prenestina and its inscription to be genuine "beyond any reasonable doubt" . Etruscan News . Institute for Etruscan and Italic Studies . 2012 . 14 . 1, 20.
• Matasović . Ranko . Ranko Matasović . 29 December 2005 . Toward a relative chronology of the earliest Baltic and Slavic sound changes . Baltistica . 40 . 2 . 1–10 . 10.15388/baltistica.40.2.674 . 2345-0045. free .
• Book: Matasović, Ranko. Brill. 978-90-04-17336-1. Ranko Matasović . Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Leiden. 2009 . Internet Archive.
• Book: Meier-Brügger . Michael . Michael Meier-Brügger . Fritz . Matthias . Mayrhofer . Manfred . Manfred Mayrhofer . Gertmenian . Charles . Indo-European Linguistics . Walter de Gruyter . Berlin . 2003 . 3-11-017433-2.
• Book: Olander . Thomas . The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective . 22 September 2022 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-108-75866-6 . 10.1017/9781108758666.
  • • • • Oliver . Lisi . The Origin of Irish Resonant Geminates and MacNeill's Law . Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium . Department of Celtic Languages & Literatures, Harvard University . 12 . 1992 . 1545-0155 . 20557241 . 93–109 . subscription . 17 July 2024.
• Book: Probert. Philomen . Willi . Andreas. Philomen Probert . Andreas Willi . Clarendon Press. Laws and Rules in Indo-European. subscription . 978-0-19-960992-5 . Oxford. 10 May 2012. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199609925.001.0001 . +
  • • Book: Ringe, Donald . Donald Ringe . A Linguistic History of English . 1 . From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic . Oxford University Press . Oxford . 31 August 2006 . 978-0-19-928413-9 . ocm69241395.
• In Defense of Szemerényi's Law . Sandell . Ryan . Byrd . Andrew Miles . Andrew Miles Byrd . 6 June 2014 . . East Coast Indo-European Conference . registration.
• Book: Sihler, Andrew L. . Andrew Sihler . New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin . Oxford University Press . 1995 . 978-0-19-537336-3 . Internet Archive.
• Book: Skeat, Walter William . Walter William Skeat . An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language . Clarendon Press . Oxford . 1879 . 978-0-19-863104-0 . Hathi Trust.
• Book: Trask, R. L. . Larry Trask . Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics . . 2000 . 10.3366/j.ctvxcrt50 . 978-1-4744-7331-6 . subscription .
• Vaux . Bert . Diebold . Richard . 2002 . Stang's Law and Szemerenyi's Law in nonlinear phonology . Journal of Indo-European Studies . Washington, D.C. . Institute for the Study of Man . Monograph Series . 41 . 317–327 . 24 June 2024 . registration.
• Villanueva Svensson . Miguel .

  lt:Miguel Villanueva Svennson

  . Nieminen's law revisited . Baltistica . 56 . 1 . 5–18 . 2021-11-27 . 2345-0045 . 10.15388/baltistica.56.1.2427. free.

Further reading

• 10.15388/baltistica.54.1.2373. 2345-0045. 54. 1. 29–34. Kortlandt. Frederik . Frederik Kortlandt . Van Wijk's law and questions of relative chronology. Baltistica. 25 August 2024. 2019. free.
• 10.15388/baltistica.51.1.2267. 2345-0045. 51. 1. 19–35. Pronk. Tijmen. Tijmen Pronk. Stang's law in Baltic, Greek and Indo-Iranian. Baltistica. 25 August 2024. 2016.
• Book: The Ancient Languages of Europe . 2008 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-68495-8 . Woodard . Roger D. . 166382267.
• Monosyllabic Circumflexion in Lithuanian – with an investigation of some dialectal forms . Yamazaki . Yoko . 6 March 2012 . . Conference on Indo-European Linguistics.