Communist revolution explained

A communist revolution is a proletarian revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism. Depending on the type of government, the term socialism can be used to indicate an intermediate stage between capitalism and communism and may be the goal of the revolution, especially in Marxist–Leninist views.[1] The idea that a proletarian revolution is needed is a cornerstone of Marxism;[2] Marxists believe that the workers of the world must unite and free themselves from capitalist oppression to create a world run by and for the working class.[3] Thus, in the Marxist view, proletarian revolutions need to happen in countries all over the world.

Theory

Karl Marx saw revolution as a necessity for communism, where the revolution would be based on class struggle led by the organised proletariat to overthrow capitalism and the bourgeoisie, followed by the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat.

Leninism argues[4] [5] that a communist revolution must be led by a vanguard of "professional revolutionaries", men and women who are fully dedicated to the communist cause and who can then form the nucleus of the revolutionary movement.[6] Thus meaning that under Lenin's framework a communist revolution is not necessarily a proletarian revolution.[7] Some Marxists, such as Rosa Luxemburg,[8] [6] disagree with the idea of a vanguard as put forth by Lenin, especially left communists.[9] [10] [11] Another line of criticisms insist that the entire working class—or at least a large part of it—must be deeply involved and equally committed to the socialist or communist cause in order for a proletarian revolution to be successful. To this end, they seek to build massive communist parties with very large memberships.

Communist revolutions and coups throughout history

The following is a list of successful and unsuccessful communist revolutions and coups throughout history. Among the lesser-known revolutions, a number of borderline revolutions have been included which may or may not have been communist revolutions. The nature of unsuccessful revolutions is particularly contentious since one can only speculate as to the kinds of policies that would have been implemented by the revolutionaries had they achieved victory.

Successful

Unsuccessful and ongoing

Table of revolutions

Start dateEnd dateDurationEvent(s)StateRebel groupRevolutionary base areaDeathsResultNotes
Paris Commune[12] Paris7,544 killed overall[13] Revolt suppressed[14]
[15] Jangal Movement Qajar IranJangal revolutionaries[16] [17] Gilan provinceEstablishment of the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic
Easter Rising Irish rebel forces Dublin485 killed[19] [20] [21] Unconditional surrender of rebel forces,[22] execution of most leaders.[23]
October Revolution Bolsheviks
Petrograd Soviet
Left SRs
Red Guards
Anarchists[24] 		PetrogradFew wounded Red Guard soldiers[25] Bolshevik victory
Start of the Russian Civil War[26]
Finnish Civil War[27] Finland38,300 killed[29] Finnish Whites victory
Canadian Labour Revolt CanadaFailure of the revolt
Aster Revolution HungaryRevolutionary victory
German Revolution of 1918–19
Communist revolutionaries:

Soviet Republics:

Various regions of Germany150–196[38]
Red Week Faction of the Social Democratic Workers' Party[39] No revolution
[40] Luxembourg communist revolutionAssorted communists, socialists, and liberalsFrench Army victory
[41] Estonian War of Independence Estonian Worker's Commune[42]

Red Latvian Riflemen		3,988+ killed[43] [44] [45] Treaty of Tartu
[46] Irish soviets[47] [48] Irish sovietsIreland
Hungarian Soviet Republic Hungarian Soviet Republic[49] Hungary6,670 killed[50]
Bender Uprising Red Guards
Tighina150[51] Romanian–French victory
1920 Georgian coup attempt Democratic Republic of Georgia Georgian BolsheviksGeorgiaSeveral killedGovernment Victory[52] [53] [54]
Mongolian Revolution of 1921 Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
Outer Mongolia		 Mongolian People's Party[56] Outer MongoliaMongolian communist victory:[57] [58]
Proština rebellionCivilians led by Ante Ciliga[59] IstriaUnknownGovernment victory:
[60] [61] Labin mining strike and rebellion Labin RepublicIstria5[62] Government victory:
September Uprising BCP
BZNS
Anarchists		841 killed[63] Bulgarian government victory:
[64] Hamburg Uprising Weimar Republic Communist Party of GermanyHamburg99 killedGovernment victory
Tatarbunary Uprising Tatarbunary Revolutionary Committee[65] Tatarbunary3,000 killedRevolt quelled by the Romanian government
[66] 1924 Estonian coup attempt Communist Party of Estonia[67] [68] 151 killedEstonian government victory
[69] [70] Chinese Communist Party Communist-controlled Chinacca. 8 millionCommunist victory:
[72] 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising Republic of El Salvador Communist Party of El Salvador
Pipil rebels		Western El Salvador: 10,000 – 40,000[73] Revolt suppressed, ethnocide of Pipil people[74]
Brazilian communist uprising of 1935 Brazil National Liberation Alliance Natal, Recife, and Rio de Janeiro150+ killedGovernment victory
Spanish Revolution of 1936 CNT-FAI[76] [77] UGTVarious regions of Spainprimarily Madrid, Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia, and parts of Levante, Spain.Suppressed after ten-month period.
[78] Yugoslav People's Liberation War Yugoslav Partisans850,000–1,200,000[79] Yugoslav Partisan–Allied victory:
[80] Hukbalahap Rebellion
 Hukbalahap[81] Central LuzonHuk victory:
[82] National Liberation Movement Albanian Kingdom National Anti-Fascist Liberation Movement[83] AlbaniaEstablishment of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania
1944 Bulgarian coup d'état Fatherland Front Fatherland Front victory:
August Revolution[84] Empire of Vietnam Việt MinhNorthern, Central and Southern VietnamViệt Minh victory:
Korean Revolution Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea

----

----

[88] Hukbalahap Rebellion
 Republic of the Philippines Communist Party of the Philippines[89] Central LuzonNearly 6,000 killedPhilippine government victory:
[90] Telangana Rebellion Hyderabad State Union of India [91] [92] Telangana peasants
Andhra Mahasabha
Communist Party of India		Withdrawal of rebellion:
First Indochina War DR Vietnam


400,000–842,707 total killed
[94]
[95]
[96] 		DR Vietnam-allied victory:[97]
[98] [99] 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Czechoslovak Republic Appointment of a communist-dominated government
[100] [101] Communist insurgency in Burma Shan State3,000+ killedBurmese government victory
Jeju uprising[103] Workers' Party of South KoreaJeju Island30,000–100,000 killed[104] Uprising suppressed
Malayan Emergency Malayan Communist Party British Malaya11,107[105] [106] British-allied victory:
[107] [108] Madiun Affair People's Democratic Front:[109] Madiun1,920+ killed[110] [111] Rebellion suppressed
[112] [113] [114] Cuban Revolution[115] 26th of July Movement[116]
Student Revolutionary Directorate
Second National Front of Escambray		Sierra Maestra3,000[117] 26 July Movement victory:
[118] Vietnam War Viet Cong 1,326,494–3,447,494[119] Communist victory
Laotian Civil War Lao People's Party Xam Neua20,000–62,000 killed[120] Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese victory:
[121] Guatemalan Civil War URNG[122] GuatemalaBetween 140,000 and 200,000 dead and missing (estimated)
[125] [126] [127] 		Peace accord signed in 1996
Angolan War of Independence MPLAProvince of Angola12,990+ killed[128] [129] Angolan victory:[130] [131]
Nicaraguan Revolution FSLN

[132] [133]

North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region30,000+ killedFSLN military victory in 1979:
[134] Communist insurgency in Sarawak North Kalimantan Communist Party
  • North Kalimantan People's Army
Sarawak400–500 killedGovernment victory:
French: [[Trois Glorieuses (1963)|Trois Glorieuses]]Congolese trade unions:[135] Armed Forces of the Republic of the CongoUprising successful:
[136] PresentColombian conflict[137] [138] Colombia with spillovers into Venezuela220,000+ killed[139] [140] [141] Ongoing:
Communist insurgency in Thailand Nakhon Phanom Province6,762+ killed[145] [146] Thai government victory:
Present Communist Party of India (Maoist)Red corridorSince 1997: 13,060–14,552[147] [148] Ongoing
[149] [150] Communist insurgency in Malaysia Malayan Communist Party Malay Peninsula and Sarawak[151] 367Peace Agreement of Hat Yai signed:
Cambodian Civil War Communist Party of Kampuchea Ratanakiri Province275,000–310,000 killedCommunist victory
Present[152] New People's Army rebellion Communist Party of the Philippines[153] Samar43,000+ killed (up to 2008)[154] (63,973+ killed)Ongoing[155]
Corrective Move Marxist faction of the NLFNo deathsCoup successful:[156]
1969 Somali coup d'état Somali Republic Supreme Revolutionary CouncilMogadishuSupreme Revolutionary Council victory:[157]
[158] Teoponte Guerrilla Spanish; Castilian: Guerrilla de Teoponte (Spanish; Castilian: Ejército de Liberación Nacional)Teoponte MunicipalityBolivian government victory
1971 JVP insurrection Dominion of Ceylon JVP
  • State of Augestan
Southern Province and Sabaragamuwa ProvinceOfficial: 1,200
Estimated: 4,000–5,000[159] [160] 		Ceylonese government victory:[161] [162]
1971 Sudanese coup d'état Democratic Republic of SudanRevolutionary Council KhartoumCoup attempt fails:
[163] Araguaia Guerrilla War Federative Republic of Brazil Communist Party of BrazilGoiás and Tocantins90+ killed[164] Military dictatorship victory:
PresentMaoist insurgency in Turkey Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist
  • Liberation Army of the Workers and Peasants of Turkey

MKP-HKO-PHG

Tunceli Province[165] Ongoing
[166] Carnation Revolution Estado Novo Armed Forces Movement5 deaths[167] Coup successful:
1974 Ethiopian coup d'état Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and Territorial Army[168] Coup successful:[169]
[170] 7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal[171]
Biplobi Shainik Sangstha[172] 		Successful coup:
[173] Saur Revolution People's Democratic Party of AfghanistanAfghanistan2,000[174] PDPA victory:
[175] [176] [177] New Jewel Movement New Jewel MovementInstallation of the People's Revolutionary Government
Salvadoran Civil War FMLN[178] 87,795+ killed[179] Chapultepec Peace Accords[180]
[181] [182] Present[183] Internal conflict in Peru Communist Party of Peru–Shining Path[184]
  • People's Guerrilla Army

---- Militarized Communist Party of Peru[185] ---- Red Mantaro Base Committee---- Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement[186]

Ayacucho Region70,000+ killed[187] [188] [189] Ongoing
1982 Amol uprising Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran)Amol County80–300 killedIranian government victory
Upper Voltan coup d'état[190] [191] Left-wing armed forces faction led by Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaoré13 killed[192]
1987–1989 JVP insurrection Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna 60,000–80,000 killed[193] [194] Sri Lankan Government victory:
Nepalese Civil War Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)[195] Rapti Zone17,800 killed overall[196] Comprehensive Peace Accord[197]
2021–2023 Eswatini protests24+[198] [199] Protests suppressed.[200]
[201] [202] PresentMyanmar civil war (2021–present) Myanmar45,264+ killed[206] Ongoing

See also

References

Bibliography

Notes and References

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  174. Book: Ewans, Martin . There was, therefore, little to hinder the assault mounted by the rebel 4th Armored Brigade, led by Major Mohammed Aslam Watanjar, who had also been prominent in Daoud's own coup five years before. Watanjar first secured the airport, where the other coup leader, Colonel Abdul Qadir, left by helicopter for the Bagram air base. There he took charge and organized air strikes on the royal palace, where Daoud and the presidential guard were conducting a desperate defense. Fighting continued the whole day and into the night, when the defenders were finally overwhelmed. Daoud and almost all of his family members, including women and children, died in the fighting. Altogether there were possibly as many as two thousand fatalities, both military and civilian. . 2002 . Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics . . New York . 88 . 0-06-050507-9 . Google Books.
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