Geoffrey Hinton Explained

Birth Name:Geoffrey Everest Hinton
Geoffrey Hinton
Birth Date:1947 12, df=yes
Birth Place:Wimbledon, London, England
Spouse:Joanne

Children:2
Father:H. E. Hinton
Relatives:Colin Clark (uncle)
Doctoral Advisor:Christopher Longuet-Higgins
Thesis Title:Relaxation and its role in vision
Thesis Year:1977
Thesis Url:http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8121

Geoffrey Everest Hinton (born 6 December 1947) is a British-Canadian computer scientist, cognitive scientist, cognitive psychologist, known for his work on artificial neural networks which earned him the title as the "Godfather of AI".

Hinton is University Professor Emeritus at the University of Toronto. From 2013 to 2023, he divided his time working for Google (Google Brain) and the University of Toronto, before publicly announcing his departure from Google in May 2023, citing concerns about the many risks of artificial intelligence (AI) technology.[1] [2] In 2017, he co-founded and became the chief scientific advisor of the Vector Institute in Toronto.[3] [4]

With David Rumelhart and Ronald J. Williams, Hinton was co-author of a highly cited paper published in 1986 that popularised the backpropagation algorithm for training multi-layer neural networks, although they were not the first to propose the approach. Hinton is viewed as a leading figure in the deep learning community. The image-recognition milestone of the AlexNet designed in collaboration with his students Alex Krizhevsky[5] and Ilya Sutskever for the ImageNet challenge 2012[6] was a breakthrough in the field of computer vision.[7]

Hinton received the 2018 Turing Award, often referred to as the "Nobel Prize of Computing", together with Yoshua Bengio and Yann LeCun, for their work on deep learning.[8] They are sometimes referred to as the "Godfathers of Deep Learning",[9] [10] and have continued to give public talks together.[11] [12] He was also awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with John Hopfield.[13] [14]

In May 2023, Hinton announced his resignation from Google to be able to "freely speak out about the risks of A.I." He has voiced concerns about deliberate misuse by malicious actors, technological unemployment, and existential risk from artificial general intelligence.[15] He noted that establishing safety guidelines will require cooperation among those competing in use of AI in order to avoid the worst outcomes.[16] After receiving the Nobel Prize, he called for urgent research into AI safety to figure out how to control AI systems smarter than humans.[17] [18]

Education

Hinton was educated at Clifton College in Bristol[19] and the University of Cambridge as an undergraduate student of King's College, Cambridge. After repeatedly changing his degree between different subjects like natural sciences, history of art, and philosophy, he eventually graduated with a BA degree in experimental psychology in 1970. He continued his study at the University of Edinburgh where he was awarded a PhD in artificial intelligence in 1978 for research supervised by Christopher Longuet-Higgins.[20]

Career and research

After his PhD, Hinton worked at the University of Sussex and at the MRC Applied Psychology Unit, and after difficulty finding funding in Britain, the University of California, San Diego and Carnegie Mellon University. He was the founding director of the Gatsby Charitable Foundation Computational Neuroscience Unit at University College London. He [21] University Professor Emeritus in the computer science department at the University of Toronto, where he has been affiliated since 1987.[22]

Upon arrival in Canada, Geoffrey Hinton was appointed at the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) in 1987 as a Fellow in CIFAR's first research program, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics & Society.[23] In 2004, Hinton and collaborators successfully proposed the launch of a new program at CIFAR, Neural Computation and Adaptive Perception[24] (or NCAP, which today is named Learning in Machines & Brains). Hinton would go on to lead NCAP for ten years.[25] Among the members of the program are Yoshua Bengio and Yann LeCun, with whom Hinton would go on to win the ACM A.M. Turing Award in 2018.[26] All three Turing winners continue to be members of the CIFAR Learning in Machines and Brains program.[27]

Hinton taught a free online course on Neural Networks on the education platform Coursera in 2012.[28] He joined Google in March 2013 when his company, DNNresearch Inc., was acquired, and was at that time planning to "divide his time between his university research and his work at Google".[29]

Hinton's research concerns ways of using neural networks for machine learning, memory, perception, and symbol processing. He has written or co-written more than 200 peer reviewed publications.

While Hinton was a postdoc at UC San Diego, David E. Rumelhart and Hinton and Ronald J. Williams applied the backpropagation algorithm to multi-layer neural networks. Their experiments showed that such networks can learn useful internal representations of data.[30] In a 2018 interview,[31] Hinton said that "David E. Rumelhart came up with the basic idea of backpropagation, so it's his invention". Although this work was important in popularising backpropagation, it was not the first to suggest the approach.[32] Reverse-mode automatic differentiation, of which backpropagation is a special case, was proposed by Seppo Linnainmaa in 1970, and Paul Werbos proposed to use it to train neural networks in 1974.[32]

In 1985, Hinton co-invented Boltzmann machines with David Ackley and Terry Sejnowski.[33] His other contributions to neural network research include distributed representations, time delay neural network, mixtures of experts, Helmholtz machines and product of experts.[34] An accessible introduction to Geoffrey Hinton's research can be found in his articles in Scientific American in September 1992 and October 1993.[35] In 2007, Hinton coauthored an unsupervised learning paper titled Unsupervised learning of image transformations.[36] In 2008, he developed the visualization method t-SNE with Laurens van der Maaten.[37] [38]

In October and November 2017 respectively, Hinton published two open access research papers on the theme of capsule neural networks,[39] [40] which according to Hinton, are "finally something that works well".[41]

At the 2022 Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) he introduced a new learning algorithm for neural networks that he calls the "Forward-Forward" algorithm. The idea of the new algorithm is to replace the traditional forward-backward passes of backpropagation with two forward passes, one with positive (i.e. real) data and the other with negative data that could be generated solely by the network.[42] [43]

In May 2023, Hinton publicly announced his resignation from Google. He explained his decision by saying that he wanted to "freely speak out about the risks of A.I." and added that a part of him now regrets his life's work.[44]

Notable former PhD students and postdoctoral researchers from his group include Peter Dayan,[45] Sam Roweis, Max Welling, Richard Zemel, Brendan Frey, Radford M. Neal, Yee Whye Teh, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Ilya Sutskever, Yann LeCun,[46] Alex Graves, Zoubin Ghahramani, and Peter Fitzhugh Brown.[47]

Honours and awards

Hinton was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1998.[48] He was the first winner of the Rumelhart Prize in 2001.[49] His certificate of election for the Royal Society reads:

In 2001, Hinton was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Edinburgh.[50] He was the 2005 recipient of the IJCAI Award for Research Excellence lifetime-achievement award.[51] He was awarded the 2011 Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering.[52] In 2012, he received the Canada Council Killam Prize in Engineering. In 2013, Hinton was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Université de Sherbrooke.[53]

In 2016, he was elected a foreign member of National Academy of Engineering "for contributions to the theory and practice of artificial neural networks and their application to speech recognition and computer vision".[54] He received the 2016 IEEE/RSE Wolfson James Clerk Maxwell Award.[55]

He won the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2016) in the Information and Communication Technologies category, "for his pioneering and highly influential work" to endow machines with the ability to learn.[56]

Together with Yann LeCun, and Yoshua Bengio, Hinton won the 2018 Turing Award for conceptual and engineering breakthroughs that have made deep neural networks a critical component of computing.[57] [58] [59]

In 2018, he became a Companion of the Order of Canada.[60] In 2021, he received the Dickson Prize in Science from the Carnegie Mellon University[61] and in 2022 the Princess of Asturias Award in the Scientific Research category, along with Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio, and Demis Hassabis.[62] In 2023, he was named an ACM Fellow.[63] In 2023, he was named a Highly Ranked Scholar by ScholarGPS for both lifetime and prior five years. [64]

In 2024, he was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics with John Hopfield "for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks." His development of the Boltzmann machine was explicitly mentioned in the citation.[65] When the New York Times reporter Cade Metz asked Hinton to explain in simpler terms how the Boltzmann machine could "pretrain" backpropagation networks, Hinton quipped that Richard Feynman reportedly said: "Listen, buddy, if I could explain it in a couple of minutes, it wouldn't be worth the Nobel Prize."[66]

Views

Risks of artificial intelligence

See also: AI safety. In 2023, Hinton expressed concerns about the rapid progress of AI. Hinton previously believed that artificial general intelligence (AGI) was "30 to 50 years or even longer away." However, in a March 2023 interview with CBS, he stated that "general-purpose AI" may be fewer than 20 years away and could bring about changes "comparable in scale with the industrial revolution or electricity."

In an interview with The New York Times published on 1 May 2023, Hinton announced his resignation from Google so he could "talk about the dangers of AI without considering how this impacts Google."[67] He noted that "a part of him now regrets his life's work".[2]

In early May 2023, Hinton claimed in an interview with BBC that AI might soon surpass the information capacity of the human brain. He described some of the risks posed by these chatbots as "quite scary". Hinton explained that chatbots have the ability to learn independently and share knowledge. This means that whenever one copy acquires new information, it is automatically disseminated to the entire group. This allows AI chatbots to have the capability to accumulate knowledge far beyond the capacity of any individual.[68]

Existential risk from AGI

Hinton has expressed concerns about the possibility of an AI takeover, stating that "it's not inconceivable" that AI could "wipe out humanity". Hinton states that AI systems capable of intelligent agency will be useful for military or economic purposes.[69] He worries that generally intelligent AI systems could "create sub-goals" that are unaligned with their programmers' interests. He states that AI systems may become power-seeking or prevent themselves from being shut off, not because programmers intended them to, but because those sub-goals are useful for achieving later goals. In particular, Hinton says "we have to think hard about how to control" AI systems capable of self-improvement.

Catastrophic misuse

Hinton reports concerns about deliberate misuse of AI by malicious actors, stating that "it is hard to see how you can prevent the bad actors from using [AI] for bad things." In 2017, Hinton called for an international ban on lethal autonomous weapons.[70]

Economic impacts

Hinton was previously optimistic about the economic effects of AI, noting in 2018 that: "The phrase 'artificial general intelligence' carries with it the implication that this sort of single robot is suddenly going to be smarter than you. I don't think it's going to be that. I think more and more of the routine things we do are going to be replaced by AI systems."[71] Hinton also previously argued that AGI won't make humans redundant: "[AI in the future is] going to know a lot about what you're probably going to want to do... But it's not going to replace you."

In 2023, however, Hinton became "worried that AI technologies will in time upend the job market" and take away more than just "drudge work." He again stated in 2024 that the British government will have to establish a universal basic income to deal with the impact of AI on inequality.[72] In Hinton's view, AI will boost productivity and generate more wealth. But unless the government intervenes, it will only make the rich richer and hurt the people who might lose their jobs. "That's going to be very bad for society," he said.[73]

Politics

Hinton moved from the U.S. to Canada in part due to disillusionment with Ronald Reagan-era politics and disapproval of military funding of artificial intelligence.

In August 2024, Hinton co-authored a letter with Yoshua Bengio, Stuart Russell, and Lawrence Lessig in support of SB 1047, a California AI safety bill that would require companies training models which cost more than $100 million to perform risk assessments before deployment. They claimed the legislation was the "bare minimum for effective regulation of this technology."[74] [75]

Personal life

Hinton's second wife, Rosalind Zalin, died of ovarian cancer in 1994; his third wife, Jacqueline "Jackie" Ford, died of pancreatic cancer in 2018.[76] [77]

Hinton is the great-great-grandson of the mathematician and educator Mary Everest Boole and her husband, the logician George Boole.[78] George Boole's work eventually became one of the foundations of modern computer science. Another great-great-grandfather of his was the surgeon and author James Hinton,[79] who was the father of the mathematician Charles Howard Hinton.

Hinton's father was the entomologist Howard Hinton.[80] His middle name comes from another relative, George Everest, the Surveyor General of India after whom the mountain is named.[81] He is the nephew of the economist Colin Clark.[82]

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Douglas Heaven . Will . 1 May 2023 . Deep learning pioneer Geoffrey Hinton quits Google . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230501125621/https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/01/1072478/deep-learning-pioneer-geoffrey-hinton-quits-google/ . 1 May 2023 . 1 May 2023 . . en-US.
  2. News: Taylor . Josh . Hern . Alex . 'Godfather of AI' Geoffrey Hinton quits Google and warns over dangers of misinformation . 8 October 2024 . The Guardian . 2 May 2023.
  3. Hernandez . Daniela . 7 May 2013 . The Man Behind the Google Brain: Andrew Ng and the Quest for the New AI . live . . en-US . https://web.archive.org/web/20140208231937/http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/05/neuro-artificial-intelligence/all/ . 8 February 2014 . 10 May 2013.
  4. Web site: Geoffrey E. Hinton – Google AI . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191109185858/https://ai.google/research/people/GeoffreyHinton/ . 9 November 2019 . 15 June 2018 . Google AI . en-US.
  5. Web site: Gershgorn . Dave . 18 June 2018 . The inside story of how AI got good enough to dominate Silicon Valley . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191212224842/https://qz.com/1307091/the-inside-story-of-how-ai-got-good-enough-to-dominate-silicon-valley/ . 12 December 2019 . 5 October 2018 . . en-US.
  6. Krizhevsky . Alex . Sutskever . Ilya . Ilya Sutskever . Hinton . Geoffrey E. . 3 December 2012 . ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks . F. Pereira . C. J. C. Burges . L. Bottou . K. Q. Weinberger . NIPS'12: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems . 1 . live . Curran Associates . 1097–1105 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191220014019/https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2999134.2999257 . 20 December 2019 . 13 March 2018.
  7. News: Allen . Kate . 17 April 2015 . How a Toronto professor's research revolutionized artificial intelligence . en . . 13 March 2018 . 17 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150417192718/http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/04/17/how-a-toronto-professors-research-revolutionized-artificial-intelligence.html . live .
  8. News: Chung . Emily . 27 March 2019 . Canadian researchers who taught AI to learn like humans win $1M award . 27 March 2019 . . en . 26 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200226061533/https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/turing-award-ai-deep-learning-1.5070415 . live .
  9. Web site: Ranosa. Ted. 29 March 2019. Godfathers Of AI Win This Year's Turing Award And $1 Million. 5 November 2020. Tech Times. en. 30 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190330154545/https://www.techtimes.com/articles/240511/20190329/godfathers-of-ai-win-this-years-turing-award-and-1-million.htm. live.
  10. Web site: Shead . Sam . 27 March 2019 . The 3 'Godfathers' Of AI Have Won The Prestigious $1M Turing Prize . 5 November 2020 . . en . 14 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200414050852/https://www.forbes.com/sites/samshead/2019/03/27/the-3-godfathers-of-ai-have-won-the-prestigious-1m-turing-prize/ . live .
  11. Web site: Ray . Tiernan . 9 March 2021 . Nvidia's GTC will feature deep learning cabal of LeCun, Hinton, and Bengio . 7 April 2021 . . en . 19 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210319073448/https://www.zdnet.com/article/nvidias-gtc-will-feature-deep-learning-cabal-of-lecun-hinton-bengio/ . live .
  12. Web site: 18 November 2020 . 50 Years at CMU: The Inaugural Raj Reddy Artificial Intelligence Lecture . 2 March 2022 . Carnegie Mellon University . 2 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220302222721/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/events/raj-reddy-50 . live .
  13. Web site: Press release: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024 . 8 October 2024 . NobelPrize.org . en-US.
  14. News: Geoffrey Hinton from University of Toronto awarded Nobel Prize in Physics . 8 October 2024 . The Associated Press . CBC News . 8 October 2024.
  15. Jacobson, Dana (host); Silva-Braga, Brook (reporter); Frost, Nick; Hinton, Geoffrey (guests) . 25 March 2023 . 'Godfather of artificial intelligence' talks impact and potential of new AI . . 12 . 12 . 28 March 2023 . New York City . CBS News . . 28 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230328225221/https://www.cbsnews.com/video/godfather-of-artificial-intelligence-talks-impact-and-potential-of-new-ai/ . live . .
  16. Web site: Erlichman . Jon . 2024-06-14 . '50-50 chance' that AI outsmarts humanity, Geoffrey Hinton says . 2024-10-11 . BNN Bloomberg . en.
  17. Web site: Hetzner . Christiaan . New Nobel Prize winner, AI godfather Geoffrey Hinton, says he's proud his student fired OpenAI boss Sam Altman . 2024-10-11 . Fortune . en.
  18. Web site: Coates . Jessica . 2024-10-09 . Geoffrey Hinton warns of AI's growing danger after Nobel Prize win . 2024-10-11 . The Independent . en.
  19. Web site: Onstad . Katrina . 29 January 2018 . Mr. Robot . 24 December 2023 . Toronto Life . en-US.
  20. PhD . Edinburgh Research Archive . University of Edinburgh . Relaxation and its role in vision . Geoffrey Everest . Hinton . 1977 . . 18656113 . 1842/8121 . 30 March 2023 . 30 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230330050513/https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/8121 . live .
  21. Web site: Hinton . Geoffrey E. . 6 January 2020 . Curriculum Vitae . University of Toronto: Department of Computer Science . 30 November 2016 . 23 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200723234128/http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~hinton/fullcv.pdf . live .
  22. Web site: University of Toronto . 9 October 2024 . discover.research.utoronto.ca.
  23. Web site: How Canada has emerged as a leader in artificial intelligence . 9 October 2024 . University Affairs . en-US.
  24. Web site: Geoffrey Hinton Biography . 8 October 2024 . CIFAR.
  25. Web site: Geoffrey E Hinton - A.M. Turing Award Laureate . 9 October 2024 . amturing.acm.org.
  26. Web site: 2018 ACM A.M. Turing Award Laureates . 9 October 2024 . awards.acm.org . en.
  27. Web site: CIFAR - Learning in Machines & Brains . 8 October 2024 . CIFAR.
  28. Web site: Neural Networks for Machine Learning . University of Toronto . 30 December 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161231174321/https://www.coursera.org/learn/neural-networks . 31 December 2016 .
  29. U of T neural networks start-up acquired by Google. 12 March 2013. Toronto, ON. 13 March 2013. 8 October 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191008004030/https://media.utoronto.ca/media-releases/u-of-t-neural-networks-start-up-acquired-by-google/. live.
  30. Rumelhart . David E. . Hinton . Geoffrey E. . Williams . Ronald J. . 9 October 1986 . Learning representations by back-propagating errors . . en-US . 323 . 6088 . 533–536 . 1986Natur.323..533R . 10.1038/323533a0 . 1476-4687 . 205001834.
  31. Book: Ford, Martin . Architects of Intelligence: The truth about AI from the people building it. 2018. Packt Publishing. 978-1-78913-151-2.
  32. Schmidhuber . Jürgen . Jürgen Schmidhuber . 1 January 2015 . Deep learning in neural networks: An overview . . en-US . 61 . 85–117 . 1404.7828 . 10.1016/j.neunet.2014.09.003 . 25462637 . 11715509.
  33. Ackley, David H; Hinton Geoffrey E; Sejnowski, Terrence J (1985), "A learning algorithm for Boltzmann machines", Cognitive science, Elsevier, 9 (1): 147–169
  34. Web site: Hinton . Geoffrey E. . Geoffrey E. Hinton's Publications in Reverse Chronological Order . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200418123425/http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~hinton/papers.html . 18 April 2020 . 15 September 2010.
  35. Web site: Stories by Geoffrey E. Hinton in Scientific American. Scientific American. 17 October 2019. 17 October 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191017230552/https://www.scientificamerican.com/author/geoffrey-e-hinton/. live.
  36. Memisevic . Roland . Hinton . Geoffrey . 2006 . Unsupervised Learning of Image Transformations . IEEE CVPR.
  37. Web site: An Introduction to t-SNE with Python Example . 22 June 2024 . KDNuggets . en-US.
  38. van der Maaten . Laurens . Hinton . Geoffrey . 2008 . Visualizing Data using t-SNE . Journal of Machine Learning Research.
  39. 1710.09829 . Sara . Svabour . Nicholas . Frosst . Hinton . Geoffrey E.. Dynamic Routing Between Capsules. 2017 . cs.CV .
  40. Web site: Matrix capsules with EM routing . OpenReview . 8 November 2017 . 10 June 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190610170801/https://openreview.net/forum?id=HJWLfGWRb&noteId=HJWLfGWRb . live .
  41. Web site: Geib . Claudia . 11 February 2017 . We've finally created an AI network that's been decades in the making . 3 May 2023 . Futurism . 9 November 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171109022809/https://futurism.com/weve-finally-created-an-ai-network-thats-been-decades-in-the-making/ . live .
  42. 2212.13345 . cs.LG . Geoffrey . Hinton . The Forward-Forward Algorithm: Some Preliminary Investigations . 2022.
  43. Web site: 16 December 2022 . Hinton's Forward Forward Algorithm is the New Way Ahead for Neural Networks . 22 June 2024 . Analytics India Magazine.
  44. News: Metz . Cade . 1 May 2023 . 'The Godfather of A.I.' Leaves Google and Warns of Danger Ahead . en-US . . live . subscription . 1 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230501153311/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/01/technology/ai-google-chatbot-engineer-quits-hinton.html . 1 May 2023 . 0362-4331.
  45. Web site: Geoffrey Hinton . University of Toronto . Geoffrey Hinton's postdocs. 11 September 2020. 29 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201029090920/http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~hinton/postdocs.html. live.
  46. Web site: Yann LeCun's Research and Contributions. yann.lecun.com. 13 March 2018. 3 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180303025413/http://yann.lecun.com/ex/research/index.html. live.
  47. Web site: A conversation with Renaissance Technologies CEO Peter Brown. goldmansachs.com. 21 October 2024.
  48. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20151103005016/https://royalsociety.org/people/geoffrey-hinton-11624/ . 3 November 2015 . Professor Geoffrey Hinton FRS . . London . . 1998 . One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where:
  49. Web site: Current and Previous Recipients . https://web.archive.org/web/20170302000053/http://rumelhartprize.org/?page_id=12 . 2 March 2017 . The David E. Rumelhart Prize.
  50. News: 2 April 2019 . Distinguished Edinburgh graduate receives ACM A.M. Turing Award . The University of Edinburgh . 9 April 2019 . 14 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190714210622/https://www.ed.ac.uk/informatics/news-events/stories/2019/distinguished-edinburgh-graduate-receives-acm-tur . live .
  51. Web site: IJCAI-22 Award for Research Excellence . 5 August 2021 . . 20 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201220182849/https://www.ijcai.org/awards/ . live .
  52. News: 14 February 2011 . Artificial intelligence scientist gets M prize . . 14 February 2011 . 17 February 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110217152259/http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2011/02/14/science-herzberg-hinton-artificial-intelligence.html . live .
  53. Web site: 19 February 2014 . Geoffrey Hinton, keystone researcher in artificial intelligence, visits the Université de Sherbrooke . https://web.archive.org/web/20210221112606/https://www.usherbrooke.ca/actualites/relations-medias/communiques/communiques-details/c/24638/ . 21 February 2021 . .
  54. Web site: 8 February 2016 . National Academy of Engineering Elects 80 Members and 22 Foreign Members . . 13 February 2016 . 13 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180513233137/https://www.nae.edu/Projects/MediaRoom/20095/149240/149788.aspx . live .
  55. Web site: 2016 IEEE Medals and Recognitions Recipients and Citations . https://web.archive.org/web/20161114212051/https://www.ieee.org/about/awards/2016_ieee_medal_and_recognition_recipients_and_citations_list.pdf . 14 November 2016 . . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
  56. Web site: 17 January 2017 . The BBVA Foundation bestows its award on the architect of the first machines capable of learning the way people do . BBVA Foundation . 21 February 2021 . 4 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201204145219/https://www.bbva.com/en/bbva-foundation-bestows-award-architect-first-machines-capable-learning-way-people/ . live .
  57. Web site: 27 March 2019 . Vector Institutes Chief Scientific Advisor Dr.Geoffrey Hinton Receives ACM A.M. Turing Award Alongside Dr.Yoshua Bengio and Dr.Yann Lecun . Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence . 27 March 2019 . 27 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190327122930/https://vectorinstitute.ai/2019/03/27/vector-institutes-chief-scientific-advisor-dr-geoffrey-hinton-receives-acm-a-m-turing-award-alongside-dr-yoshua-bengio-and-dr-yann-lecun/ . live .
  58. News: Metz . Cade . 27 March 2019 . Three Pioneers in Artificial Intelligence Win Turing Award . . 27 March 2019 . 27 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190327103100/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/27/technology/turing-award-hinton-lecun-bengio.html . live .
  59. Web site: Fathers of the Deep Learning Revolution Receive ACM A.M. Turing Award – Bengio, Hinton and LeCun Ushered in Major Breakthroughs in Artificial Intelligence . 27 March 2019 . . 27 March 2019 . 27 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190327123259/https://www.acm.org/media-center/2019/march/turing-award-2018 . live .
  60. Web site: 27 December 2018 . Governor General Announces 103 New Appointments to the Order of Canada, December 2018. . https://web.archive.org/web/20191119172458/https://www.gg.ca/en/media/news/2018/governor-general-announces-103-new-appointments-order-canada . 19 November 2019 . 7 June 2020 . The Governor General of Canada.
  61. https://www.cmu.edu/dickson-prize/past-winners/index.html Dickson Prize 2021
  62. Web site: 2022 . Geoffrey Hinton, Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio and Demis Hassabis – Laureates – Princess of Asturias Awards . 3 May 2023 . . en . 15 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220615111116/https://www.fpa.es/en/princess-of-asturias-awards/laureates/2022-geoffrey-hinton-yann-lecun-yoshua-bengio-and-demis-hassabis.html?especifica=0&idCategoria=0&anio=2022&especifica=0 . live .
  63. Web site: Geoffrey E Hinton . 26 January 2024 . awards.acm.org . en.
  64. https://scholargps.com/scholars/25729909525252/geoffrey-e-hinton ScholarGPS Profile: Geoffrey E. Hinton
  65. Announcement of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics . 8 October 2024 . Nobel Prize . 8 October 2024 . YouTube.
  66. News: Metz . Cade . How Does It Feel to Win a Nobel Prize? Ask the 'Godfather of A.I.' . 10 October 2024 . The New York Times . October 8, 2024.
  67. 1652993570721210372. geoffreyhinton. In the NYT today, Cade Metz implies that I left Google so that I could criticize Google. Actually, I left so that I could talk about the dangers of AI without considering how this impacts Google. Google has acted very responsibly.. Hinton, Geoffrey. 1 May 2023. 2 May 2023.
  68. News: Kleinman . Zoe . Vallance . Chris . 2 May 2023 . AI 'godfather' Geoffrey Hinton warns of dangers as he quits Google . . 2 May 2023 . 2 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502132025/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65452940 . live .
  69. Geoffrey . Hinton . 25 March 2023 . Full interview: 'Godfather of artificial intelligence' talks impact and potential of AI . Brook . Silva-Braga . Brook Silva-Braga . New York City . . YouTube . en . 2 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502013344/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpoRO378qRY . live . 31:45 . . Excerpts were broadcast in, but the full interview was only published online.
  70. Web site: Call for an International Ban on the Weaponization of Artificial Intelligence . 1 May 2023 . University of Ottawa: Centre for Law, Technology and Society . en . 8 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230408224742/https://techlaw.uottawa.ca/bankillerai . live .
  71. Web site: Wiggers . Kyle . 17 December 2018 . Geoffrey Hinton and Demis Hassabis: AGI is nowhere close to being a reality . . 21 July 2022 . 21 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220721121538/https://venturebeat.com/2018/12/17/geoffrey-hinton-and-demis-hassabis-agi-is-nowhere-close-to-being-a-reality/ . live .
  72. Web site: AI 'godfather' says universal basic income will be needed . 15 June 2024 . www.bbc.com . en-GB.
  73. Web site: Varanasi . Lakshmi . 18 May 2024 . AI 'godfather' Geoffrey Hinton says he's 'very worried' about AI taking jobs and has advised the British government to adopt a universal basic income . 15 June 2024 . Business Insider Africa . en.
  74. Pillay . Tharin . Booth . Harry . 7 August 2024 . Exclusive: Renowned Experts Pen Support for California's Landmark AI Safety Bill . 21 August 2024 . TIME . en.
  75. Web site: Letter from renowned AI experts . 21 August 2024 . SB 1047 – Safe & Secure AI Innovation . en-US.
  76. Rothman. Joshua. Why the Godfather of A.I. Fears What He's Built. subscription. 27 November 2023. The New Yorker. 13 November 2023. https://archive.today/20240825094048/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/11/20/geoffrey-hinton-profile-ai . 25 August 2024.
  77. Web site: Scanlan . Chip . How a reporter prepped to understand A.I. and the man who helped invent it . Nieman Foundation. 6 June 2024. 26 October 2024. Has the full 2023 New Yorker article with annotations.
  78. News: Martin . Alexander . 18 March 2021 . Geoffrey Hinton: The story of the British 'Godfather of AI' – who's not sat down since 2005 . 7 April 2021 . . en . 19 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210319130219/https://news.sky.com/story/the-story-of-the-british-godfather-of-ai-whos-not-sat-down-since-2005-12249571 . live .
  79. Web site: Roberts . Siohan . 27 March 2004 . The Isaac Newton of logic . 3 May 2023 . . 3 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503191425/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/the-isaac-newton-of-logic/article18262363/ . live .
  80. Salt. George. Howard Everest Hinton. 24 August 1912-2 August 1977. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 24. 1978. 150–182. 0080-4606. 10.1098/rsbm.1978.0006. H. E. Hinton. 73278532 .
  81. News: Smith. Craig S.. The Man Who Helped Turn Toronto into a High-Tech Hotbed. 27 June 2017. The New York Times. 23 June 2017. 27 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200127035044/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/23/world/canada/the-man-who-helped-turn-toronto-into-a-high-tech-hotbed.html. live.
  82. News: Shute. Joe. The 'Godfather of AI' on making machines clever and whether robots really will learn to kill us all?. 20 December 2017. The Daily Telegraph. 26 August 2017. 27 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171227183600/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/08/26/godfather-ai-making-machines-clever-whether-robots-really-will/. live.

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