| Conventional Long Name: | Gau Essen |
| Common Name: | Gau Essen |
| Subdivision: | Gau |
| Nation: | Nazi Germany |
| Image Map Caption: | Gau Essen on the left, bordering The Netherlands |
| Capital: | Essen |
| P1: | Rhine Province |
| Flag P1: | Flagge Preußen - Rheinland.svg |
| Flag S1: | Flag of North Rhine-Westphalia.svg |
| S1: | North Rhine-Westphalia |
| Year Start: | 1928 |
| Date Start: | 1 August |
| Event End: | German Instrument of Surrender |
| Year End: | 1945 |
| Date End: | 8 May |
| Title Leader: | Gauleiter |
| Leader1: | Josef Terboven |
| Year Leader1: | 1928 - 1945 |
| Today: | Germany |
| Stat Area1: | 1900 |
| Stat Pop1: | 2800000 |
The Gau Essen was an administrative division of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 in the northern parts of the Prussian Rhine Province. Before that, from 1928 to 1933, it was the regional subdivision of the Nazi Party in that area.
The Nazi Gau (plural Gaue) system was originally established in a party conference on 22 May 1926, in order to improve administration of the party structure. From 1933 onward, after the Nazi seizure of power, the Gaue increasingly replaced the German states as administrative subdivisions in Germany.[1]
At the head of each Gau stood a Gauleiter, a position which became increasingly more powerful, especially after the outbreak of the Second World War, with little interference from above. Local Gauleiters often held government positions as well as party ones and were in charge of, among other things, propaganda and surveillance and, from September 1944 onward, the Volkssturm and the defense of the Gau.[2]
The position of Gauleiter in Essen was held by Josef Terboven throughout the history of the Gau.[3] [4] After the German conquest of Norway in 1940 Hitler promoted Terboven Reichskommissar for the occupied country, where he ruled with almost absolute power. He committed suicide on 8 May 1945 by detonating 50 kilograms of explosives in a bunker.[5] While Terboven was in Norway, the Deputy Gauleiter, Fritz Schlessmann, ran the Gau in an acting capacity.[6]
As Gauleiter, Schlessmann had responsibility for air raid defense measures in Essen throughout the war. As a large industrial center and the site of the Krupp armaments works, Essen was a frequent target of Allied bombing raids. In the fall of 1944, Schlessmann was placed in charge of the local Volkssturm forces in Essen and was also charged with improving the fortifications along the area of the Westwall defensive line adjacent to his Gau. He was promoted to the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer on 9 November 1944.
From February to March 1945, Operation Veritable saw the allies advance further into the Gau.
The Gau had a size of 1,900 km2 (2,741 sq mi) and a population of 2,800,000, which placed it in mid-table for size and population in the list of Gaue.[7]
Near the end of World War II, the Gau was invaded by the western allies, who would gradually capture its territory until the end of the war. The timeline of the allied advance is detailed in the table below.
| 8 February 1945 | Wyler | [8] | |
| 8 February 1945 | Frasselt | ||
| 8-10 February 1945 | Kranenburg | [9] | |
| 8-12 February 1945 | Kleve | ||
| 9 February 1945 | |||
| 17 February 1945 | Moyland | [10] | |
| 19 February 1945 | Goch | ||
| 18 February-3 March 1945 | Uedem | [11] | |
| 21 February 1945 | Wertzhof | [12] | |
| 22-27 February 1945 | Weeze | [13] | |
| 25 February 1945 | Grotendonk | ||
| 26 February-1 March 1945 | [14] | ||
| 27 February 1945 | Kalkar | ||
| 1 March 1945 | [15] | ||
| 1 March 1945 | Wemb | ||
| 3 March 1945 | |||
| 3 March 1945 | Kevelaer | ||
| 3 March 1945 | Geldern | ||
| 3 March 1945 | [16] | ||
| 3 March 1945 | Straelen | ||
| 4 March 1945 | Moers | [17] | |
| 4 March 1945 | Issum | ||
| 4 March 1945 | |||
| 4 March 1945 | Marienbaum | ||
| 5 March 1945 | Sonsbeck | ||
| 5 March 1945 | Homberg | ||
| 5 March 1945 | Rheinhausen | ||
| 5 March 1945 | Kamp-Lintfort | [18] | |
| 7 March 1945 | Rheinberg | [19] | |
| 8 March 1945 | Xanten | [20] | |
| 9 March 1945 | [21] | ||
| 23 March 1945 | Dinslaken | ||
| 26-27 March 1945 | [22] | ||
| 26-27 March 1945 | [23] | ||
| 28 March 1945 | Haldern | [24] | |
| 31 March 1945 | Emmerich | [25] | |
| 7 April 1945 | Altenessen | [26] | |
| 11 April 1945 | Essen | ||
| 12 April 1945 | Duisburg | ||
| 15 April 1945 | Werden | ||
| 15 April 1945 | Kettwig |