| GM Voltec platform | |
| Aka: | E-Flex |
| Manufacturer: | General Motors |
| Production: | 2010 - 2019 |
| Class: | Extended-Range EV (EREV) |
| Vehicles: | Chevrolet Volt, Cadillac ELR, Holden Volt, Opel Ampera, Vauxhall Ampera |
Voltec, formerly known as E-Flex, is a General Motors powertrain released in November 2010. The Voltec architecture is primarily a plug-in capable, battery-dominant electric vehicle with additional fossil fuel powered series and parallel hybrid capabilities.[1] [2]
Voltec vehicles like the Chevrolet Volt are all electrically driven, feature common drivetrain components, and will be able to create electricity on board using either a fuel cell or a gasoline motor to generate electricity. Regenerative braking contributes to the on-board electricity generation.
Voltec is a portmanteau word from Volt, Vortec and technology.
The Voltec drivetrain was initially demonstrated as the E-Flex Propulsion System in the 2007 Chevrolet Volt concept vehicle that debuted at that year's North American International Auto Show.[3] [4] GM touted E-Flex as an attempt to standardize many components of possible future electrically propelled vehicles, and to allow multiple interchangeable electricity-generating systems.[5] GM described the Volt an E-REV, for "extended-range electric vehicle", rather than a hybrid.[4] [6] In general, power is drawn from the batteries for the electric traction motor which moves the vehicle.
As realized in the 2007 Volt concept, the initial E-Flex design includes an electric traction motor with peak power and torque outputs of and, a 1 L 3-cylinder gasoline engine coupled to a generator with an output of, and a 16abbr=onNaNabbr=on lithium-ion battery energy storage system.[4] [7] [8] The concept has a fuel tank with capacity, yielding a claimed combined electric and gasoline driving range of and an overall fuel economy of . Using a conventional household outlet (110 V AC, 15 A), the battery could be recharged in 6 hours.[7]
The E-Flex could be considered a power-split hybrid, as the platform shares aspects of both series hybrid and parallel hybrid designs. Like a series hybrid, the internal combustion engine is not connected to the transmission, so it can run at a constant speed for both optimal efficiency and mechanical simplicity (i.e., there is no need for variable cam phasing). Starting from rest, E-Flex uses the electric traction motor alone to drive the wheels; mechanical power from the engine is used strictly to drive the generator, which in turn charges the battery pack. At high demand in charge sustaining mode, the motor output stays high to build up a charge.[2] [7]
However, by definition, the E-Flex transmission design makes it a parallel hybrid, as the planetary gearset which drives the wheels is coupled to both mechanical power (from the engine) and electrical power (from the motor), similar to the operation of a Toyota Prius. The Prius uses the electric motor to assist the engine; in contrast, the Voltec design uses the engine to assist the electric traction motor. As a result, the Voltec design engages mechanical assist from the engine only when the battery is depleted to 30% state of charge or lower.[2] [9] [7]
Since the electric traction motor draws power from the battery, the platform supports multiple options for charging the battery. As described at the 2007 NAIAS, the initial configuration used a turbocharged 1.0-liter engine with three cylinders; this was a flex-fuel engine capable of running gasoline or E85 (85% ethanol, 15% gasoline), although this engine never made it to production vehicles.[7] Alternative engine-generator options mentioned included a pure ethanol (E100) engine, a diesel engine capable of running biodiesel fuel, or even a hydrogen fuel cell, once that technology becomes practical. Another power-source option which does not rely on an internal combustion engine at all, was demonstrated in the Volt hydrogen fuel cell concept vehicle, which appeared at the 2007 Shanghai Auto Show.[3] However, due to the high cost of fuel cells compared to newer lower cost lithium batteries, General Motors has publicly suggested that the Volt will not be using fuel cells in any near term production vehicles.[10]
The first generation production Volt is propelled by an electric motor with a peak output of 111kW. Ordinarily, the Volt charged while at home overnight (plug-in hybrid-mode) through a charging port.[11] A full charge reportedly takes 10-12 hours from a standard North American 120 V, 15 A household outlet, or 4 hours from a 240 V 15 A SAE J1772 electrical vehicle supply.
The lithium-ion battery in the initial Voltec production vehicle is kept in a state-of-charge (SOC) range of between 30% and 80%, with the on-board generator that works to maintain the battery at the 30% charge level.[4] [12] As initially released, the high-voltage storage battery had a gross capacity of 16 kW-hr; it was upgraded to 16.5 and then 17.1 kW-hr in 2014.[13]
The GM codes for the first-generation Voltec powertrain drive unit (transaxle) are 4ET50 (RPO MKA for the Chevrolet Volt) and 4ET55 (RPO MKD for the Cadillac ELR). This transaxle integrates a torque dampener (serving the same purpose as a torque converter in a conventional automatic transmission), motor/generator A, the planetary gearset, three clutches, drive motor B, and a final drive including a reduction gear and differential.[14]
| Electric | Combined output | Consumption / Economy | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M/G A | M/G B | Battery | EV | Hybrid (City/Hwy) | Electric range | ||||
| Chevrolet Volt[15] | 1.4 L LUU I4 | 9 kW-hr 16 kW-hr (gross) | |||||||
| Cadillac ELR[16] | 1.4 L L2Z I4 | , EV mode , hybrid | 16.5 kW-hr | ||||||
As described in the patent, the engine is coupled to the transaxle using a torque dampener, which is a selectively engaged clutch that couples the engine with the rotor of Motor/Generator A. In addition to the selective coupling with the engine, Motor/Generator A also may be coupled to the ring gear of a planetary gearset using a second clutch. A third clutch is provided to selectively ground the ring gear. Motor B is permanently coupled to the sun gear of the same gearset; the pinion carrier drives the wheels through a reduction gear and differential. Using this design, the transaxle is able to switch between series hybrid and split output modes, with low ranges provided as a series hybrid using one motor and high ranges provided by split output which blends output from both motors.[17]
There are six basic operating modes, depending on clutch engagement and engine operation;[18] General Motors have classified the modes according to power flow to or from the battery. These include two charge-depletion (all-electric) modes, CD1 and CD2, and two charge-sustaining (extended-range / hybrid) modes, CS1 and CS2. In brief:[19]
The patent includes two additional neutral modes where little to no tractive power is being applied.[18]
| Name ! | Diagram | Clutches | (E)ngine | M/G | Description | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C1 | C2 | C3 | A | B | ||||||
| CD1 (1) | One motor, electric-only | off | M | Engaging clutch 1 (C1) grounds the ring gear (R). Motor B is used as the traction motor, driving the sun gear (S); since the ring gear is grounded, the pinion gears (P) are forced to turn, driving the wheels through a reducing gear and differential. | ||||||
| CD2 (6) | Two motor, electric-only | M | M | Engaging clutch 2 (C2) couples Motor/Generator A to the ring gear (R), assisting Motor B, which is used as the primary traction motor, driving the sun gear (S); the wheels are driven by the pinion gears (P) through a reducing gear and differential. | ||||||
| CS1 (2) | Series hybrid | G | M | Engaging clutch 1 (C1) grounds the ring gear (R), and clutch 3 (C3) couples the engine (E) to Motor/Generator A, which operates as a (G)enerator to charge the storage battery. Motor B is used as the sole traction motor, driving the sun gear (S); since the ring gear is grounded, the pinion gears (P) are forced to turn, driving the wheels through a reducing gear and differential. | ||||||
| CS2 (3) | Output power-split | off | M | Engaging clutch 2 (C2) and clutch 3 (C3) couples the engine (E) to Motor/Generator A and the ring gear (R). In this mode, the engine is used to assist Motor B, which has primary traction duties, driving the wheels via the coupled sun (S) and pinion gears (P), a reducing gear and differential. | ||||||
| (4) | Neutral | off | off | No clutches are engaged, and both Motor/Generator A and Motor B are allowed to freewheel. | ||||||
| (5) | Neutral / battery charge | G | off | Engaging clutch 3 (C3) couples the engine (E) to Motor/Generator A, which operates as a (G)enerator to charge the storage battery. Motor B freewheels. | ||||||
From the patent, the engine provides tractive power only when both clutches C2 and C3 are engaged. For the first-generation Volt and ELR, that occurs in one operating mode (CS2), and in that mode, the engine is considered to assist the electric traction motor (B).
The refreshed 2016 Volt featured a 1.5L I4 engine generator that runs on regular, rather than premium gasoline, and an upgraded battery pack with greater capacity of 18.4 kW-hr, giving an estimated of all-electric range per charge, compared to with the first generation Volt.[20]
The GM code for the second-generation Voltec powertrain drive unit (transaxle) is 5ET50.[21] Compared to the first-generation 4ET50/55 transaxles, the overall design has shifted closer to being a parallel hybrid, running more often using mechanical power from the engine supplemented by the electric motors in hybrid mode. A second planetary gear set has been added and the planetary gears are interconnected by coupling the two pinion carriers together, which are coupled in turn to the transaxle output to the final drive differential and wheels. In addition, both electric motors now are used as motors and generators; motor/generator A uses ferrite magnets and has an output of /, while motor/generator B uses rare earth magnets and has an output of / .[22] [23] Each motor is smaller than the corresponding motor in the first-generation Voltec, reducing the weight of the transaxle from .[24]
The second generation Volt has five different operating modes, two charge-depletion (all-electric), CD1 and CD2, and three charge-sustaining (hybrid), CS1 to CS3. These are:[24]
| Name ! | Diagram | Clutches | (E)ngine | M/G | Description | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C1 | C2 | C3 | A | B | ||||||
| CD1 | Single motor (B), electric-only | off | M | Engaging clutch 1 (C1) grounds the first ring gear (R1). Motor B is used as the traction motor. | ||||||
| CD2 | Dual motor, electric-only | M | M | Engaging clutch 1 (C1) and clutch 3 (C3) grounds both ring gears (R1 and R2). Motor B is used as the primary traction motor, with assistance from Motor A. | ||||||
| [CD3] | Single motor (A), electric-only | M | off | Included for completeness as described in the patent, but this mode was not implemented. Engaging clutch 3 (C3) grounds the second ring gear (R2). Motor A is used as the traction motor. | ||||||
| CS1 | First (low-range) electrically variable extended-range hybrid | G | M | Engaging clutch 2 (C2) couples motor/generator A to the first ring gear (R1). The engine is used for traction, assisted by motor B; A is used as a generator. | ||||||
| CS2 | Fixed ratio hybrid | off | M | Engaging clutch 2 (C2) couples motor/generator A to the first ring gear (R1) and engaging clutch 1 (C1) grounds the first ring gear (R1), meaning M/G A does not turn. The engine is used for traction, assisted by motor B. | ||||||
| CS3 | Second (high-range) electrically variable extended-range hybrid | off* | G | Engaging clutch 1 (C1) grounds the first ring gear (R1). The engine is used for traction, and B is used as a generator, with A running at variable speeds to proportion engine output between the wheels and generator B. | ||||||
The clutch (C3) on the ring gear of the second planetary gearset (R2) is a one-way clutch, which prevents motor/generator A from turning the engine backward.[22]
The Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid uses the same basic two-motor Voltec drive unit/transaxle design and general layout as the second-generation Volt; however, compared to the Volt, the Malibu Hybrid is not a plug-in hybrid and has a smaller battery. Consequently, the Malibu Hybrid operates in the charge-sustaining (CSx) modes more often, and is fitted with different rotors for its motor/generator units, sharing the same stators as the Volt. The Volt uses ferrite magnets for the rotor in M/G A and rare-earth magnets for the rotor in M/G B, while the Malibu Hybrid has rare-earth magnets for the rotors in both M/G A and B.[25]
The Malibu Hybrid offers the same three charge sustaining (CS1–CS3) operating modes as the Volt but only one charge draining mode (CD1). The Malibu Hybrid transaxle is designated 5ET50 (MKE), which is similar to the 5ET50 (MKV) used in the Volt, but omits the one-way sprag clutch on the first planetary gearset (labeled as "C3" in the Volt mode diagrams), which makes it impossible to run in two-motor mode (CD2).[25]
The Cadillac CT6 PHEV has a front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout which uses a longitudinally-mounted engine and the 4EL70 transmission (RPO MRD)[26] with a driveshaft extending to the rear wheels. The transmission is schematically similar to the 5ET50 transaxle, with an additional planetary gearset and two more clutches, primarily for performance; the output of the two coupled pinion gear carriers (P1 and P2) is coupled to the sun gear of the third planetary gearset (S3), and the pinion gear carrier of the third planetary gearset (P3) provides output to the driveshaft. Because the transmission retains the one-way clutch (C3), mode CD2 (dual electric motor operation) is available.
Like the 5ET50 (MKV), Motor/Generator A in the 4EL70 was designed to eliminate the use of rare earth materials; M/G B is related to the traction motor used for the Chevrolet Spark EV.[27]
| Electric | Combined output | Consumption / Economy | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M/G A | M/G B | Battery | EV | Hybrid (City/Hwy) | Electric range | ||||
| Chevrolet Volt[28] [29] [30] | 1.5 L L3A I4 | 18.4 kW-hr | |||||||
| Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid[31] | 1.8 L LKN I4 | 1.5 kW-hr | |||||||
| Cadillac CT6 PHEV[32] | 2.0 L LTG I4T | 18.4 kW-hr | |||||||
GM chose its Global Delta II compact vehicle architecture for its first Voltec applications. Volt Production began in November 2010 with the first Volts delivered to retail customers in December 2010[33]