GAPDHS explained

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, spermatogenic or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, testis-specific is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GAPDHS gene.^{[1] [2]}

Function

This gene encodes a protein belonging to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family of enzymes that play an important role in carbohydrate metabolism. Like its somatic cell counterpart, this sperm-specific enzyme functions in a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent manner to remove hydrogen and add phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to form 1,3-diphosphoglycerate. During spermiogenesis, this enzyme may play an important role in regulating the switch between different energy-producing pathways, and it is required for sperm motility and male fertility.^[2]

In melanocytic cells GAPDHS gene expression may be regulated by MITF.^[3]

Further reading

• Cooper TG, Yeung CH . Approaches to post-testicular contraception . Asian Journal of Andrology . 1 . 1–2 . 29–36 . Jun 1999 . 11225901 .
• Benham FJ, Povey S . Members of the human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-related gene family map to dispersed chromosomal locations . Genomics . 5 . 2 . 209–14 . Aug 1989 . 2793178 . 10.1016/0888-7543(89)90048-7 .
• Peterson RN, Freund M . Effects of (H +), (Na +), (K +) and certain membrane-active drugs on glycolysis, motility, and ATP synthesis by human spermatozoa . Biology of Reproduction . 8 . 3 . 350–7 . Apr 1973 . 4349855 . . PDF . 2011-10-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203247/http://www.biolreprod.org/content/8/3/350.full.pdf+html . 2015-09-23 . dead .
• Maruyama K, Sugano S . Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides . Gene . 138 . 1–2 . 171–4 . Jan 1994 . 8125298 . 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 .
• Westhoff D, Kamp G . Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is bound to the fibrous sheath of mammalian spermatozoa . Journal of Cell Science . 110 . 15 . 1821–9 . Aug 1997 . 10.1242/jcs.110.15.1821 . 9264469 .
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S . Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library . Gene . 200 . 1–2 . 149–56 . Oct 1997 . 9373149 . 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3 .
• Goodwin LO, Karabinus DS, Pergolizzi RG, Benoff S . L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel alpha-1C subunit mRNA is present in ejaculated human spermatozoa . Molecular Human Reproduction . 6 . 2 . 127–36 . Feb 2000 . 10655454 . 10.1093/molehr/6.2.127 . free .
• Bone W, Jones AR, Morin C, Nieschlag E, Cooper TG . Susceptibility of glycolytic enzyme activity and motility of spermatozoa from rat, mouse, and human to inhibition by proven and putative chlorinated antifertility compounds in vitro . Journal of Andrology . 22 . 3 . 464–70 . 2001 . 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2001.tb02203.x . 11330647 . free .
• Suzuki Y, Yamashita R, Shirota M, Sakakibara Y, Chiba J, Mizushima-Sugano J, Nakai K, Sugano S . Sequence comparison of human and mouse genes reveals a homologous block structure in the promoter regions . Genome Research . 14 . 9 . 1711–8 . Sep 2004 . 15342556 . 515316 . 10.1101/gr.2435604 .
• Li Y, Nowotny P, Holmans P, Smemo S, Kauwe JS, Hinrichs AL, Tacey K, Doil L, van Luchene R, Garcia V, Rowland C, Schrodi S, Leong D, Gogic G, Chan J, Cravchik A, Ross D, Lau K, Kwok S, Chang SY, Catanese J, Sninsky J, White TJ, Hardy J, Powell J, Lovestone S, Morris JC, Thal L, Owen M, Williams J, Goate A, Grupe A . Association of late-onset Alzheimer's disease with genetic variation in multiple members of the GAPD gene family . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 101 . 44 . 15688–93 . Nov 2004 . 15507493 . 524264 . 10.1073/pnas.0403535101 . 2004PNAS..10115688L . free .
• Kodama R, Kondo T, Yokote H, Jing X, Sawada T, Hironishi M, Sakaguchi K . Nuclear localization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is not involved in the initiation of apoptosis induced by 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-pyridium iodide (MPP+) . Genes to Cells . 10 . 12 . 1211–9 . Dec 2005 . 16324157 . 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2005.00911.x . 22847496 . free .
• Welch JE, Barbee RR, Magyar PL, Bunch DO, O'Brien DA . Expression of the spermatogenic cell-specific glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDS) in rat testis . Molecular Reproduction and Development . 73 . 8 . 1052–60 . Aug 2006 . 16700075 . 10.1002/mrd.20235 . 6243286 .
• Yatsenko AN, Roy A, Chen R, Ma L, Murthy LJ, Yan W, Lamb DJ, Matzuk MM . Non-invasive genetic diagnosis of male infertility using spermatozoal RNA: KLHL10 mutations in oligozoospermic patients impair homodimerization . Human Molecular Genetics . 15 . 23 . 3411–9 . Dec 2006 . 17047026 . 10.1093/hmg/ddl417 . free .
• Ewing RM, Chu P, Elisma F, Li H, Taylor P, Climie S, McBroom-Cerajewski L, Robinson MD, O'Connor L, Li M, Taylor R, Dharsee M, Ho Y, Heilbut A, Moore L, Zhang S, Ornatsky O, Bukhman YV, Ethier M, Sheng Y, Vasilescu J, Abu-Farha M, Lambert JP, Duewel HS, Stewart II, Kuehl B, Hogue K, Colwill K, Gladwish K, Muskat B, Kinach R, Adams SL, Moran MF, Morin GB, Topaloglou T, Figeys D . Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry . Molecular Systems Biology . 3 . 1 . 89 . 2007 . 17353931 . 1847948 . 10.1038/msb4100134 .

Notes and References

1. Welch JE, Brown PL, O'Brien DA, Magyar PL, Bunch DO, Mori C, Eddy EM . Human glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase-2 gene is expressed specifically in spermatogenic cells . Journal of Andrology . 21 . 2 . 328–38 . Apr 2000 . 10714828 . 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2000.tb02111.x . 28139434 .
2. Web site: Entrez Gene: GAPDHS glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, spermatogenic.
3. Hoek KS, Schlegel NC, Eichhoff OM, Widmer DS, Praetorius C, Einarsson SO, Valgeirsdottir S, Bergsteinsdottir K, Schepsky A, Dummer R, Steingrimsson E . Novel MITF targets identified using a two-step DNA microarray strategy . Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research . 21 . 6 . 665–76 . Dec 2008 . 19067971 . 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2008.00505.x . 24698373 . free .