Field hockey at the Summer Olympics explained

Field hockey made its debut at the Modern Olympic Games as a men's competition in the 1908 Games in London. It was removed from the Olympic schedule of the Summer Olympic Games for the 1924 Paris Games and was reintroduced in the 1928 Amsterdam Games. The Women's field hockey was introduced into the Olympic programme at the 1980 Moscow Olympics.

The International Hockey Federation (FIH) was founded in 1924 and governs the hockey events. Until the 1988 Olympics, the tournament was invitational but a qualification system was introduced since the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. The last edition at Paris was the 25th occurrence of the men's event and 12th consecutive occurrence of women's event in the Olympics.

India holds the record for the most appearances in the Olympic men's competitions (22) while Australia and Netherlands hold the same record in women's competitions (11). India leads the medal tally for the men's events with 13 medals while the Netherlands heads the women's events with 10 medals.

Great Britain won the first two editions of the men's event in 1908 and 1920. India won the gold medal in seven out of eight Olympics from 1928 to 1964 with Pakistan winning three gold and silver medals each between the 1956 and 1984 Games. The matches are played on artificial turf since 1976. Since the late 1980s, European nations have dominated the hockey events with Germany and Netherlands having won three gold medals each in the men's event. In the women's event, Netherlands and Australia have been dominant, having won five and three gold medals respectively since its introduction in 1980.

History

Field hockey was introduced at the Modern Olympic Games as a men's competition at the 1908 Games in London. Great Britain won the first two editions in 1908 (as England) and 1920.^[1] It was removed from the Olympic schedule of the Summer Olympic Games for the 1924 Paris Games because of the lack of an international sporting structure. The International Hockey Federation (FIH) was founded in Paris that year as a response to the same.^[2] Men's field hockey was added to the Olympics for the next Olympic Games in 1928 Games held at Amsterdam.^{[1] [3]}

Starting in 1928, India won the gold medal in seven out of eight Olympics till 1964 including six consecutive gold medals from the 1928 Olympics to 1956.^{[4] [5]} Pakistan won its first gold medal in 1960 and won three gold and silver medals each in a run lasting from 1956 to 1984.^[6] West Germany won the gold medal in the 1972 Munich Olympics, for the first gold medal by a non-Asian country since 1928. Olympic field hockey games were first played on artificial turf at the 1976 Montreal Games and was won by New Zealand.^{[1] [7]} The domination of both the Asian countries came to an end in the late 1980s with India winning its last gold medal in the competition in 1980 and Pakistan in 1984.^{[5] [6]}

Though the International Federation of Women’s Hockey Associations (IFWHA) was founded way back in 1927, Women's field hockey made its debut at the Summer Olympics only at the 1980 Moscow Olympics and was won by Zimbabwe. On 23 April 1983, women’s hockey programme was taken over by FIH and the IFWHA was dissolved.^[3] Great Britain won its first gold medal in the men's event since 1920 in the 1988 Seoul Olympics.^[1]

Until the 1988 Olympics, the tournament was invitational but FIH introduced a qualification system starting from the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Since the 1990s, European countries have been dominant in the men's sport with the only exceptions being the wins by Australia in 2004 and Argentina in 2016. Both Germany and Netherlands have won three gold medals each, with the only other European winner being Belgium in 2020.^[1] In the women's events, Netherlands and Australia have been dominant, having won five and three gold medals respectively since its introduction to the Olympic programme in 1980. The only other winners of the women's event were Spain in 1992, Germany in 2004, and Great Britain in 2016.^[1]

The last edition of both the men's and women's events were held as a part of the 2024 Paris Olympics with Netherlands winning both the events.^{[8] [9]} India holds the record for the most appearances in the Olympic men's competitions (22) and Spain has appeared in the most Olympic men's competitions (19) without winning the men's gold medal with the best place finishes being the silver medal won in 1980, 1996, and 2008.^{[5] [10]} Australia and Netherlands hold the record for the most appearances in the Olympic women's competitions (11).^[3] India leads the medal tally for the men's events with 13 medals including eight gold medals. Netherlands heads the women's events with 10 medals including five gold medals and also leads the overall medal tally with 20 medals (eight gold, six silver and six bronze).^{[11] [3]}

Men

Results

Year	Host	width=1% rowspan=29		Gold medal match			width=1% rowspan=29		Bronze medal match			width=1% rowspan=29		width=6% rowspan=2	Number of teams
width=14%	Gold medal	width=10%	Score	width=14%	Silver medal	width=14%	Bronze medal	width=10%	Score	width=14%	Fourth place
1908 Details	London, Great Britain	(England)	8–1	(Ireland)	(Scotland) (Wales)			6
1912	Stockholm, Sweden	No tournament			No tournament
1920 Details	Antwerp, Belgium							4
1924	Paris, France	No tournament			No tournament
1928 Details	Amsterdam, Netherlands		3–0			3–0		9
1932 Details	Los Angeles, United States							3
1936 Details	Berlin, Germany		8–1			4–3		11
1948 Details	London, Great Britain		4–0			1–1 4–1 (Replay)		13
1952 Details	Helsinki, Finland		6–1			2–1		12
1956 Details	Melbourne, Australia		1–0			3–1		12
1960 Details	Rome, Italy		1–0			2–1		16
1964 Details	Tokyo, Japan		1–0			3–2 after extra time		15
1968 Details	Mexico City, Mexico		2–1			2–1		16
1972 Details	Munich, West Germany		1–0			2–1		16
1976 Details	Montreal, Canada		1–0			3–2		11
1980 Details	Moscow, Soviet Union		4–3			2–1		6
1984 Details	Los Angeles, United States		2–1 after extra time			3–2		12
1988 Details	Seoul, South Korea		3–1			2–1		12
1992 Details	Barcelona, Spain		2–1			4–3		12
1996 Details	Atlanta, United States		3–1			3–2		12
2000 Details	Sydney, Australia		3–3 after extra time (5–4) Penalty strokes			6–3		12
2004 Details	Athens, Greece		2–1 after extra time			4–3 after extra time		12
2008 Details	Beijing, China		1–0			6–2		12
2012 Details	London, Great Britain		2–1			3–1		12
2016 Details	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil		4–2			1–1 (4–3) Penalty shootout		12
2020 Details	Tokyo, Japan		1–1 (3–2) Penalty shootout			5–4		12
2024 Details	Paris, France		1–1 (3–1) Penalty shootout			2–1		12

Top four statistics

Team	Winners	Runners-up	Third place	Fourth place
style=background:#FFF68F		style=background:#FFF68F	8 (1928, 1932, 1936, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1964, 1980)	1 (1960)	4 (1968, 1972, 2020, 2024)
style=background:#FFF68F		style=background:#FFF68F	4 (1972*, 1992, 2008, 2012)	4 (1936*, 1984, 1988, 2024)	4 (1928, 1956, 2004, 2016)	3 (1968, 1996, 2020)
style=background:#FFF68F		style=background:#FFF68F	3 (1996, 2000, 2024)	4 (1928*, 1952, 2004, 2012)	3 (1936, 1948, 1988)	5 (1972, 1976, 1992, 2008, 2016)
style=background:#FFF68F		style=background:#FFF68F	3 (1960, 1968, 1984)	3 (1956, 1964, 1972)	2 (1976, 1992)	3 (1948, 1952, 2000)
style=background:#FFF68F		style=background:#FFF68F	3 (1908*, 1920, 1988)	2 (1908*, 1948*)	4 (1908*, 1908*, 1952, 1984)	3 (1956, 1960, 2012*)
style=background:#FFF68F		style=background:#FFF68F	1 (2004)	4 (1968, 1976, 1992, 2020)	5 (1964, 1996, 2000*, 2008, 2012)	2 (1984, 1988)
style=background:#FFF68F		style=background:#FFF68F	1 (2020)	1 (2016)	1 (1920*)	1 (1928)
style=background:#FFF68F		style=background:#FFF68F	1 (1976)
style=background:#FFF68F		style=background:#FFF68F	1 (2016)
		3 (1980, 1996, 2008)	1 (1960)	3 (1964, 2004, 2024)
		1 (1920)
		1 (1932)
		1 (2000)
			1 (1932*)
			1 (1980*)
				2 (1920, 1936)
				1 (1980)

* = host nation

Team appearances

Since the debut of the hockey programme in 1908, 45 teams have competed in at least one Olympic Games.

Team	1908	1920	1928	1932	1936	1948	1952	1956	1960	1964	1968	1972	1976	1980	1984	1988	1992	1996	2000	2004	2008	2012	2016	2020	2024	Total
	–	–	–	–	6th	8th	–	11th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	3
	–	–	–	–	–	5th	–	–	–	–	14th	14th	11th	–	–	8th	11th	9th	8th	11th	–	10th	bgcolor=gold	1st	7th	8th	13
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5th	6th	3rd	bgcolor=silver	2nd	5th	bgcolor=silver	2nd	–	4th	4th	bgcolor=silver	2nd	3rd	3rd	bgcolor=gold	1st	3rd	3rd	6th	bgcolor=silver	2nd	6th	17
	–	–	9th	–	–	8th	7th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	3
	–	3rd	4th	–	9th	5th	9th	7th	11th	11th	9th	10th	9th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	9th	5th	bgcolor=silver	2nd	bgcolor=gold	1st	5th	16
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	12th	–	–	1
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	13th	–	–	10th	–	12th	11th	–	–	10th	–	10th	–	11th	12th	–	8
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	11th	–	–	–	–	1
	–																10th	Defunct								1
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
	–	bgcolor=silver	2nd	5th	–	10th	11th	–	–	16th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5
	–										11th	–	–	–	–	–	Defunct									1
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	12th	–	–	12th	–	–	–	–	–	2
	bgcolor=gold	1st	Part of Great Britain																								1
	–	–	–	–	–	–	9th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
	6th	4th	5th	–	4th	8th	11th	–	10th	–	10th	12th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	11th	10
	5th	–	3rd	–	bgcolor=silver	2nd	–	5th	–									bgcolor=gold	1st	4th	5th	3rd	bgcolor=gold	1st	bgcolor=gold	1st	3rd	4th	bgcolor=silver	2nd	13
	–	bgcolor=gold	1st	–	–	–	bgcolor=silver	2nd	3rd	4th	4th	9th	12th	6th	–	–	3rd	bgcolor=gold	1st	6th	7th	6th	9th	5th	4th	9th	5th	7th	19
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	15th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
	–	–	–	–	8th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
	–	–	bgcolor=gold	1st	bgcolor=gold	1st	bgcolor=gold	1st	bgcolor=gold	1st	bgcolor=gold	1st	bgcolor=gold	1st	bgcolor=silver	2nd	bgcolor=gold	1st	3rd	3rd	7th	bgcolor=gold	1st	5th	6th	7th	8th	7th	7th	–	12th	8th	3rd	3rd	22
	bgcolor=silver	2nd	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	10th	–	10th	3
	–	–	–	–	–	–	11th	–	13th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2
	–	–	–	bgcolor=silver	2nd	7th	–	–	–	14th	7th	13th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	11th	–	6
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	10th	7th	6th	8th	13th	–	–	9th	12th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	7
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	9th	–	9th	15th	8th	8th	–	10th	–	9th	11th	11th	–	–	–	–	–	–	9
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	16th	16th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2
	–	–	bgcolor=silver	2nd	–	3rd	3rd	bgcolor=silver	2nd	–	9th	7th	5th	4th	4th	–	6th	3rd	4th	bgcolor=gold	1st	bgcolor=gold	1st	bgcolor=silver	2nd	4th	bgcolor=silver	2nd	4th	6th	bgcolor=gold	1st	20
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	6th	5th	13th	7th	9th	bgcolor=gold	1st	–	7th	–	8th	–	–	6th	7th	9th	7th	9th	12th	14
	–	–	–	–	–	4th	4th	bgcolor=silver	2nd	bgcolor=gold	1st	bgcolor=silver	2nd	bgcolor=gold	1st	bgcolor=silver	2nd	3rd	–	bgcolor=gold	1st	5th	3rd	6th	4th	5th	8th	7th	–	–	–	16
	–	–	–	–	–	–	6th	–	12th	–	–	11th	–	4th	–	–	–	–	12th	–	–	–	–	–	–	5
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	11th	Defunct															1
	3rd	Part of Great Britain																								1
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	8th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	10th	–	10th	12th	11th	–	10th	9th	6
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	10th	–	5th	bgcolor=silver	2nd	8th	6th	8th	–	–	–	6
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	3rd	–	7th	Defunct									2
	–	–	7th	–	–	11th	–	–	3rd	4th	6th	7th	6th	bgcolor=silver	2nd	8th	9th	5th	bgcolor=silver	2nd	9th	4th	bgcolor=silver	2nd	6th	5th	8th	4th	19
	–	–	7th	–	5th	5th	7th	–	15th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	6th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	15th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
	–	–	–	3rd	11th	11th	–	12th	–	–	–	–	–	–	12th	–	–	12th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	6
	–							3rd	7th	5th	Defunct															3
	3rd	Part of Great Britain																								1
	–										4th	bgcolor=gold	1st	5th	–	bgcolor=silver	2nd	bgcolor=silver	2nd	Defunct									5
Total	6	4	9	3	11	13	12	12	16	15	16	16	11	6	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12	12

# = states or teams that have since split into two or more independent teams

Debut of teams

Year	Debuting teams			Successor or renamed teams
1908	,,,,,	6	6
1920	,	2	8
1928	,,,,	5	13
1932	,	2	15
1936	,	2	17
1948	,	2	19
1952	,,	3	22
1956	,,,,	5	27
1960	No debut	0	27
1964	,,	3	30
1968	,	2	32
1972		1	33
1976	None	0	33
1980	,,	3	36
1984	None	0	36
1988		1	37
1992		1	38	, CIS
1996		1	39
2000	None	0	39
2004	None	0	39
2008		1	40
2012	None	0	40
2016		1	41
2020	None	0	41
2024	None	0	41

Women

Results

Year	Host	width=1% rowspan=14		Gold medal match			width=1% rowspan=14		Bronze medal match			width=1% rowspan=14		width=6% rowspan=2	Number of teams
width=14%	Gold medal	width=10%	Score	width=14%	Silver medal	width=14%	Bronze medal	width=10%	Score	width=14%	Fourth place
1980 Details	Moscow, Soviet Union							6
1984 Details	Los Angeles, United States					(10–5) Penalty strokes		6
1988 Details	Seoul, South Korea		2–0			3–1		8
1992 Details	Barcelona, Spain		2–1 after extra time			4–3		8
1996 Details	Atlanta, United States		3–1			0–0 after extra time (4–3) Penalty strokes		8
2000 Details	Sydney, Australia		3–1			2–0		10
2004 Details	Athens, Greece		2–1			1–0		10
2008 Details	Beijing, China		2–0			3–1		12
2012 Details	London, Great Britain		2–0			3–1		12
2016 Details	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil		3–3 (2–0) Penalty shootout			2–1		12
2020 Details	Tokyo, Japan		3–1			4–3		12
2024 Details	Paris, France		1–1 (3–1) Penalty shootout			2–2 (3–1) Penalty shootout		12

Top four statistics

Team	Winners	Runners-up	Third place	Fourth place
style=background:#FFF68F		style=background:#FFF68F	5 (1984, 2008, 2012, 2020, 2024)	2 (2004, 2016)	3 (1988, 1996, 2000)
style=background:#FFF68F		style=background:#FFF68F	3 (1988, 1996, 2000*)			1 (1984)
style=background:#FFF68F		style=background:#FFF68F	1 (2004)	2 (1984, 1992)	1 (2016)	1 (2008)
style=background:#FFF68F		style=background:#FFF68F	1 (2016)		3 (1992, 2012*, 2020)	2 (1988, 1996)
style=background:#FFF68F		style=background:#FFF68F	1 (1992*)			1 (2000)
style=background:#FFF68F		style=background:#FFF68F	1 (1980)
		3 (2000, 2012, 2020)	3 (2004, 2008, 2024)
		2 (1988*, 1996)		1 (1992)
		2 (2008*, 2024)		1 (2004)
		1 (1980)
			1 (1980*)
			1 (1984*)
				2 (1980, 2020)
				2 (2012, 2016)
				1 (2024)

* = host nation

Team appearances

Since its debut at the 1980 Games, 23 teams have competed in at least one Olympic Games.

Team	1980	1984	1988	1992	1996	2000	2004	2008	2012	2016	2020	2024	Total
	–	–	7th	–	7th	bgcolor=silver	2nd	3rd	3rd	bgcolor=silver	2nd	7th	bgcolor=silver	2nd	3rd	9
	–	4th	bgcolor=gold	1st	5th	bgcolor=gold	1st	bgcolor=gold	1st	5th	5th	5th	6th	5th	5th	11
	5th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	11th	–	–	4th	2
	–	5th	6th	7th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	3
	–	–	–	–	–	5th	4th	bgcolor=silver	2nd	6th	9th	9th	bgcolor=silver	2nd	7
	bgcolor=silver	2nd	–	–	–	Defunct								1
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	12th	1
	–			bgcolor=silver	2nd	6th	7th	bgcolor=gold	1st	4th	7th	3rd	6th	6th	9
	–	–	4th	3rd	4th	8th	–	6th	3rd	bgcolor=gold	1st	3rd	8th	9
	4th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	12th	4th	–	3
	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	10th	–	1
	–	–	–	–	–	–	8th	10th	9th	10th	11th	10th	6
	–	bgcolor=gold	1st	3rd	6th	3rd	3rd	bgcolor=silver	2nd	bgcolor=gold	1st	bgcolor=gold	1st	bgcolor=silver	2nd	bgcolor=gold	1st	bgcolor=gold	1st	11
	–	6th	–	8th	–	6th	6th	12th	4th	4th	8th	–	8
	6th	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
	–	–	–	–	–	10th	9th	11th	10th	–	12th	11th	6
	–	–	bgcolor=silver	2nd	4th	bgcolor=silver	2nd	9th	7th	9th	8th	11th	–	–	8
	3rd	–	–	Defunct									1
	–	–	–	bgcolor=gold	1st	8th	4th	10th	7th	–	8th	7th	7th	8
	–	3rd	8th	–	5th	–	–	8th	12th	5th	–	9th	7
	–	bgcolor=silver	2nd	5th	Defunct									2
	bgcolor=gold	1st	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
Total	6	6	8	8	8	10	10	12	12	12	12	12

# = states or teams that have since split into two or more independent teams

Debut of teams

Year	Debuting teams			Successor or renamed teams
1980	, *,,, *,	6	6
1984	,,,,, *	6	12
1988	,,	3	15
1992		1	16
1996	No debuts	0	16
2000	,	2	18
2004	No debuts	0	18
2008		1	19
2012		1	20
2016	No debuts	0	20
2020		1	21
2024		1	22

• = Defunct Team

Medal table

Source:^[12]

• = Defunct Team

Olympic records

Men

• Most appearances : India (22)^{[5] [13]}
• Most consecutive appearances : India (18, –)^{[5] [13]}
• Most medals : India (13)^{[5] [13]}
• Most titles : India (8)^{[5] [13]}
• Longest winning streak : 30 matches (India, –)^[5]
• Most goals scored in a single tournament : India (43,)^{[14] [13]}
• Fewest goals conceded in a single tournament: India (nil, ^{[14] [13]}
• Biggest margin of victory : India 24–1 United States ^[14]
• Biggest margin of victory at an Olympic final : India 8–1 Germany ^[14]
• Most appearances by a player: Teun de Nooijer (Netherlands), Ric Charlesworth (Australia), David Alegre and Pol Amat (Spain) (5 appearances)^[13]
• Most goals scored by a player in a match : Roop Singh (India, 10 goals vs United States at)^[14]
• Most goals scored by a player in an Olympic final : Balbir Singh Sr. (India, 5 goals vs Netherlands at)^[15]

Women

• Most appearances : Australia and Netherlands (11)^[16]
• Most consecutive appearances : Australia and Netherlands (11, –)^[16]
• Most medals : Netherlands (10)^[16]
• Most titles : Netherlands (5)^[16]
• Most goals scored : Netherlands (192)^[16]
• Most goals scored in a single tournament : Netherlands (29,)^[16]
• Most appearances by a player: Natascha Keller (Germany, 5 appearances)^[16]
• Most goals by a player: Maartje Paumen (Netherlands, 19 goals)^[16]
• Most goals scored by a player in a single tournament: Maartje Paumen (Netherlands, 11 goals at)^[16]

See also

• List of Olympic venues in field hockey

Notes and References

1. Web site: Field hockey Olympic records and results. NBC Olympics. 1 June 2024.
2. Web site: History FIH . 2 February 2024 . . 2 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240202110108/https://www.fih.hockey/about-fih/history . live .
3. Web site: Hockey at the Olympics. Olympedia. 1 August 2024. 15 December 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221215190142/https://www.olympedia.org/sports/HOC. live.
4. Web site: How Indian hockey cast a spell to win the 1928 Olympics gold. 3 April 2021. 1 June 2024. Olympics.com. 21 August 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240821103744/https://olympics.com/en/news/india-hockey-team-won-first-olympic-games-gold-medal-1928-amsterdam. live.
5. Web site: Indian hockey men at the Olympics: A gold-laden history. 20 March 2020. 1 June 2024. Olympics.com. 21 August 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240821103758/https://olympics.com/en/news/how-indian-hockey-team-olympic-games-gold-medals. live.
6. Web site: How many Olympic medals have Pakistan won. 1 June 2024. Olympics.com. 3 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230403121251/https://olympics.com/en/news/how-many-pakistan-olympic-medals-won. live.
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