FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993 explained

The FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993 was enacted as a law of the United States enhancing prior statutory provisions which govern international relations between the former Republics of the Soviet Union and United States during the Cold War. The Act of Congress reformed United States statutes related to:

• Armament export controls as related to military technology transfer limitations

• Continental cultural and educational exchange

• Cooperative foreign trade relations

• Diplomatic relations with foreign allies

• Global environmental shifts

• Immigration and nationality requirements

• International products exports

• Societal propagandization as related to multicultural social ideology

H.R. 3000 was passed by the 103rd United States Congressional session and enacted into law by the 42nd President of the United States Bill Clinton on December 17, 1993.^{[1] [2]}

Titles of the Act

The 1993 Act was penned as nine titles establishing purposeful foreign relations as related to the development of emerging democracies and improved multinational partnerships.

Title I: Policy of Friendship and Cooperation

Statement of purpose

Findings

Statutory provisions that have been applicable to the Soviet Union.

Title II: Trade and Business Relations

Policy under Export Administration Act

Representation of countries of Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the former Soviet Union in legal commercial transactions

Procedures regarding transfers of certain Department of Defense-funded items

Soviet slave labor

Title III: Cultural, Educational, and Other Exchange Programs

Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961

Soviet-Eastern European research and training^{[3] [4]}

Fascell Fellowship Act^{[5] [6]}

Board for International Broadcasting Act^{[7] [8]}

Scholarship programs for developing countries

Report on Soviet participants in certain exchange programs

Title IV: Arms Control

Arms Control and Disarmament Act

Arms Export Control Act

Annual reports on arms control matters

United States/Soviet direct communication link

Title V: Diplomatic Relations

Personnel levels and limitations

Other provisions related to operation of consulates and embassies

Foreign Service Buildings Act^[9]

Title VI: Oceans and the Environment

Arctic Research and Policy Act^{[10] [11]}

Fur seal management

Global climate protection^{[12] [13]}

Title VII: Regional and General Diplomatic Issues

United Nations assessments

Soviet occupation of Afghanistan

Angola

Self determination of the people from the Baltic States

Obsolete references in Foreign Assistance Act

Review of United States policy toward the Soviet Union

Title VIII: Internal Security; Worldwide Communist Conspiracy

Civil defense

Report on Soviet press manipulation in the United States

Subversive Activities Control Act

Report on Soviet and international communist behavior

Title IX: Miscellaneous

Ballistic missile tests near Hawaii

Nondelivery of international mail

State-sponsored harassment of religious groups

Murder of Major Arthur D. Nicholson

Monument to honor victims of communism

See also

Arctic policy of the United States

Communist Control Act of 1954

Containment

Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992

Freedom Support Act

Helsinki Accords

Korean Air Lines Flight 007

Mount Alto Embassy Site

National Captive Nations Committee

North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911

Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act

Partnership for Peace

Samantha Smith

Soviet anti-religious legislation

Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991

Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation

World Trade Organization

External links

• Web site: 29 WCPD 545 - Vancouver Declaration: Joint Statement of the Presidents of the United States and the Russian Federation . April 4, 1993 . U.S. Government Publishing Office.
• News: Battista . Carolyn . June 24, 1990 . Dramatic Harmony in Student Exchange . The New York Times . Waterford, Connecticut.
• News: James . George . October 4, 1998 . GOVERNMENT; For Exchange Students and Sponsors, Lessons for Life . The New York Times.
• Web site: Revelations from the Russian Archives . Exhibitions . 15 June 1992 . United States Library of Congress.
• Web site: Statement on the 1997 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Summit - September 6, 1996 . Clinton . William J. . September 6, 1996 . Internet Archive . Washington, D.C. . National Archives and Records Service . 1501–1502.
• Web site: Statement Announcing the 1997 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Summit - December 10, 1996 . Clinton . William J. . December 10, 1996 . Internet Archive . Washington, D.C. . National Archives and Records Service . 2184.

Notes and References

1. Web site: FRIENDSHIP Act Documents Collection Center . 2023-08-27 . documents.law.yale.edu.
2. Web site: PUBLIC LAW 103-199—DEC. 17, 1993 . August 27, 2023 . Congress.gov.
3. Web site: Soviet-Eastern European Research and Training Act of 1983 ~ P.L. 98-164 . November 22, 1983 . 97 Stat. 1047 ~ House Bill 2915 . U.S. Government Publishing Office.
4. Web site: H.R.2915 - Soviet-Eastern European Research and Training Act of 1983 . May 5, 1983 . Congress.gov.
5. Web site: Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986 ~ P.L. 99-399 . August 27, 1986 . 100 Stat. 853 ~ House Bill 4151 . U.S. Government Publishing Office.
6. Web site: H.R.4151 - Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986 . February 6, 1986 . Congress.gov.
7. Web site: Board for International Broadcasting Act of 1973 ~ P.L. 93-129 . October 19, 1973 . 87 Stat. 456 ~ Senate Bill 1914 . U.S. Government Publishing Office.
8. Web site: S.1914 - Board for International Broadcasting Act . May 31, 1973 . Congress.gov.
9. Web site: Foreign Service Buildings Act of 1926 ~ P.L. 69-186 . May 7, 1926 . 44 Stat. 403 ~ House Bill 10200 . Legis★Works . April 23, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151018141606/http://legisworks.org/congress/69/publaw-186.pdf . October 18, 2015 . dead .
10. Web site: Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984 ~ P.L. 98-373 . July 31, 1984 . 98 Stat. 1242 ~ Senate Bill 373 . U.S. Government Publishing Office.
11. Web site: S.373 - Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984 . February 1, 1983 . Congress.gov.
12. Web site: Global Climate Protection Act of 1987 ~ P.L. 100-204 . December 22, 1987 . 101 Stat. 1407 ~ House Bill 1777 . U.S. Government Publishing Office.
13. Web site: H.R.1777 - Global Climate Protection Act of 1987 . March 25, 1987 . Congress.gov.