ELK4 explained

ETS domain-containing protein Elk-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ELK4 gene.^{[1] [2] [3]}

Function

This gene is a member of the Ets family of transcription factors and of the ternary complex factor (TCF) subfamily. Proteins of the TCF subfamily form a ternary complex by binding to the serum response factor and the serum response element in the promoter of the c-fos proto-oncogene. The protein encoded by this gene is phosphorylated by the kinases, MAPK1 and MAPK8. Several transcript variants have been described for this gene.

Interactions

ELK4 has been shown to interact with:

• BRCA1,^[4] and
• Serum response factor^{[5] [6]}

Further reading

• Sharrocks AD, Brown AL, Ling Y, Yates PR . The ETS-domain transcription factor family . Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. . 29 . 12 . 1371–87 . 1998 . 9570133 . 10.1016/S1357-2725(97)00086-1 .
• Wasylyk B, Hagman J, Gutierrez-Hartmann A . Ets transcription factors: nuclear effectors of the Ras-MAP-kinase signaling pathway . Trends Biochem. Sci. . 23 . 6 . 213–6 . 1998 . 9644975 . 10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01211-0 .
• Dalton S, Treisman R . Characterization of SAP-1, a protein recruited by serum response factor to the c-fos serum response element . Cell . 68 . 3 . 597–612 . 1992 . 1339307 . 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90194-H . 26274460 .
• Price MA, Rogers AE, Treisman R . Comparative analysis of the ternary complex factors Elk-1, SAP-1a and SAP-2 (ERP/NET) . EMBO J. . 14 . 11 . 2589–601 . 1995 . 7540136 . 398373 . 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07257.x.
• Adams MD, Kerlavage AR, Fleischmann RD, Fuldner RA, Bult CJ, Lee NH, Kirkness EF, Weinstock KG, Gocayne JD, White O . Initial assessment of human gene diversity and expression patterns based upon 83 million nucleotides of cDNA sequence . Nature . 377 . 6547 Suppl . 3–174 . 1995 . 7566098 . .
• Dalton S, Treisman R . Characterization of SAP-1, a protein recruited by serum response factor to the c-fos serum response element . Cell . 76 . 2 . 411 . 1994 . 8293474 . . 2011-06-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110928102120/http://download.cell.com/pdf/PII0092867494903476.pdf . 2011-09-28 . dead .
• Janknecht R, Hunter T . Activation of the Sap-1a transcription factor by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinase . J. Biol. Chem. . 272 . 7 . 4219–24 . 1997 . 9020136 . 10.1074/jbc.272.7.4219 . free .
• Janknecht R, Hunter T . Convergence of MAP kinase pathways on the ternary complex factor Sap-1a . EMBO J. . 16 . 7 . 1620–7 . 1997 . 9130707 . 1169766 . 10.1093/emboj/16.7.1620 .
• Stein B, Yang MX, Young DB, Janknecht R, Hunter T, Murray BW, Barbosa MS . p38-2, a novel mitogen-activated protein kinase with distinct properties . J. Biol. Chem. . 272 . 31 . 19509–17 . 1997 . 9235954 . 10.1074/jbc.272.31.19509 . free .
• Mo Y, Vaessen B, Johnston K, Marmorstein R . Structures of SAP-1 bound to DNA targets from the E74 and c-fos promoters: insights into DNA sequence discrimination by Ets proteins . Mol. Cell . 2 . 2 . 201–12 . 1998 . 9734357 . 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80130-6 . free .
• Yates PR, Atherton GT, Deed RW, Norton JD, Sharrocks AD . Id helix-loop-helix proteins inhibit nucleoprotein complex formation by the TCF ETS-domain transcription factors . EMBO J. . 18 . 4 . 968–76 . 1999 . 10022839 . 1171189 . 10.1093/emboj/18.4.968 .
• Kamakura S, Moriguchi T, Nishida E . Activation of the protein kinase ERK5/BMK1 by receptor tyrosine kinases. Identification and characterization of a signaling pathway to the nucleus . J. Biol. Chem. . 274 . 37 . 26563–71 . 1999 . 10473620 . 10.1074/jbc.274.37.26563 . free .
• Chai Y, Chipitsyna G, Cui J, Liao B, Liu S, Aysola K, Yezdani M, Reddy ES, Rao VN . c-Fos oncogene regulator Elk-1 interacts with BRCA1 splice variants BRCA1a/1b and enhances BRCA1a/1b-mediated growth suppression in breast cancer cells . Oncogene . 20 . 11 . 1357–67 . 2001 . 11313879 . 10.1038/sj.onc.1204256 . free .
• Hassler M, Richmond TJ . The B-box dominates SAP-1-SRF interactions in the structure of the ternary complex . EMBO J. . 20 . 12 . 3018–28 . 2001 . 11406578 . 150215 . 10.1093/emboj/20.12.3018 .
• Mo Y, Ho W, Johnston K, Marmorstein R . Crystal structure of a ternary SAP-1/SRF/c-fos SRE DNA complex . J. Mol. Biol. . 314 . 3 . 495–506 . 2002 . 11846562 . 10.1006/jmbi.2001.5138 .

Notes and References

1. Shipley J, Sheer D, Dalton S, Treisman R, Patel K . Mapping of the human SAP1 (SRF accessory protein 1) gene and SAP2, a gene encoding a related protein, to chromosomal bands 1q32 and 12q23, respectively . Genomics . 23 . 3 . 710–1 . Mar 1995 . 7851904 . 10.1006/geno.1994.1564 .
2. Giovane A, Sobieszczuk P, Mignon C, Mattei MG, Wasylyk B . Locations of the ets subfamily members net, elk1, and sap1 (ELK3, ELK1, and ELK4) on three homologous regions of the mouse and human genomes . Genomics . 29 . 3 . 769–72 . Mar 1996 . 8575773 . 10.1006/geno.1995.9938 .
3. Web site: Entrez Gene: ELK4 ELK4, ETS-domain protein (SRF accessory protein 1).
4. Chai Y, Chipitsyna G, Cui J, Liao B, Liu S, Aysola K, Yezdani M, Reddy ES, Rao VN . c-Fos oncogene regulator Elk-1 interacts with BRCA1 splice variants BRCA1a/1b and enhances BRCA1a/1b-mediated growth suppression in breast cancer cells . Oncogene . 20 . 11 . 1357–67 . Mar 2001 . 11313879 . 10.1038/sj.onc.1204256 . free .
5. Hassler M, Richmond TJ . The B-box dominates SAP-1-SRF interactions in the structure of the ternary complex . EMBO J. . 20 . 12 . 3018–28 . Jun 2001 . 11406578 . 150215 . 10.1093/emboj/20.12.3018 .
6. Zhu C, Johansen FE, Prywes R . Interaction of ATF6 and serum response factor . Mol. Cell. Biol. . 17 . 9 . 4957–66 . Sep 1997 . 9271374 . 232347 . 10.1128/MCB.17.9.4957.