Istanbul University Explained

Istanbul University, also known as University of Istanbul (tr|İstanbul Üniversitesi), is a prominent public research university located in Istanbul, Turkey. Founded by Mehmed II on May 30, 1453, a day after the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks, it was reformed as the first Ottoman higher education institution influenced by European approaches.^{[3] [4]} The successor institution, which has been operating under its current name since 1933, is the first university in modern Turkey.^[5]

Istanbul University is consistently ranked first in Turkey and among the top 500 universities in the world according to the recently published Shanghai Ranking.^[6] At present, there are 58,809 undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral students^[7] studying in 112 academic units,^[8] including faculties, institutes, colleges, and vocational schools at 9 campuses.^[9] The main campus is adjacent to Beyazıt Square in Fatih, the capital district of the province, on the European side of the city.

Istanbul University alumni include Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Aziz Sancar^[10] and Nobel Prize in Literature winner Orhan Pamuk,^[11] as well as President of Turkey Abdullah Gül, six Prime Ministers of Turkey, including Suat Hayri Ürgüplü, Sadi Irmak, Nihat Erim, Refik Saydam, Naim Talu, Yıldırım Akbulut, and the current mayor of Istanbul Ekrem İmamoğlu. The alumni also include the longest-serving President of Israel Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, as well as David Ben-Gurion and Moshe Sharett, who both served as Prime Ministers of Israel.

History

The origins of Istanbul University date back to 1453,^{[12] [13]} when it was founded by Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II as a school of philosophy, medicine, law and letters. The University of Constantinople, established in 425 CE by the Eastern Roman emperor Theodosius II as the Pandidacterium, later became known as the Phanar Greek Orthodox College after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. In the early stages, Istanbul University also functioned as a medrese, an Islamic theological school. This madrasa is regarded as the precursor to the Darülfünûn, a technical institute or university (lit. House of Natural Sciences), which evolved into Istanbul University in 1933.^[14] Education in various sciences and fields, including medicine, mathematics, astronomy, cartography, geography, history, philosophy, religion, literature, philology, and law, became available and, until the 19th century, played a key role in educating the ruling cadres of Ottoman society. However, when the medreses were no longer able to meet the needs of the time, a restructuring process began, leading to the establishment of Darülfünûn, the core of Istanbul University.An institution of higher education named the Darülfünûn-u Osmanî (lit. the Ottoman Polytechnic Institute) was created in 1863, but suppressed in 1871. Its first rector was Hasan Tahsini, regarded as one of the most important Ottoman scholars of the 19th century. In 1874 the Darülfünûn-u Sultanî (lit. the Royal College of Natural Sciences, fr|Université Impériale Ottoman^[15]) began offering law classes in French, but was closed in 1881.

The Imperial College of Sciences, later known as Darülfünûn-u Şahâne, was reestablished in 1900 with departments in theology, arts, mathematics, science, and philology. In 1924, the faculties of law, medicine, arts and sciences were established in İstanbul Darülfünûnu, as the university was now called. Islamic theology was added in 1925, but in 1933 the university was reorganized without the latter.

The first modern applied physics courses were offered at the Darülfünûn on 31 December 1863, marking the beginning of a new era. On 20 February 1870, the school was renamed Darülfünûn-u Osmanî (lit. the Ottoman House of Multiple Sciences) and reorganized to meet the needs of modern sciences and technologies. Starting in 1874, some classes in literature, law, and applied sciences were held at the Lycée de Galatasaray, continuing regularly until 1881. On 1 September 1900, the school was renamed and reorganized as Darülfünûn-u Şahâne (lit. the Royal Polytechnic Institute), offering courses in mathematics, literature, and theology. On 20 April 1912, the school was renamed İstanbul Darülfünûnu, with an expanded course offering and a modernized curriculum. The School of Medicine, Law, Applied Sciences, Literature, and Theology were established.

On 21 April 1924, the Republic of Turkey recognized İstanbul Darülfünûnu as a state institution. On 7 October 1925, its administrative autonomy was established, and the schools, which had been part of the old medrese system, became modern faculties. The Darülfünûn then consisted of five faculties: medicine, law, letters, theology, and science. The professors were granted academic freedom as outlined in Article 2 of Law 493.^[16] On 1 August 1933, İstanbul Darülfünûnu was reorganized as İstanbul Üniversitesi (lit. Istanbul University)^[17] following the educational reforms of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Classes officially began on 1 November 1933.

Before World War II, many German scientists, particularly those from fields such as medicine, natural sciences, and humanities, were forced to flee Germany due to pressure on anti-Nazi scholars and artists, many of whom were of Jewish origin. A significant number of these emigrants found refuge at Istanbul University, where they contributed to the growth of academic programs and research, enhancing the university's intellectual environment and fostering scientific efforts in Turkey.^[18]

Campus

The university comprises seventeen faculties spread across five campuses. The main campus being on Beyazıt Square, which was originally built by Constantine the Great as the Forum Tauri and was later enlarged by Theodosius the Great as the Forum of Theodosius during the Roman period. Some Roman and Byzantine ruins are still visible on the grounds.

The building stands on the site of the Old Palace, the first palace built by the Ottoman Turks in Istanbul.^[19] Completed in 1458, the original wooden structure of the Old Palace included the harem quarters and various pavilions. Mehmed II resided there before moving to the newly constructed Topkapı Palace. Even after the royal family relocated, the Old Palace retained its significance, serving as a residence for the families of deceased sultans.

After the disbandment of the Janissary Corps in 1826, the Old Palace was assigned to the Bab-ı Seraskeri, the new military force of the Ottoman Empire. From this point on, the building was referred to as the Serasker Gate. The original wooden Serasker Gate building was demolished in 1864. The building began to serve as the Ottoman Ministry of War, in 1879. Following the establishment of the Republic in 1923, the Ministry of War, like other ministries, relocated to Ankara, and the building was handed over to Darülfünun, the first and only university of the Ottoman Empire. Located on the grounds is the Beyazıt Tower, an 850NaN0 tall fire-watch tower.

The current main building, designed by French architect Bourgerois, was completed in 1865-1866. In 1879, it began serving as the Ottoman Empire's Ministry of War. The Blue Hall and Pink Hall, located on the building's second floor, are adorned in an orientalist decorative style, featuring ceiling and wall ornamentations that reflect the overall aesthetic of the structure. The room currently used as the Rector's Office was originally the office of the Minister of War during the Ottoman Empire. The office also contains the desk of Enver Pasha, who served as the Minister of War from 1914 to 1918. The "Kılıçlık Hall," which is used for academic meetings today, was originally the venue for sword-donning ceremonies for officers within the Ministry of War during the Ottoman Empire. Before holding meetings in the Kılıçlık Hall, officers would use the area on the right side of the hall to place their swords, hang their coats, and perform ablutions.

The building, which was damaged in an earthquake in 1894, was restored by Italian architect Raimondo D’Aronco. In 1950, it was again restored by Ekrem Hakkı Ayverdi. The Rectorate Building has undergone several renovations over the years, with the most recent restoration, including façade and marble cleaning, taking place in 1998. The main gate was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 500 lira banknotes of 1971–1984.^[20]

The building housing the Rare Books Library, designed by Kemaleddin Bey in 1913, is home to a collection of approximately 93,000 volumes, including printed and manuscript books, journals, newspapers, maps, plans, and notes in Turkish, Arabic, Persian, Greek and Latin.^[21] The collection also includes 911 albums known as the Abdülhamid II Collection, which contain 36,585 photographs. Additionally, the library holds the collections of prominent figures in Turkish politics and intellectual history, such as Zakirbaşı Hüseyin Halis Efendi, Hasan Rıza Pasha, Grand Vizier İbrahim Hakkı Pasha, Sheikh-ul-Islam Pirizade Mehmet Sahip Molla, and İbnülemin Mahmut Kemal İnal. In 1925, the collection of the Yıldız Palace Library was transferred to the Rare Books Library.

International perspective and rankings

Istanbul University Graduate School of Business (Turkish: İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü) was founded in 1954 with the collaboration of Harvard Business School and the Ford Foundation.^{[40] [41]} Istanbul University Graduate School of Business also has a Beta Gamma Sigma honor society, which is the only honor business society in public universities in Turkey.^{[42] [43]} Istanbul University School of Business is the only AACSB-accredited business school among the public universities in Turkey.^[44] Istanbul University Law School conducts a joint bachelor of laws (LL.B.) program in partnership with the University of Hamburg. This program enables students to study in both Turkey and Germany, covering multiple legal systems with coursework focused on both domestic and international law.^[45]

Istanbul University has established various collaboration and exchange agreements with universities around the world.^[46] These include partnerships with Yale University Wright Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, and the University of Arizona in the United States; the University of Seoul, Dongguk University, and Hankuk University of Foreign Studies in South Korea; and Qatar University in Qatar. In Japan, the university has agreements with Ryukoku University, Tokyo University of Marine Sciences and Technology, Kindai University, and Tsurumi University. Istanbul University also collaborates with Tilburg University in the Netherlands, as well as Berlin Technical University, Aachen University of Technology, University of Cologne, Ruhr University Bochum, and Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in Germany. Additional partnerships include Essex University in the United Kingdom and the University of Western Ontario in Canada.Istanbul University maintains extensive Erasmus Programme student and faculty mobility agreements with numerous institutions across Europe, facilitating academic mobility and collaboration.^[47] In Germany, the university partners with Free University of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, Goethe University Frankfurt, University of Freiburg, University of Hamburg, Heidelberg University, University of Mainz, University of Marburg, University of Mannheim, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, and University of Tübingen. In Austria, partnerships include University of Graz, University of Innsbruck, and University of Vienna. The university also has agreements with several Belgian institutions, including University of Antwerpen, Gent University, KU Leuven, and University of Liège, as well as University of Copenhagen in Denmark. In France, Istanbul University collaborates with Bordeaux Montaigne University, University of Caen Normandy, Lumière University Lyon 2, Aix-Marseille University, University of Orléans, Paris Nanterre University, Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales, and University of Strasbourg.

The Erasmus network extends to the Netherlands, with agreements with University of Amsterdam, University of Groningen, Leiden University, and Erasmus University Rotterdam, and to Ireland with the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. In Spain, the university partners with University of Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University, University of Granada, University of Salamanca, and University Zaragoza, while in Sweden, it collaborates with Lund University and Uppsala University. Additionally, Istanbul University maintains Erasmus agreements with several Italian universities, including University of Bologna, University of Florence, University of Milano-Bicocca, University of Naples Federico II, University of Padua, and Sapienza University of Rome, as well as University of Luxembourg in Luxembourg, Eötvös Loránd University, Debrecen University, University of Pécs, and Szeged University in Hungary, University of Oslo in Norway, and University of Coimbra in Portugal.

The university actively participates in research and innovation programs supported by the European Commission^[48] and Horizon Europe,^[49] which provide funding for cutting-edge research across various fields. These partnerships enable Istanbul University to contribute to and benefit from large-scale research projects that foster scientific progress and innovation. Additionally, the university collaborates with NATO^[50] in research initiatives related to security, technology, and scientific advancement, benefiting from access to valuable resources and expertise in areas of mutual interest. Istanbul University is also an official member of the CMS Experiment at CERN,^[51] a collaboration that focuses on high-energy physics research and the study of fundamental particles.

Notable faculty

See also Academic staff of Istanbul University for a detailed list.

• Halide Edib Adıvar – Renowned Turkish author and scholar, notable for her works on social and political issues in Turkey.
• Asaf Savaş Akat – Economist and prominent professor known for his contributions to the fields of economic theory and policy.
• Cahit Arf – Influential Turkish mathematician recognized for his work on algebraic topology and number theory.
• Süleyman Ateş – Scholar of Islamic studies and philosophy, noted for his contributions to understanding Islamic thought.
• Halet Çambel – Archaeologist and historian, one of the first Turkish women to become an archaeologist.
• Süheyl Batum – Economist and educator known for his work in economic theory and policy.
• Cemil Bilsel – Political scientist and academic, known for his studies on the Turkish political system.
• Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı – Philosopher and politician, prominent for his contributions to Turkish philosophy.
• Muazzez İlmiye Çığ – Renowned archaeologist and Assyriologist, recognized for her research on the Sumerians.
• Zeynep Ergun – Notable English literature scholar
• Semavi Eyice – Art historian, famous for his research on Byzantine art.
• Sabahattin Eyüboğlu – Writer, translator, and intellectual, known for his works on art and culture.
• Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu – Diplomat and former Secretary-General of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.
• Mehmet Fuat Köprülü – Historian and scholar of Ottoman history, widely recognized for his works on Turkish literature and history.
• Şebnem Korur Fincancı – Human rights activist and forensic medicine expert, known for her work on human rights
• Zeyyat Hatiboğlu – Political scientist, notable for his work on Turkish political history.
• Ayşe Işıl Karakaş – Legal scholar, known for her contributions to constitutional and human rights law.
• Şevket Aziz Kansu – Historian and academic, recognized for his studies on the modern history of Turkey.
• Numan Kurtulmuş – Politician and academic, known for his work in the field of political science and governance.
• Burhan Kuzu – Legal scholar and politician, noted for his work in constitutional law and legal reform.
• İbrahim Kafesoğlu – Historian and academic, famous for his work on Turkish history and culture.
• Enver Ziya Karal – Historian, known for his studies on Ottoman history and Turkish culture.
• Ayhan Ulubelen – Chemist and professor, notable for his work in organic chemistry and medicinal chemistry.
• Bilge Umar – Renowned linguist and academic known for her studies on Turkish language structure.
• Süleyman Yalçın – Expert in economics and public policy, noted for his work on economic development and policy analysis.
• Hasan Âli Yücel – A prominent intellectual, educator, and former Minister of National Education in Turkey.
• Tahsin Yazıcı – Scholar known for his studies in Turkish language, literature, and history.
• Levon Zekiyan – Professor of Turkish language and literature, widely recognized for his contributions to literary studies in Turkey.
• Muammer Aksoy – Sociologist and intellectual, famous for his work on social issues and Turkish modernism.
• Ahmet Ferit Tek – Historian and academic, known for his work on Turkish history and literature.

Notable expatriate faculty

• Fritz Arndt (1885–1969) – German chemist (1915–1918)
• Erich Auerbach (1892–1957) – German philologist (1936–1947)
• Helmuth Theodor Bossert (1889–1961) – German philologist and art historian and archaeologist (1934–1959)
• Max Clara (1899–1966) – German anatomist
• Georges Dumézil (1898–1986) – French philologist, religion historian (1923–1931)
• Erwin Finlay-Freundlich (1885–1964) – German astronomer (1933–1937)
• Albert Gabriel (1883–1972) – French art historian (1926–1930)
• Hilda Geiringer (1893–1973) – Austrian mathematician (1934–1938)
• C. W. M. Hart (1905–1976) – Australian anthropologist (1959–1969)
• C. H. E. Haspels (1894–1980) – Dutch archaeologist
• Felix Haurowitz (1896–1987) – Czech physician and biochemist (1939–1948)
• Baymirza Hayit (1917–2006) – Uzbek historian and orientalist
• Richard Honig 1890–1981) – German penologist (1934–1939)
• Günther Jacoby (1881–1969) – German theologian and philosopher (1915–1918)
• Curt Kosswig (1903–1982) – German zoologist and geneticist (1937–1955)
• Lotte Loewe (1900-Unknown) – German organic chemist (1934–1955)
• Hans Marchand (1907–1978) – German linguist
• Richard von Mises (1883–1953) – Austrian mathematician
• Fritz Neumark (1900–1991) – German economist (1934–1954)
• Rudolph Nissen (1896–1981) – German surgeon (1933–1949)
• William Prager (1904–1980) – German mathematician
• Hans Reichenbach (1891–1953) – German philosopher (1945–1938)
• Oskar Rescher (1884–1972) – German scholar in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish literature
• Umberto Ricci (1879–1946) – Italian economist (1942–1945)
• Hellmut Ritter (1892–1971) – German orientalist (1926–1949, 1956–1969)
• Wilhelm Röpke (1899–1966) – German economist
• Hans Oswald Rosenberg (1879–1940) – German astronomer (1938–1940)
• Leo Spitzer (1887–1960) – Austrian Romanist and Hispanist, philologist (1925–1930)
• Andreas Tietze (1914–2003) – Austrian scholar of Turkish lexicography and language (1938–1957)

Notable alumni

See also Istanbul University alumni for a detailed list.

• Abdullah Gül (B.S. 1974) – 11th President of Turkey (2007–2014)
• David Ben-Gurion (LL.B. 1915) – Founder and first Prime Minister of Israel^[52]
• Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (LL.B. 1915) – Longest-serving President of Israel (1952–1963)
• Ferruh Bozbeyli (LL.B. 1957) – 10th Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
• Fuat Sirmen (LL.B. 1927) – Prominent Turkish legal expert and politician, Speaker of the Grand National Assembly (1961–1965)
• Nihat Erim (LL.B. 1939) – Turkish Prime Minister (1971–1972)
• Refik Saydam (M.D. 1905) – Prime Minister of Turkey (1939–1942)
• Sadi Irmak (M.D. 1939) – Prime Minister of Turkey (1974–1975)
• Suad Hayri Ürgüplü (LL.B. 1936) – Prime Minister of Turkey (1965–1966)
• Yıldırım Akbulut (LL.B. 1969) – Turkish Prime Minister (1989–1991)
• Moshe Sharett (LL.B. 1915) – Prime Minister of Israel (1954–1955)
• Cemil Çiçek (LL.B. 1971) – Former Turkish Minister of Justice and Speaker of the Parliament
• Arif Demirer (B.A. 1965) – Former Minister of Finance
• Mehmet Ali Şahin (LL.B. 1982) – Former Minister of Justice and Deputy Prime Minister
• Ali Tanrıyar (M.D. 1949) – Former Minister of Interior
• Coşkun Kırca (LL.B. 1947) – Former Minister of Foreign Affairs
• Ekrem İmamoğlu (B.Sc. 1994) – Mayor of Istanbul (2019–present)
• Erkan Mumcu (B.A. 1985) – Former Minister of Culture and Tourism
• Hayati Yazıcı (LL.B. 1975) – Former Minister of Customs and Trade
• İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil (LL.B. 1936) – Former Minister of Foreign Affairs
• Kadir Topbaş (Ph.D. 1994) – Former Mayor of Istanbul
• Köksal Toptan (LL.B. 1967) – Former Speaker of the Parliament
• Masud Sabri (Pharm.D. 1920) – Former Governor of Xinjiang Province, China
• Meral Akşener (B.A. 1979) – Leader of Good Party and former Minister of the Interior
• Murat Başesgioğlu (LL.B. 1981) – Former Minister of Labor and Social Security
• Mustafa Bey Barmada (LL.B. 1926) – Former Governor General of Aleppo
• Naci Ağbal (B.S. 1985) – Former Minister of Finance
• Nimet Baş (LL.B. 1986) – Former Minister of Education
• Abdi İpekçi (B.A. 1948) – Renowned journalist and editor of Milliyet, assassinated in 1979
• Ahmet Şık (B.A. 1995) – Investigative journalist and author, known for work on corruption and state affairs
• Halit Kıvanç (B.A. 1950) – Prominent Turkish journalist and sports broadcaster
• Fatih Altaylı (B.A. 1988) – Turkish columnist, TV host, and journalist
• Hrant Dink (B.A. 1979) – Armenian-Turkish journalist and editor, assassinated in 2007
• Metin Toker (B.A. 1944) – Journalist known for political analysis
• Murat Belge (Ph.D. 1976) – Writer, journalist, and academic
• Nedim Şener (B.A. 1992) – Investigative journalist and author on organized crime
• Uğur Dündar (B.A. 1965) – Journalist and TV producer known for exposés on corruption
• Ahmet Mete Işıkara (Ph.D. 1966) – Seismologist, advocate for earthquake preparedness
• Alp Ikizler (M.D. 1987) – Nephrologist, recognized for contributions to kidney disease research
• Aykut Barka (Ph.D. 1978) – Geologist specializing in fault lines in Turkey
• Aziz Sancar (Ph.D. 1969) – Nobel Laureate in Chemistry (2015) for DNA repair research
• Cavit Orhan Tütengil (Ph.D. 1954) – Social scientist and columnist, assassinated in 1979
• Engin Arık (Ph.D. 1981) – Physicist known for work on high-energy physics, tragically died in a plane crash
• Fuat Sezgin (Ph.D. 1954) – Renowned historian of science, expert on Islamic Golden Age
• Hulusi Behçet (M.D. 1910) – Dermatologist, first to describe Behçet's disease
• Nazim Terzioglu (Ph.D. 1937) – Mathematician known for contributions to algebra and analysis
• Muzafer Sherif (Ph.D. 1935) – Social psychologist known for social conformity theories
• Nüzhet Gökdoğan (Ph.D. 1954) – First female professor of astronomy in Turkey
• Paris Pişmiş (Ph.D. 1943) – Pioneering Armenian-Turkish astrophysicist
• Serdar Bulun (M.D. 1983) – Physician-scientist and researcher in women’s health
• Zeynel Mungan (M.D. 1980) – Medical researcher in gastroenterology
• Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar (B.A. 1923) – Novelist, poet, and literary scholar, author of "A Mind at Peace"
• Ali Kurumahmut (LL.B. 1981) – Legal expert in maritime law
• Bahadir Kaleagasi (Ph.D. 1995) – International coordinator of TUSIAD, author
• Duygu Asena (B.A. 1967) – Feminist writer, journalist, advocate for women’s rights
• Mario Levi (B.A. 1984) – Writer known for novels exploring Istanbul’s multicultural history
• Mıgırdiç Margosyan (B.A. 1960) – Armenian-Turkish author, notable for works on minority life in Turkey
• Nihal Atsiz (B.A. 1930) – Author and poet, nationalist ideologue
• İlhan Selçuk (LL.B. 1957) – Journalist, author, known for political essays
• Orhan Pamuk (B.A. 1976) – Nobel Laureate in Literature (2006)
• Reşat Nuri Güntekin (B.A. 1912) – Novelist, author of "Çalıkuşu"
• Attila İlhan (B.A. 1949) – Poet, novelist, and prominent intellectual
• Onat Kutlar (B.A. 1959) – Poet, writer, and co-founder of Turkish Cinema Archive
• Orhan Veli (B.A. 1942) – Innovative poet, a pioneer in modern Turkish poetry
• Arif Mardin (B.A. 1957) – Grammy-winning music producer
• Bülent Ortaçgil (B.A. 1972) – Singer-songwriter known for poetic lyrics
• Candan Erçetin (B.A. 1985) – Singer and music educator, popular in Turkish pop music
• Ceza (B.A. 1997) – Pioneering Turkish rapper
• Mercan Dede (B.A. 1989) – Musician and DJ blending electronic and traditional sounds
• Sadettin Kaynak (M.A. 1925) – Classical Turkish music composer and performer
• Sagopa Kajmer (B.A. 1998) – Influential rapper and hip-hop producer
• Teoman (singer) (B.A. 1990) – Rock singer-songwriter
• Burcu Esmersoy (B.A. 1997) – TV personality and sports announcer

See also

• Coimbra Group
• Istanbul University Faculty of Economics
• Istanbul University State Conservatory
• İstanbul Üniversitesi SK
• Istanbul Zoology Museum
• Istanbul University Observatory
• Beyazıt Tower
• Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa
• Education in the Ottoman Empire
• List of medieval universities

External links

• Istanbul University website
• History of Istanbul University (Turkish)

Notes and References

1. Web site: Sayılarla İstanbul Üniversitesi. sayilarla.istanbul.edu.tr. 26 December 2022. 16 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201116072246/https://sayilarla.istanbul.edu.tr/#/. live.
2. Web site: Üniversitelere 2025 yılı için 487 milyar liranın üzerinde ödenek ayrıldı . September 7, 2024 . November 12, 2024 . Anadolu Ajansı . September 7, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240907000000/https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/universitelere-2025-yili-icin-487-milyar-liranin-uzerinde-odenek-ayrildi/3323871 . live .
3. Günergun . Feza . Kadıoğlu . Sevtap . İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ'NİN YERLEŞİM TARİHÇESİ ÜZERİNE NOTLAR . Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları . 2006 . 1 . 8 . 135–163 . 23 May 2022.
4. Web site: İstanbul Üniversitesi'nin kuruluşunun 86. yıl dönümü! İstanbul Üniversitesi tarihi . haberler.com . tr . 14 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201114185317/https://www.haberler.com/istanbul-universitesi-nin-kurulusunun-86-yil-12293794-haberi/. 14 November 2020 .
5. Web site: Üniversitelerin kuruluş tarihleri . 20 June 2015 . cnnturk.com . CNN Türk . tr . 5 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211221015142/https://www.cnnturk.com/universite-rehberim/universitelerin-kurulus-tarihleri?page=1 . 21 December 2021 . live .
6. Web site: Shanghai Ranking Universities . 2024-08-21 . www.shanghairanking.com.
7. Web site: Sayılarla İstanbul Üniversitesi . istanbul.edu.tr . Istanbul University . tr . 14 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201116072246/https://sayilarla.istanbul.edu.tr/#/ . 16 November 2020 . live .
8. Web site: Sayılarla İstanbul Üniversitesi . 2024-11-13 . sayilarla.istanbul.edu.tr.
9. Web site: Yerleşim . istanbul.edu.tr . tr . 13 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161025161222/https://www.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/content/universitemiz/yerlesim . 25 October 2016 . live .
10. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015. NobelPrize.org. en-US. 6 April 2020. 21 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200521195335/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2015/summary/. live.
11. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Literature 2006. NobelPrize.org. en-US. 6 April 2020. 2 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180702122526/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2006/index.html. live.
12. Web site: Istanbul University . . 12 January 2021 . 21 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201121101921/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/istanbul-university . live .
13. Encyclopedia: Istanbul University . . 13 January 2021 . 15 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210115143857/https://www.britannica.com/place/Istanbul-University . live .
14. Rüegg, Walter: "European Universities and Similar Institutions in Existence between 1812 and the End of 1944: A Chronological List", in: Rüegg, Walter (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 3: Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945), Cambridge University Press, 2004,, p. 687
15. Book: Demirtaş, Aydın. Fuat Aydın. Mehmet Bahçekapılı. Mahmut Zengin. Hasan Meydan. Abdurrahman Hendek. Osmanlı Mektepleri ve Dârülfünûn. OSMANLI MEKTEPLERİ (Bir Modernleşme Çabası Olarak Osmanlı Eğitiminde Yeni Arayışlar). The Center for Values Education Press. 978-605-73807-3-9. 48 (PDF p. 49/536). tr.
16. Gedlkoğlu, Tokay (1995).p.152
17. Gedlkoğlu, Tokay (1995).p.156
18. Paksoy . Nadir . 2022-08-01 . German pathology professor Philipp Schwartz: His enduring life from Frankfurt to Istanbul during the Second World War era: A “forgotten savior” . Annals of Diagnostic Pathology . 59 . 151955 . 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2022.151955 . 1092-9134.
19. Web site: 2022-10-12 . Tarihin Kalbinde Yer Alan İstanbul Üniversitesi Rektörlük Binası . 2024-11-12 . İletim . tr.
20. [Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey]
21. Web site: Üniversitesi . Istanbul . Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi Koleksiyonu . 2024-11-12 . muzeyum.istanbul.edu.tr . tr.
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