Comparison of orbital launch systems explained

This comparison of orbital launch systems lists the attributes of all current and future individual rocket configurations designed to reach orbit. A first list contains rockets that are operational or have attempted an orbital flight attempt as of 2024; a second list includes all upcoming rockets. For the simple list of all conventional launcher families, see: Comparison of orbital launchers families. For the list of predominantly solid-fueled orbital launch systems, see: Comparison of solid-fueled orbital launch systems.

Spacecraft propulsion[1] is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. Orbital launch systems are rockets and other systems capable of placing payloads into or beyond Earth orbit. All launch vehicle propulsion systems employed to date have been chemical rockets falling into one of three main categories:

All current spacecraft use conventional chemical rockets (solid-fuel or liquid bipropellant) for launch, though some[3] have used air-breathing engines on their first stage.[4]

Current rockets

Orbits legend:

VehicleOriginManufacturerHeightMaximum payload mass
(kg)		Reusable / ExpendableOrbital
launches
including
failures		Launch site(s)Dates of flight
LEOGTOOtherdata-sort-type="number" Firstdata-sort-type="number" Latest
Angara A5 / Briz-MKhrunichev48.7 m[5] to GEOExpendable Plesetsk,
Vostochny		20142020
Angara-1.2Khrunichev42.7 m[6] N/A to SSO[7]
3400 to polar		Expendable Plesetsk,
Vostochny		20222024
Ariane 6 A62ArianeGroup m[8] [9] to SSO
to polar
to HEO
to TLI		Expendable1[10] CSG20242024
Atlas V 551ULA58.3 m[11] to SSO
to polar[12]
to GEO		ExpendableVAFB,
CCSFS		20062024
Atlas V N22ULA52.4 m[13] N/AN/AExpendable[14] Cape Canaveral2019[15] 2024
Ceres-1 (3)Galactic Energy20 m[16] N/A to SSOExpendable JSLC20222024
Ceres-1SGalactic Energy20 mN/A to SSOExpendable OMSP20232024
Chollima-1NADA> 38 m[17] N/AN/AExpendable[18] Sohae20232023
Electron
Rocket Lab18 m[19] N/A to SSO[20] Partially reusable[21] Mahia,
MARS		20172024
Epsilon (2)IHI24.4 m[22] N/AN/AExpendable KSC20162016
Epsilon (2) / CLPSIHI24.4 mN/AN/A to SSOExpendable KSC20182022
Falcon 9 Block 5SpaceX70 m to BLTPartially reusable (launch site)[23] [24] Vandenberg,
Cape Canaveral,
Kennedy		20182024
[25] to MEOPartially reusable (drone ship)
[26] to TMIExpendable
Falcon HeavySpaceX70 m[27] [28] N/APartially reusable[29] Kennedy20182024
to TMIExpendable
Firefly AlphaFirefly Aerospace29 m[30] N/A to SSOExpendable[31] VAFB,
CCSFS		20212024
Gravity-1Orienspace31.4 m[32] N/A to SSOExpendable OMSP20242024
GSLV Mk IIISRO49.1 m[33] N/AExpendable[34] SDSC20102024
H-IIA 202Mitsubishi53 m[35] to SSOExpendable[36] TNSC20012024
H3-22SMitsubishi57 mN/A[37] N/AExpendable[38] TNSC20232024
Hyperbola-1 (2)i-Space22.5 m[39] N/A to SSO[40] Expendable JSLC20212024
Jielong 1CALT19.5 mN/AN/A to SSO[41] Expendable[42] JSLC20192019
Jielong 3CALT31.8 mN/AN/A (500 km SSO)[43] Expendable OMSP20222024
Kinetica 1CAS Space30 m[44] N/A (500 km SSO)Expendable JSLC20222024
Kuaizhou 1AExPace19.8 m[45] N/A to SSOExpendable JSLC,
TSLC,
XSLC		20132024
Kuaizhou 11ExPace25.3 m[46] N/A to SSOExpendable[47] JSLC20202024
Long March 2CCALT38.8 m[48] to SSOExpendable JSLC,
TSLC,
XSLC		19822024
Long March 2C / YZ-1SCALT38.8 mN/AN/A to SSO[49] Expendable JSLC,
XSLC		20182024
Long March 2DSAST41.1 m[50] N/A to SSO[51] Expendable[52] [53] JSLC,
TSLC,
XSLC		19922024
Long March 2D / YZ-3SAST41.1 mN/AN/A to SSOExpendable[54] JSLC,
XSLC		20182024
Long March 2FCALT62 m[55] N/AN/AExpendable[56] [57] [58] JSLC19992024
Long March 3ACALT52.5 m[59] to SSO
to TLI		Expendable XSLC19942018
Long March 3B/ECALT56.3 m[60] to SSO
to TLI		Expendable XSLC20072024
Long March 3B/E / YZ-1CALT56.3 mN/AN/A to MEOExpendable[61] XSLC20152024
Long March 3CCALT54.8 m[62] to TLIExpendable[63] XSLC20082021
Long March 3C / YZ-1CALT54.8 mN/AN/AN/AExpendable[64] XSLC20152016
Long March 4BSAST44.1 m[65] to SSOExpendable JSLC,
TSLC		19992024
Long March 4CSAST45.8 m[66] to SSOExpendable JSLC,
TSLC,
XSLC		20062024
Long March 5CALT56.9 m[67] to SSO
to GEO
to TLI
to TMI[68] [69] 		Expendable WSLS20172024
Long March 5 / YZ-2CALT56.9 mN/AN/A to GEO[70] Expendable WSLS20162016
Long March 5BCALT56.9 m[71] N/AN/AExpendable WSLS20202022
Long March 6SAST29 m[72] N/A to SSOExpendable TSLC20152024
Long March 6ASAST50 m[73] N/A to SSO[74] Expendable TSLC20222024
Long March 6CCALT43 mN/A to SSO[75] Expendable TSLC20242024
Long March 7CALT53.1 m[76] N/A to SSO[77] Expendable[78] WSLS20172024
Long March 7 / YZ-1ACALT53.1 mN/AN/A to SSOExpendable[79] WSLS20162016
Long March 7ACALT60.13 mN/A to TLIExpendable[80] WSLS20202024
Long March 8 822[81] CALT50.34 m[82] to SSO
to TLI		Expendable WSLS20202024
Long March 8 820CALT48 mN/A to polar[83] Expendable WSLS20222022
Long March 11CALT20.8 m[84] N/A to SSOExpendable JSLC,
XSLC		20152023
Long March 11HCALT20.8 mN/A to SSOExpendable OMSP20192023
Long March 12CALT59 m[85] N/A to SSOExpendable WSLS20242024
LVM 3ISRO43.4 m[86] to TLI Expendable[87] SDSC20172023
Minotaur-C-XL-3210Northrop Grumman27.9 m[88] N/A to SSOExpendableVAFB20042017
Minotaur INorthrop Grumman19.2 m[89] N/A to SSO
400 to Polar[90] 		Expendable MARS,
VAFB		20002021
Minotaur IVNorthrop Grumman23.9 m[91] N/A to PolarExpendable MARS,
VAFB		20102020
Minotaur IV / HAPSNorthrop Grumman23.9 mN/AN/AN/AExpendable[92] KLC20102010
Minotaur IV / Orion 38Northrop Grumman23.9 mN/AN/AN/AExpendable[93] CCSFS20172017
Minotaur IV+Northrop Grumman23.9 m[94] N/A to PolarExpendable KLC20112011
Minotaur VNorthrop Grumman24.6 mN/A[95] to HCOExpendable MARS20132013
Nuri (KSLV-II)KARI47.2 m[96] N/A to SSOExpendable[97] Naro20212023
Pegasus XLNorthrop Grumman16.9 m[98] to SSO[99]
365 to Polar		Expendable CCSFS,
VAFB,
MARS,
Gando,
Kwajalein Atoll		19942021
Pegasus XL / HAPSNorthrop Grumman16.9 m[100] N/AN/AExpendable19972005
Proton-MKhrunichev57.2 m[101] N/AN/AExpendable[102] Baikonur20212021
Proton-M / Briz-MKhrunichev58.2 mN/A[103] to GEOExpendable Baikonur20012023
Proton-M / Blok DM-03Khrunichev57.2 mN/A to GEO[104] Expendable[105] Baikonur20102023
PSLV-CAISRO44.4 m[106] N/A to SSOExpendable[107] SDSC20072023
PSLV-DLISRO44.4 mN/AN/A to SSO[108] Expendable[109] SDSC20192024
PSLV-QLISRO44.4 mN/AN/A to SSOExpendable[110] SDSC20192019
PSLV-XLISRO44.4 m[111] to SSO
to TMI[112] 		Expendable SDSC20082023
Qaem 100IRGC15.5 m[113] N/AN/AExpendable Shahrud20232024
QasedIRGC18.8 m[114] N/AN/AExpendable Shahrud20202023
Shavit-2IAI22.1 m in Retrograde[115] N/AN/AExpendable[116] Palmachim20072023
SimorghIranian Space Agency26 m[117] N/AN/AExpendable Semnan20172024
Soyuz-2.1aTsSKB-Progress51.4 m from Baikonur
from Plesetsk
from Vostochny[118] 		N/AN/AExpendable[119] Baikonur,
Plesetsk		20132024
Soyuz-2.1a / FregatTsSKB-Progress46.9 mN/AN/A to SSO[120] Expendable Baikonur,
Vostochny		20062023
Soyuz-2.1a / VolgaTsSKB-Progress46.9 mN/AN/AN/AExpendable[121] Baikonur,
Plesetsk,
Vostochny		20162016
Soyuz-2.1bTsSKB-Progress44.1 m from Baikonur
from Plesetsk
from Vostochny		N/AN/AExpendable[122] Baikonur,
Plesetsk		20082024
Soyuz-2.1b / FregatTsSKB-Progress46.7 m[123] to SSO
to HCO		Expendable Baikonur,
Plesetsk,
Vostochny		20062024
Soyuz-2.1vTsSKB-Progress44.1 m[124] N/A to polarExpendable Plesetsk20182024
Soyuz-2.1v / VolgaTsSKB-Progress44.1 mN/AN/A to SSO[125] Expendable Plesetsk20132022
SLS Block 1NASA Boeing
Northrop Grumman		98 m[126] N/A+ to TLIExpendable[127] KSC20222022
SSLVISRO34 m[128] N/A to SSO[129] Expendable SDSC20222024
Tianlong-2Space Pioneer32.8 m[130] N/A to SSOExpendable JSLC20232023
Vega-C ItalyArianeGroupAvio36.2 m[131] N/A to SSO
to polar		Expendable[132] CSG20222022
Zhuque-2ELandSpace49.5 m[133] N/A to SSOExpendable JSLC20242024

Rockets in flight testing

VehicleOriginManufacturerHeightMaximum payload mass
(kg)		Reusable / ExpendableOrbital
launches
including
failures		Suborbital test flightsLaunch site(s)Dates of flight
LEOGTOOtherFirstLatest
Starship Block 1[134] SpaceX m–[135] N/AN/AReusable06 Starbase20232024
Angara A5 / OrionKhrunichev54.9 mN/A[136] to GEOExpendable Plesetsk,
Vostochny		20242024
Angara A5 / PerseiKhrunichev54.9 mN/A to GEOExpendable Plesetsk,
Vostochny		20212021
GYUB TV2 South KoreaMND19.5 m[137] N/AN/AExpendable Jeju sea launch platform20232023
KAIROSSpace One18 m[138] N/A to SSOExpendable[139] Spaceport Kii20242024
New-type satellite carrier rocket[140]
NADAKhrunichevN/AN/AN/AN/AExpendable[141] Sohae20242024
Vulcan Centaur VC2ULA61.6 m[142] to polar to MEO to GEO to TLIExpendable[143] CCSFS20242024

Upcoming rockets

Upcoming launch vehicles

VehicleOriginManufacturerHeightPayload mass to ... (kg)Reusable / ExpendableLaunch Site (s)Date of first flight
LEOGTOOther
AgnibaanAgniKul Cosmos mN/A to SSOExpendable SDSC2025
Angara A5 / KVTKKhrunichevN/AN/AN/AExpendable Plesetsk,
Vostochny		2028
Angara A5MKhrunichevN/A-5,200N/AExpendable Plesetsk,
Vostochny		2027
Angara A5PKhrunichevN/AN/AN/AExpendable Vostochny2028
Angara A5VKhrunichevN/A[144] N/AN/AExpendable Vostochny2028
Antares 330Northrop Grumman Firefly Aerospace m[145] N/AN/AExpendable MARS2025[146]
Ariane 6 A64ArianeGroup m+
to GEO
to HEO
to TLI 		Expendable CSG2024[147]
Aurora CanadaReaction Dynamics mN/ATBAExpendable Nova Scotia2025
Aventura 1 ArgentinaTLON Space mN/AN/AN/A Launch platform2025
Blue Whale 1Perigee Aerospace m[148] N/A to SSOPartially reusable CETACEA 1 sea launch platform[149] Esrange2024[150]
to SSOExpendable
CosmosSR space mN/A to SSON/A Vostochny,
Yasny		TBA
Cyclone-4MYuzhnoye
Yuzhmash		 m[151] [152] to SSOExpendable Nova Scotia2025[153]
DauntlessVaya Space m[154] N/A to SSOExpendable CCSFS,
The Spaceport Company Launch Platform		2026
Daytona IPhantom Space mN/A to SSOExpendable VSFB,
CCSFS,
ASC		2025[155]
Epsilon S JapanJAXA mN/A to SSOExpendable KSC2025[156]
Eris Block 1Gilmour Space Technologies m[157] N/AN/AExpendable Bowen2024[158]
Gravity-2Orienspace m– to SSOPartially reusable WSLS2025[159]
Hanbit-Nano South KoreaInnospace m[160] N/AExpendable CEA,
Andøya,
ASC		2025[161]
Hyperbola-3i-Space mN/AN/APartially reusable JSLC2025[162]
Expendable
H3-22LMitsubishi mN/AN/AN/AExpendable TNSCTBA
H3-24LMitsubishi mN/AN/A to TLIExpendable TNSC2024[163]
H3-30SMitsubishi mN/AN/A to SSOExpendable TNSCTBA
Jielong 4CALTN/AN/AN/AN/AExpendableN/ATBA
KSLV-III South KoreaKARI m to SSO to TLIExpendable Naro2030
Long March 8ACALT mN/AN/A to SSOExpendable WSLSTBA
Long March 9CALT m–150,000[164] to TLI
to TMI[165] 		Partially/fully reusable WSLS2033[166]
Long March 10CALT–93.2 mN/A to TLIExpendable WSLSTBA
Long March 10ACALT mN/AN/APartially reusable WSLSTBA
Expendable
Maia FranceMaiaSpace mN/AN/AN/APartially reusable CSG2025[167]
Miura 5PLD Space mN/A to SSOPartially reusable CSG2026[168]
MLVFirefly Aerospace m to TLI[169] Expendable CCSFS,
MARS,
VSFB		2026[170]
Nebula-1Deep Blue AerospaceN/AN/AN/APartially reusable WSLS2024[171]
Nebula-2Deep Blue AerospaceTBAN/AN/APartially reusable WSLS2025
Neutron
Rocket Lab m–13,000N/AN/APartially reusable MARS2025[172]
Expendable
New GlennBlue Origin m[173] N/APartially reusable CCSFS VSFB2024[174]
NGLV LEOISRO mN/AN/APartially reusable SDSCTBA
Partially reusable
Expendable
NGLV GEOISRO mN/AN/APartially reusable SDSCTBA
Expendable
NovaStoke Space mN/AN/AFully reusable CCSFSTBA
OB-1 Mk1 FranceHyPrSpace mN/AN/AExpendable CSG2026[175]
Pallas-1Galactic Energy mN/A to SSOPartially reusable WSLS / TSLC2024[176]
PrimeOrbex mN/A to SSO[177] Expendable Sutherland2025[178]
RFA OneRFA m[179] to SSOExpendable SaxaVord,
Andøya,
CSG,
Whalers Way		2025[180]
Rokot-MKhrunichevN/AN/AN/AExpendable Plesetsk2024[181]
ŞİMŞEK-1 TurkeyRoketsanN/AN/AN/AExpendable2027
Siraya TaiwanTASA mN/AN/AExpendableN/ATBA
Sirius 1 FranceSirius Space mN/AN/A to SSOExpendableN/A2025
Skyrora XLSkyrora mN/A to SSO[182] Expendable SaxaVord,
Nova Scotia		2025[183]
GYUB[184] South KoreaMND m[185] N/AN/AExpendableN/A
SLS Block 1BNASA / Boeing
Northrop Grumman		 m[186] N/A to TLI[187] Expendable KSC2028
SLS Block 2NASA / Boeing
Northrop Grumman		 m[188] N/A to HCOExpendable KSC2033
SL1HyImpulse mN/AN/AExpendable SaxaVord,
CSG,
Whalers Way		2025
Soyuz-5 (Irtysh)TsSKB-Progress
RSC Energia		 m[189] N/A to GEOExpendable Baikonur2025[190]
Soyuz-7 (Amur)JSC SRC Progress m[191] to SSOPartially reusable Vostochny2028
Expendable
SpectrumIsar Aerospace m[192] N/A to SSOExpendable CSG,
Andøya		2025[193]
Starship Block 2SpaceX mN/AN/AFully reusable[194] Starbase2025
Starship Block 3SpaceX mN/AN/AFully reusable StarbaseTBA
Terran RRelativity Space m[195] N/APartially reusable CCSFS2026
Expendable
Tianlong-3Space Pioneer mN/A to SSOPartially reusable JSLC,
WSLS		2024
Tronador II-250 ArgentinaCONAE mN/AN/AExpendable BNPB2030
Vega-EESA ASI m[196] N/AN/AExpendable CSG2026
Vikram 1[197] Skyroot Aerospace[198] m to 45º inclination 500 km LEON/A to 500 km SSPOExpendable SDSC2024[199]
Vikram 2Skyroot AerospaceN/A to 45º inclination 500 km LEON/A to 500 km SSPOExpendable SDSCTBA
Vikram 3Skyroot AerospaceN/A to 45º inclination 500 km LEON/A to 500 km SSPOExpendable SDSCTBA
Volans V500 SingaporeEquatorial Space SystemsN/AN/AN/AExpendableN/A2026
Vulcan Centaur VC0ULA m to TLIExpendable VSFB,
CCSFS		TBA
Vulcan Centaur VC4ULA m to GEO
9,200 to TLI		Expendable VSFB,
CCSFS		2024[200]
Vulcan Centaur VC6ULA m[201] to GEO
11,500 to TLI		Expendable VSFB,
CCSFS		2025
Zephyr FranceLatitude mN/A to SSOExpendable SaxaVord2025
ZeroInterstellar Technologies mN/A to SSOExpendable Taiki2025
Zhuque-3LandSpace m (RTLS)N/AN/APartially reusable JSLC,
WSLS		2025
(barge)Partially reusable
[202] Expendable
ZuljanahIranian Space Agency m[203] N/AN/AExpendable SemnanTBA

Retired rockets

See main article: Comparison of retired orbital launch systems.

Launch systems by country

The following chart shows the number of launch systems developed in each country, and broken down by operational status. Rocket variants are not distinguished; i.e., the Atlas V series is only counted once for all its configurations 401–431, 501–551, 552, and N22.

See also

Notes

  1. There are many different methods. Each mestylethod has drawbacks and advantages, and spacecraft propulsion is an active area of research. However, most spacecraft today are propelled by forcing a gas from the back/rear of the vehicle at very high speed through a supersonic de Laval nozzle. This sort of engine is called a rocket engine.
  2. The first medieval rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by gunpowder; they were used by the Chinese, Indians, Mongols and Arabs, in warfare as early as the 13th century.
  3. Such as the Pegasus rocket and SpaceShipOne.
  4. Most satellites have simple reliable chemical thrusters (often monopropellant rockets) or resistojet rockets for orbital station-keeping and some use momentum wheels for attitude control. Soviet bloc satellites have used electric propulsion for decades, and newer Western geo-orbiting spacecraft are starting to use them for north–south stationkeeping and orbit raising. Interplanetary vehicles mostly use chemical rockets as well, although a few have used ion thrusters and Hall effect thrusters (two different types of electric propulsion) to great success.
  5. Web site: Krebs . Gunter . Angara-A5 Briz-M . Gunter's Space Page . 30 November 2024 . en.
  6. Web site: Krebs . Gunter . Angara-1.2 . Gunter's Space Page . 20 July 2024.
  7. Web site: Angara-1 to inaugurate new rocket family . 2023-11-20 . russianspaceweb.com.
  8. Web site: Lagier . Roland . March 2018 . Ariane 6 User's Manual Issue 1 Revision 0 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20201111191731/https://www.arianespace.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Mua-6_Issue-1_Revision-0_March-2018.pdf . 11 November 2020 . 27 May 2018 . Arianespace.
  9. Web site: Lagier . Roland . March 2018 . Ariane 6 User's Manual Issue 2 Revision 0 . 20 July 2024 . Arianespace.
  10. Web site: Krebs . Gunter . Ariane-6 . Gunter's Space Page . 20 July 2024 . en.
  11. Web site: Atlas V . 2023-11-20 . ULA.
  12. Web site: Atlas-5(551) (Atlas-V(551)) . 2023-11-20 . Gunter's Space Page . en.
  13. Web site: Percival . Claire . 2022-05-29 . OFT-2 CST-100 Starliner (Uncrewed) Atlas V N22 . 2023-11-20 . Everyday Astronaut . en-US.
  14. Web site: Krebs . Gunter . Atlas-5(422 / N22) (Atlas-V(422 / N22)) . Gunter's Space Page . 30 November 2024 . en.
  15. News: 'Bull's-eye' landing in New Mexico for Boeing's Starliner astronaut capsule . Reuters . Roulette . Joey . 22 December 2019 . 22 December 2019.
  16. Web site: Ceres-1 . 2023-11-23 . galactic-energy.cn.
  17. Web site: Kim . Jeongmin . 1 June 2023 . North Korea rushed satellite launch after seeing ROK rocket success, Seoul says . 2 June 2023 . NK News.
  18. Web site: Chollima-1 . 2023-11-23 . Gunter's Space Page . en.
  19. Web site: Electron . 2023-11-23 . Rocket Lab . en.
  20. Web site: Rocket Lab Increases Electron Payload Capacity, Enabling Interplanetary Missions and Reusability . Rocket Lab . 23 July 2024 . en.
  21. Web site: Completed Missions. 2022-03-09. Rocket Lab. en.
  22. Web site: Epsilon . Gunter's Space Page . Gunter . Krebs . 18 January 2019.
  23. Web site: Krebs . Gunter . Falcon-9 v1.2 (Block 5) (Falcon-9FT (Block 5)) . Gunter's Space Page . 30 November 2024 . en.
  24. Web site: Krebs . Gunter . Falcon-9 v1.2 (Block 5)(ex) (Falcon-9FT (Block 5)(ex)) . Gunter's Space Page . 30 November 2024 . en.
  25. Web site: Sesnic . Trevor . Starlink Group 6-39 Falcon 9 Block 5 . Everyday Astronaut . 30 November 2024 . 25 February 2024.
  26. Web site: SpaceX - Falcon 9 . 23 July 2024 . SpaceX . en.
  27. Making Life Multiplanetary . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/tdUX3ypDVwI. 2021-12-12 . live. 15:35 . Elon . Musk . SpaceX . YouTube . 22 March 2018 . BFR in fully reusable configuration, without any orbital refueling, we expect to have a payload capability of 150 tonnes to low Earth orbit and that compares to about 30 for Falcon Heavy.
  28. Web site: Krebs . Gunter . Falcon-Heavy (Block 5) . Gunter's Space Page . 23 July 2024 . en.
  29. Web site: SpaceX - Falcon Heavy . 24 July 2024 . SpaceX . en.
  30. Web site: Alpha Launch Vehicle . 2023-11-26 . Firefly Aerospace . en-US.
  31. Web site: Missions Archive . 2023-11-26 . Firefly Aerospace . en-US.
  32. Web site: Yinli-1 (Gravity-1, YL-1) . Gunter's Space Page . Gunter . Krebs . 11 January 2024.
  33. Web site: Indian Space Research Organisation - Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark II . 2023-11-26 . isro.gov.in.
  34. Web site: GSLV . Gunter's Space Page . Gunter . Krebs . 19 December 2018.
  35. Web site: H-IIA Launch Vehicle . JAXA . 29 July 2024.
  36. Web site: Krebs . Gunter . H-2A-202 . Gunter's Space Page . 29 July 2024 . en.
  37. Only the X00 version of the H3 is intended for LEO launches. The higher capability X02 and X03 variants could presumably launch significantly more payload to LEO, but are not specified for this mission., retrieved 20 Feb. 2019/
  38. Web site: Krebs . Gunter . H-3-22 . Gunter's Space Page . 29 July 2024 . en.
  39. Web site: Hyperbola-1 User Manual . i-space . 29 July 2024.
  40. Web site: Shuang Quxian-1 (SQX-1, Hyperbola-1) . 2023-11-27 . Gunter's Space Page . en.
  41. Web site: China's Jielong 1 smallsat launcher successful on first flight – Spaceflight Now . 2023-11-27 . en-US.
  42. Web site: Jielong-1 (Smart Dragon-1, SD 1) . Gunter's Space Page . Gunter . Krebs . 2 November 2019.
  43. Web site: Krebs . Gunter . Jielong-3 (Smart Dragon-3, SD-3) . Gunter's Space Page . 30 November 2024 . en.
  44. Web site: Krebs . Gunter . Lijian-1 (Kinetica-1, Zhongke-1, ZK-1) . Gunter's Space Page . 29 July 2024 . en.
  45. Web site: Krebs . Gunter . Kuaizhou-1A (KZ-1A) . Gunter's Space Page . 30 November 2024 . en.
  46. Web site: Andrew Jones . 2022-12-07 . Private Chinese rocket reaches orbit 2 years after test-flight failure (video) . 2023-11-27 . Space.com . en.
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