Main Missile and Artillery Directorate explained
| Unit Name: | Main Missile and Artillery Directorate of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation (GRAU) |
| Dates: | 1862–present
Current title from 1960 |
| Type: | Central Military Authority |
| Command Structure: | Chief of Armament and Munition of the Russian Armed Forces |
| Commander1: | Major General Nikolay Romanovsky |
The Main Missile and Artillery Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, commonly referred to by its transliterated Russian acronym GRAU, is a department of the Russian Ministry of Defense. It is subordinate to the Chief of Armament and Munition of the Russian Armed Forces, a vice-minister of defense.
The organization dates back to 1862 when it was established under the name Главное артиллерийское управление (ГАУ – GAU). The "R" from "rockets" was added to the title from 19 November 1960.
The GRAU is responsible for assigning GRAU indices to Russian army munitions and equipment.
As of December 2021, the Chief of the GRAU was Major General Nikolay Romanovsky.
Arsenals
Arsenals of the GRAU, according to Kommersant-Vlast in 2005, included the 53rd at Dzerzhinsk, Nizhniy Novogorod Oblast, the 55th in the Sklad-40 microraion at Rzhev, the 60th at Kaluga, the 63rd at Lipetsk, the 75th at Serpukhov south of Moscow, and the 97th at Skolin (all five in the Moscow Military District). An additional possibly disused arsenal in the Moscow Military District is the 107th at Toropets.[1] The 5th at Alatyr, Chuvash Republic, the 80th Arsenal at Gagarskiy, the 103rd Arsenal at Saransk, Mordovia,[2] and the 116th at Krasno-Oktyabrskiy were all in the Volga–Urals Military District.
Fires and explosions
Since 2009, there have been a number of fires and explosions at GRAU ammunition storage depots.
- A major series of explosions occurred at an arms depot of the 31st Arsenal of the Caspian Flotilla near Ulyanovsk on 13 November 2009. At least two people were killed in the explosion and 43 were rescued from a bomb shelter where they had taken refuge.[3]
- There were fires and explosions at the 102nd Arsenal GRAU at Pugachevo (Malaya Purga) in Udmurtia (Volga-Urals Military District) in 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016, and 2018, and two other incidents in 2011 at the 99th Arsenal in Bashkiria and at Ashuluk. There were three more fires in 2012.
- On December 26, 2013, an Antonov An-12B transport aircraft of the Irkut company was flying along the route Novosibirsk - Irkutsk, but when landing, it crashed onto a warehouse of the 109th Arsenal GRAU located near the Irkutsk Northwest Airport (Siberian Military District).[4] All nine people on board were killed - six crew members and three passengers.
- On 7 October 2020, a grass fire reached ammunition in open storage at Military Unit Number 55443 (once maybe the GRAU's 97th Arsenal) near Zheltukhino in Skopinsky District, Ryazan Oblast, igniting munitions.[5] [6] Whether GRAU or the Western Military District was responsible for the depot was unlear. Interfaks-AVN wrote that there were 113 warehouses and bunkers with 75,000 tons of missiles, rockets, and artillery shells (including 152-mm) at the site. A woman died from injuries and there were at least another 15 victims in stable condition; the fire and explosions "damaged 430 structures, public facilities, apartment buildings, and private homes."
- On 28 June 2022 the cell "BOAK-Vladimir" published a press release claiming sabotage action on railway of Military Unit Number 55443 VD Barsovo (51st Arsenal of the GRAU) near Kirzhach in Vladimir Oblast. The rails were damaged. BOAK's press release stated, "Every stopped train helps to get rid of missiles and rockets, which could hit peaceful Ukrainian cities!"[7]
- On 4 September 2024 the railroad tracks at the entrance to the 93rd GRAU arsenal of military unit 55443-TD near Kuzhenkino[8] and 7 km West-northwest of Borisovsky Khotilovo air base saw an extensive fire detected by NASA's FIRMS.
- Toropets depot explosions – On the night of 17–18 September 2024, during the Russo-Ukrainian War, Ukraine launched a drone attack on the GRAU ammunition depot in Toropets, causing a massive series of explosions and fires while damaging much of the town.[9] [10] The attack resulted in an earthquake-magnitude blast, and NASA satellites detected the resulting fires over an area of approximately .[11] The blast wave spread up to and was estimated to be consistent with of high-explosives detonating.[12] [11] [13] The Security Service of Ukraine claimed that "Iskander, Tochka and KAB missiles" were stored at the facility.[13] Russian officials reported that 13 people had been injured and that an evacuation of the area had been ordered.[14]
- On 9 October 2024 the Karachev ammunition storage depot was attacked by Ukrainian drones. The depot is controlled by the 67th GRAU near Karachev, located in Bryansk region, approximately 114 km from the Ukrainian border. Fires, explosions and continuous detonations for hours resulted, but initial battle damage assessment has not yet been made by independent military analysts.[15] [16] Two ammunition depot storage warehouses were destroyed.[17]
- On 20 November 2024 the 13th arsenal located at Kotovo, Novgorod Oblast was attacked by Ukrainian drones and Kotovo residents were evacuated to nearby Okulovka as a precaution.[18]
Current GRAU indices
GRAU indices are of the form (number) (letter) (number), sometimes with a further suffix (letter) (number). They may be followed by a specially assigned codename. For example "2 S 19 Msta-S", the 2S19 Msta self-propelled howitzer, has the index 2S19, without suffix; Msta-S is the codename.
Misconceptions
Several common misconceptions surround the scope and originating body of these indices. The GRAU designation is not an industrial designation, nor is it assigned by the design bureau. In addition to its GRAU designation, a given piece of equipment could have a design name, an industrial name and a service designation.
For example, one of the surface-to-air missiles in the S-25 Berkut air defense system had at least four domestic designations:
- design name: La-205
- GRAU index: 5V7
- industry name: Product 205 (Russian: Izdeliye 205)
- Soviet military designation: V-300
Some Soviet general-purpose bombs bore a designation that looked confusingly similar to GRAU.[19]
Designation scheme
The first part of a GRAU index is a number indicating which of the several main categories of equipment a given item belongs to. The second part, a Cyrillic character, indicates the subcategory. The third part, a number, indicates the specific model. The optional suffix can be used to differentiate variants of the same model.
1 (Radio and electronics equipment)
2 (Artillery systems)
3 (Army and naval missiles)
4 (Naval missiles and army equipment (munitions, reactive armour, etc.))
5 (Air defense equipment)
- 5Ae: Computers (5Ae26, a specialized multi-CPU computer with a performance of 1.5 MIPS)
- 5B: Surface-to-air missile warheads (5B18, the warhead for the S-125's V-601 missile)
- 5P: Surface-to-air missile launchers (5P75, the four-missile launcher for the S-125 air defense system)
- 5V: Surface-to-air missiles (5V55, SAM for S-300 air defense system)
- 5Ya: Surface-to-air missiles (5Ya23, a SAM for the S-75 air defense system)
- 5#
* 51T6 (SH-11/ABM-4 Gorgone), an exoatmospheric anti-ballistic missile interceptor for the A-135 air defense system
* 53T6 (SH-08/ABM-3 Gazelle), an endoatmospheric interceptor for A-135 air defense system
6 (Firearms, air defense equipment)
- 6B: Body armor (6B1; 6B13, for mountain troops; 6B23, MOLLE; 6B43, MOLLE for airborne, naval and special troops), helmets (6B6)
- 6Ch: Firearm equipment (6Ch12, the PBS-1 flash suppressor and silencer; 6Ch63, AK modernize kit; 6Ch64, front grip)
- 6E: Firearm equipment (6E7, flashlight)
- 6G: Grenade or rocket launchers (6G3, the RPG-7 man-portable, rocket-propelled grenade launcher; 6G17, the VOG-25 40 mm grenade cartridge)
- 6Kh: Knives and bayonets (6Kh3, a sword-bayonet for the AKM)
- 6P: Firearms (6P1, the 7.62 mm AKM, and 6P41/6P41M, PKP)
- 6Sh: Firearm equipment (6Sh5, a rifle sling; 6Sh92, tactical vest; 6Sh104, SVD/VSS vest for sniper and backpack with rain cover and 2 side MOLLE pouches; 6Sh105, normal or digital tactical vest; 6Sh112, MOLLE tactical vest for PKM/PKP machine-gunner)
- 6T: Firearm equipment (6T2, Samozhenkov's carriage for PKS machine gun)
- 6Ts: Sights (6Ts1, the PSO-1 sight for the Dragunov sniper rifle)
- 6U: Firearm equipment (6U1, personnel carrier vehicle carriage for PKB/PKBM machine gun)
- 6V: Firearms (6V1, the Dragunov sniper rifle)
- 6Yu: Firearm accessories kit (6Yu4, accessories kit for the AKM)
- 6Zh: Firearm equipment (6Zh1M, a 100-round belt-box for the PKM machine gun)
- 6L: Magazine (6L20, bakelite plastic 5.45×39mm magazine for the AK-74)
7 (Firearm munitions)
Exceptions
- 71Kh6: the US-KMO Prognoz-2 early warning system satellite
- 73N6 Baikal-1: an automated air defense command and control system
- 75E6 Parol-3: the IFF interrogator for the S-75M and S-125
- 76N6: a low-altitude target detector radar
8 (Army missiles and rocketry)
9 (Army missiles, UAVs)
10 (Equipment)
- 10P: Sights (10P19, the PGO-7V sight for RPG-7V grenade launcher)
- 10R: Radios (10R30 Karat-2, a radio transmitter)
11 (Rocketry and associated equipment)
- 11A: Rocketry (11A51, the Korolev N1 heavy-lift launcher, 11A511, the Soyuz launcher)
- 11B: Nuclear thermal rocket engines (11B91 (RD0410); 11B97)
- 11D: Rocket engines (11D43, the RD-253 liquid fuel rocket engine (First stage of Proton space launcher))
- 11F: Satellites (11F67 Molniya-1, a telecom satellite; 11F35 K1 Buran (the first Buran-class shuttle; see also "
- 1 (Radio and electronics equipment)
"); 11F654 GLONASS satellites; 11F94 LK, a lunar lander)
- 11G: Equipment (11G12, a refuelling station)
- 11K: Rocketry (11K25 Energia, a heavy-lift rocket for the Buran–class shuttle)
- 11M: Onboard equipment (11M243, solar array actuators for the 11F624 Yantar-2K satellite)
- 11P: Ground equipment (11P825, the launch complex for the 11K25)
- 11S: Rocket stages (11S59, the 1st and 2nd stages ("unit A") of the Soyuz rocket)
14 (Rocketry and associated equipment)
- 14A: Rockets (14A15, is the "Soyuz-2-1v")
- 14D: Rocket engines (14D30, the "Briz" booster's S5.98M liquid fuel engine)
- 14F: Satellites (14F10, the IS-MU Naryad anti-satellite weapon)
- 14I: Ground equipment (14I02, the ground equipment for the "Briz" booster's 8P882 system)
- 14P: Ground equipment (14P72, the service system for the "Briz" booster)
- 14S: Boosters (14S12, the "Briz" booster)
- 14T: Ground equipment (14T81, the storage equipment for the "Briz" booster)
15 (Strategic Missile Forces equipment)
17 (Rocketry and associated equipment)
- 17D: Misc. rocket engines (17D58Ae, the stabilization and orientation engine of the "Briz-M" booster)
- 17F: Satellites (17F15 Raduga-1, a telecommunications satellite)
- 17K: Space-based systems (17K114, a space-based reconnaissance and targeting system)
- 17P: Ground equipment (17P31, the start system for 11K25)
- 17S: Rocket stages (17S40, Unit D of the Proton launcher)
- 17U: Ground equipment (17U551, the "Briz-M" booster testing system)
See also
References
-
- ru:Что такое современная армия России. What is the modern army of Russia. ru. Vlast. 610. Kommersant. http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=548978. 21 February 2005. 7. 20 September 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20071114072034/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=548978. 2007-11-14.
Further reading
External links
- History of the GRAU
- https://russiandefpolicy.com/2020/10/13/the-latest-arsenal-fire/ - arsenal fires, 2020
Notes and References
- Web site: 107th arsenal GRAU .
- Web site: История . 21 May 2018 .
- News: Major fire at Russia arms depot . 13 November 2009 .
- https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20131226-0 Описание катастрофы на Aviation Safety Network
- Web site: Минобороны РФ окажет помощь в ремонте жилых домов и инфраструктуры в военном городке, пострадавшем при пожаре на арсенале в Рязанской области - . 2023-05-21 . www.militarynews.ru.
- Web site: 2020-10-13 . The Latest Arsenal Fire . 2023-05-21 . Russian Defense Policy . en.
- Web site: Sabotage action on the railway of military unit 55443 VD Barsovo (51th Arsenal of the Main rocket-artillery department of Russian Defense ministry) | Anarcho-Communists Combat Organization.
- Web site: 93-й Арсенал, в\ч 55443-ТД . . 2024-10-19 . uk . 93rd Arsenal, military unit 55443-TD.
- Web site: Lukiv . Jaroslav . Russia Tver region orders evacuation after Ukrainian drone attack . 2024-09-18 . BBC . en-GB.
- News: Drone Attack On Arms Depot Forces Evacuations In Russia's Tver Region . 2024-09-18 . Radio Free Europe . en.
- News: Russian Ammo Depot 1.8 Kiloton Blast May Be 'Biggest Single Event' in War . Cole. Brendan . . 19 September 2024 . 19 September 2024 .
- Web site: 18 September 2024 . Ukrainian drone attack triggersi earthquake-sized blast at arsenal in Russia's Tver region . Lidia Kelly. Lucy Papachristou . Reuters.
- Web site: Smith . Alexander . 2024-09-18 . Ukrainian drone attack triggers huge blasts at Russian ammo depot . 2024-09-18 . NBC News . en.
- https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c30lp1qq6pzo Ukraine drone attack in Russia sparks fire
- https://www.newsweek.com/ukraine-north-korea-ammunition-depot-karachev-bryansk-russia-1966210 Ukraine Goes After Russia's North Korean Arms Stockpiles
- https://www.kyivpost.com/post/40216 Ukrainian Drone Strike Reportedly Hits Bryansk Ammo Depot Storing N. Korean Weapons
- https://x.com/kromark/status/1847182549044678925 high-resolution @planet satellite image taken on Oct. 17th arrived, confirming that two ammunition storage buildings were destroyed as a result of the strike
- News: Village in Northwestern Russia Evacuated After Ukrainian Drones Attack Missile Depot . 20 November 2024 . 20 November 2024 . en . The Moscow Times.
- For example, the FAB-250sch entered service in 1944 with the designation 7-F-334, which was not assigned by GRAU.
