Canceled Space Shuttle missions explained

During NASA's Space Shuttle program, several missions were canceled. Many were canceled as a result of the Challenger and the Columbia disasters or due to delays in the development of the shuttle. Others were canceled because of changes in payload and mission requirements.

Canceled due to the late development of the Space Shuttle

In 1972, NASA's planners had projected for 570 Space Shuttle missions between 1980 and 1991.[1] Later, this estimate was lowered to 487 launches between 1980 and 1992.[2] The details of the first 23 projected missions, listed in the third edition of Manned Spaceflight (Reginald Turnill, 1978) and the first edition of the STS Flight Assignment Baseline, an internal NASA document published in October 1977,[3] are presented below.

MissionOriginal
launch date(s)		ShuttleLanding siteMission details
STS-1A
OFT-1		June 1979ColumbiaEdwardsOriginally scheduled as the first orbital test. The crew was to consist of a commander and pilot, and the test flight was to last 2 days and 5 hours. No crew was named at the initial announcement of the mission, but John W. Young and Robert L. Crippen were officially announced as the STS-1 crew in March 1978, when the shuttle was still originally scheduled for a 1979 launch.[4]
STS-2A
OFT-2		July 1979
6 March 1980		ColumbiaEdwardsOriginally scheduled as the third orbital flight test, then the second flight.[5] The five-day mission was to see the crew of Fred Haise and Jack R. Lousma take the Teleoperator Retrieval System (TRS) to the Skylab space station in order to boost it into a higher orbit.[6] Vance D. Brand and C. Gordon Fullerton were their backups.[7] By April 1979, when it was understood that the Shuttle could not be launched in time to rendezvous with Skylab, STS-2 was rescheduled for a 6 March 1980 launch, carrying the OSTA-1 payload and the Remote Manipulator System (RMS) for the first time.[8] This re-manifested STS-2 finally launched on 12 November 1981, with Joe Engle and Richard H. Truly in place of Haise and Lousma, respectively.
STS-3
OFT-3		September 1979ColumbiaEdwardsOriginally scheduled as the third orbital flight test. The 7-day mission was to see the two-man crew (commander and pilot) test shuttle maneuvering and remote manipulator systems.
STS-4
OFT-4		December 1979ColumbiaEdwardsOriginally scheduled as the fourth orbital flight test. The crew was to consist of a commander and pilot, and the mission was to last seven days.
STS-5
OFT-5		February 1980ColumbiaKennedyOriginally scheduled as the fifth orbital flight test. The crew was to consist of commander Ken Mattingly, pilot Henry W. Hartsfield Jr. and one or two mission specialists.[9] The mission was to last 7 days. First landing at Kennedy Space Center.
STS-6
OFT-6		March 1980ColumbiaEdwardsOriginally scheduled as the sixth orbital flight test. The crew of four were to conduct the first test of operational payloads and conduct the first EVA from the shuttle. The mission was to last seven days.
STS-730 May 1980
27 February 1981		ColumbiaKennedyFirst operational flight. The crew of three were to place the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) satellite into orbit and the mission was to last five days. The LDEF was eventually released in 1984 from Challenger during STS-41C. By 1979, when it became clear that the original launch schedule could not be kept to, STS-7 was re-manifested with the TDRS-A satellite and scheduled to launch on 27 February 1981 with a crew of four and a duration of two days. This rescheduled STS-7 would also have landed at Kennedy Space Center.[10]
STS-81 July 1980ColumbiaEdwardsThe crew of three were to place the satellites TDRS-A and SBS-A into orbit during the 2-day mission. TDRS-A was sent into orbit on Challenger's maiden flight, STS-6, in April 1983.
STS-91 August 1980ColumbiaEdwardsThe crew of three were to place the satellites GOES 4 and Anik-C1 into orbit during the 3-day mission. GOES 4 was launched atop a Delta 3914 a month after its originally scheduled launch on the shuttle. After this mission, Columbia would be returned to the Rockwell International plant at Palmdale, California for removal of the ejection seats and test instrumentation and would receive higher capacity fuel cells, all in preparation for the first Spacelab mission.
STS-1014 November 1980ColumbiaEdwardsOriginally scheduled for launch in 1980. The crew of three were to place the satellites TDRS-B and SBS-B into orbit during the 3-day mission. TDRS-B was rescheduled for STS-51E but became re-manifested on STS-51L, where it was destroyed along with Challenger on 28 January 1986.
STS-1118 December 1980ColumbiaEdwardsScheduled to carry the European Spacelab-1 science module. The crew of five were to consist of three NASA astronauts and two European payload specialists. The mission was to last seven days. This first Spacelab mission was later launched as STS-9 in November 1983.
STS-1230 January 1981ColumbiaEdwardsThe crew of three were to place the satellites TDRS-C and Anik-C2 into orbit during the 2-day mission. An alternate mission was also planned which replaced the TDRS-C with an Intelsat-V satellite, and would last five days instead of two. TDRS-C was eventually made as the replacement for the destroyed TDRS-B and launched from Discovery on STS-26 in September 1988.
STS-133 March 1981ColumbiaEdwardsThe crew of three were to place the GOES-E satellite into orbit during the 5-day mission. GOES-E was eventually launched on a Delta 3914 over two months after its originally scheduled launch on the shuttle.
STS-147 April 1981ColumbiaEdwardsScheduled to carry four Spacelab instrumentation pallets and a pressurized "igloo" used to support the payloads. The crew of five was to consist of two payload specialists. The mission was to last 12 days.
STS-1513 May 1981ColumbiaEdwardsDuring this mission, the satellites TDRS-D and SBS-C would be placed into orbit. The Anik-C3 satellite could be substituted in place of SBS-C. TDRS-D was launched from Discovery on STS-29 in March 1989, with SBS-C being launched on Columbia's first operational mission, STS-5, in November 1982.
STS-1616 June 1981ColumbiaEdwardsOriginally scheduled for launch on 16 June 1981, carrying the Spacelab-3 science module. A "payload of opportunity" of 9 tons (8.16 mt) also existed, which could accommodate a communications satellite. The crew of five was to consist of two payload specialists.
STS-1716 July 1981EnterpriseEdwardsOriginally to be the first spaceflight of the shuttle Enterprise. It was to place an Intelsat V satellite into orbit and retrieve the LDEF. Enterprise never flew in space, and instead its place as the second shuttle in the fleet was taken by Challenger.
STS-1829 July 1981ColumbiaEdwardsScheduled to carry a Spacelab pallet and pressurized "igloo". A tentative planned payload would be flown for the Department of Defense, which would make it the first such payload flown on the Shuttle.
STS-192 September 1981ColumbiaEdwardsWas to carry a series of five Spacelab pallets.
STS-2030 September 1981EnterpriseEdwardsOriginally scheduled for launch on 30 September 1981, carrying the Spacelab-4 life-science module and an unpressurized Spacelab pallet.
STS-2114 October 1981ColumbiaEdwardsA crew of three was to retrieve the Solar Maximum Mission satellite and bring it back to Earth after a five-day mission. Columbia would have carried an "OMS Kit" which contained additional fuel for the shuttle's Orbital Maneuvering System, necessary to safely reach the SMM's orbit. The SMM, launched in February 1980, was eventually retrieved and repaired in orbit on STS-41-C in 1984, and continued operating until 1989.
STS-2225 November 1981EnterpriseEdwardsWas planned to carry an ESA-operated Spacelab module and additional pallet.
STS-235 January 1982ColumbiaEdwardsWas to launch the Galileo probe (then known as the "Jupiter Orbiter and Probe") to Jupiter using a modified IUS booster. Galileo was eventually delivered to orbit by Atlantis during STS-34, launched 18 October 1989, after lengthy delays.

Later in the development process, NASA suggested using the first crewed Space Shuttle mission, STS-1, as a sub-orbital test of the Return to Launch Site (RTLS) flight profile devised for emergency abort scenarios.[11] Columbia would have launched from Kennedy Space Center, then executed a 180-degree turn at a speed of 8400km/h, or 6.7 times the speed of sound, in order to land at the Kennedy Space Center runway. The mission was canceled when astronauts refused to fly it, having deemed the plan to be too dangerous. STS-1 commander John W. Young recalled that "I said no. I said let's not practice Russian roulette, because you may have a loaded gun there. So we didn't."[11]

Canceled between the first flight of the Space Shuttle (1981) and the Challenger disaster (1986)

MissionOriginal
launch date(s)		ShuttleCrewMission details
STS-10November 1983Challenger Originally to be the first classified mission for the Department of Defense; canceled due to concerns with the payload's Inertial Upper Stage booster.[12] The entire crew, which had been assigned in October 1982, flew on STS-51-C in January 1985.
STS-12March 1984Discovery Originally to be the maiden flight of Discovery. Its original mission was to deploy a TDRS satellite, which was canceled due to concerns with the Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) that was to be used in the mission. The crew (along with payload specialist Charles D. Walker) eventually flew on STS-41-D in August 1984.
STS-41-EJuly 1984Challenger A mission to deploy a DOD satellite; was canceled due to problems with the IUS upper stage that was to be used in the mission.
STS-41-F29 August 1984Discovery Canceled after STS-41-D was delayed[13] due to its RSLS abort. Most of STS-41-F's payloads were added to the STS-41-D mission and eventually launched in August 1984. STS-41-F was scheduled to launch at 13:35 UTC on 29 August 1984, and land on Runway 17 at Edwards Air Force Base at 11:32 UTC on 4 September.
STS-51-EMarch 1985Challenger Mission objective was to deploy the TDRS-B communication satellite, canceled due to IUS failure. Most of the crew would be reassigned to STS-51-D which flew in April 1985 (except for Patrick Baudry, who was reassigned to STS-51-G which flew in June 1985).
STS-51-DMarch 1985Discovery Mission objectives were to deploy a Syncom communication satellite and retrieval of the Long Duration Exposure Facility. Most of the crew would fly on STS-51-G in June, with Walker remaining on the remanifested STS-51-D flight and Jarvis eventually bumped to STS-51-L, in which he was killed during the Challenger disaster.
STS-51-HNovember 1985Atlantis Originally EOM-1 Spacelab mission, canceled in December 1984 due to planned combining with EOM-2 mission. Later re-manifested as STS-61-K which was then canceled due to the Challenger disaster and Smith was eventually reassigned to STS-51-L, in which he was killed during the aforementioned Challenger disaster.[14]

Canceled due to the Challenger disaster

MissionOriginal
launch date(s)		ShuttleCrewMission details
STS-61-E6 March 1986Columbia ASTRO-1 mission, would have been used to examine Halley's Comet in conjunction with the uncrewed probes of the Halley Armada. The Astro-1 mission, and most of the assigned crew, would eventually fly on STS-35 in 1990.
STS-61-F15 May 1986Challenger Primary mission intended to deploy the Ulysses solar polar orbiter with a Centaur-G upper stage. Most of the crew would fly on the first post-Challenger shuttle mission, STS-26. Ulysses itself would eventually be launched by Discovery on STS-41 with an IUS.
STS-61-G20 May 1986Atlantis Primary mission would have been the deployment of the Galileo probe with a Centaur-G upper stage. Most of the crew would later fly on STS-30 in 1989. Galileo would eventually be launched by Atlantis on STS-34 with an IUS.[15] [16]
STS-61-H24 June 1986Columbia

Backup Payload Specialists:

Mission objective was to deploy three satellites. The crew would have included the first British and the first Indonesian astronaut. Most of this crew would fly, sans payload specialists, as STS-29; James Bagian replaced Fisher, who was on leave.
STS-62-A1 July 1986Discovery DOD mission, was to have been the first shuttle mission flown from Space Launch Complex 6 at Vandenberg Air Force Base, and would have been the first shuttle to launch into a polar orbit. Astronauts Guy Gardner, Mullane, and Ross would fly together on STS-27, commanded by Robert L. Gibson, and with William Shepherd rounding out the crew, with no payload specialists.[17] [18]
STS-61-M22 July 1986Challenger Payload was to have been the TDRS-4 satellite, which was eventually launched aboard STS-29 in March 1989.
STS-61-J18 August 1986Atlantis The STS-61-J mission was intended to deploy the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit. The telescope was eventually launched on STS-31 in 1990, with the same crew on board (except Young, who was replaced by Loren Shriver).[19]
STS-61-N4 September 1986Discovery DOD mission, which would be flown in 1989 as STS-28 with most of the named crew except McCulley (who was replaced by Richard N. Richards) and Casserino.[20]
STS-61-I27 September 1986Challenger Primary mission objective would have been deployment of the Intelsat-4 satellite and the retrieval of the Long Duration Exposure Facility. Smith perished in the Challenger disaster shortly after being named to this crew. Dunbar would later be assigned to STS-32, which retrieved the LDEF in 1990.
STS-62-B29 September 1986Discovery
  • Katherine Eileen Sparks Roberts (Payload Specialist)
DOD mission. Only one crew member was assigned to the mission before it was canceled.[23]
STS-61-K1 October 1986Columbia A Spacelab mission combining EOM-1 (initially planned under the cancelled STS-51-H) and EOM-2. EOM (Earth Observing Mission) was later replaced by the ATLAS (Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science) program.Lichtenberg subsequently flew aboard STS-45 (ATLAS-1). Lampton was originally assigned to STS-45, but was replaced by his back-up Dirk Frimout owing to medical issues. Nicollier later flew on four Shuttle missions.
STS-61-L1 November 1986Atlantis
  • John Konrad (Payload Specialist)
Would have launched the first American journalist in space. Only one crewmember was assigned to the mission before it was canceled.[24]
STS-71-BDecember 1986Challenger DOD mission. The only scheduled crew member was Charles Edward Jones, who later died on Flight 11 when it was crashed into the World Trade Center during the September 11, 2001 attacks.
STS-71-AJanuary 1987Columbia
  • Kenneth Hugh Nordsieck (Payload Specialist)
Astro-2 mission.
STS-71-CJanuary 1987Atlantis
  • Peter Longhurst (Payload Specialist)
Was to launch a British Skynet satellite. Only one crew member, a British astronaut, was assigned to the mission before it was canceled.[25]
STS-71-DFebruary 1987Columbia
  • Robert Jackson Wood (Payload Specialist)
Would have carried a McDonnell Douglas payload.
STS-71-EMarch 1987Challenger
  • Drew Gaffney (Payload Specialist)
  • Robert Ward Phillips (Payload Specialist)
First Spacelab Life Science mission (SLS-1).
STS-71-FMarch 1987Atlantis
STS-71-GApril 1987ChallengerWas to launch a Navstar GPS satellite.[27]
STS-71-JJune 1987ChallengerWas to deploy a second LDEF with new experiments.[28]
STS-71-MAugust 1987Columbia
  • Kenneth Hugh Nordsieck (Payload Specialist)
ASTRO-3 mission.
STS-71-NSeptember 1987AtlantisWas to launch the first element of the Space Station Freedom into orbit.
STS-81-AOctober 1987ChallengerWas to launch a Navstar GPS satellite.
STS-81-DDecember 1987ChallengerWas to launch a Navstar GPS satellite.
STS-81-GFebruary 1988Challenger Planned Spacelab-J science mission. The two Japanese astronauts who would serve as payload specialists were the only ones assigned to the mission before it was canceled. Spacelab-J was eventually flown on STS-47 in 1992, using Challenger's replacement, Endeavour.|-!STS-81-I|April 1988|Atlantis|||-! scope="row" | STS-81-M| July 1988| Atlantis|

| Second Spacelab Life Science mission (SLS-2). The only crewmember assigned to the mission, Millie Hughes-Fulford, would ultimately fly on STS-40.[29] |-! scope="row" | STS-82-B| 1988| Discovery|| Among other tasks, the mission included the deployment of the Cosmic Background Explorer observatory, later launched on a Delta rocket in 1989.|}

Canceled due to the Columbia disaster

MissionOriginal
launch date(s)		ShuttleCrewMission details
STS-1141 March 2003Atlantis ISS mission. It would have carried the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Raffaello and carried out a station crew rotation. A similar crew conducted a different mission on Discovery in 2005.[30]
STS-11523 May 2003Endeavour Assembly mission to the International Space Station, which was ultimately launched with the same crew on Atlantis in 2006.[31] [32]
STS-11624 July 2003Atlantis Assembly mission to the International Space Station, delivering the third port truss segment (ITS P5), logistics and supplies. This mission launched with some of the same crew members on Discovery in 2006. It would also have carried out a station crew rotation.[33]
STS-1172 October 2003Endeavour Assembly mission to the International Space Station to conduct ISS-13A, delivering the second starboard truss segment (ITS S3/S4), a solar array set, and batteries. This mission launched with some of the same crew members on Atlantis in 2007.[34]
STS-11813 November 2003Columbia Assembly mission to the International Space Station to conduct ISS-13A.1, delivering the third starboard truss segment (ITS S5) and station supplies. It would have been Columbia's first ISS visit. This mission launched with some of the same crew members on Endeavour in 2007.[35]
STS-11915 January 2004Atlantis Assembly mission to the International Space Station to conduct ISS-15A and carry out a station crew rotation. This mission was conducted with a different crew on Discovery in 2009.
STS-12019 February 2004Endeavour Assembly mission to the International Space Station to conduct assembly mission ISS-10A, delivering the second of three station connecting modules, Harmony. With this mission, the ISS US Orbital Segment would have been completed. This mission was carried out with a different crew on Discovery in 2007. Only Stephanie Wilson would be retained on the crew.
STS-1211 July 2004DiscoveryAssembly mission to the International Space Station to conduct assembly mission ISS-9A.1, delivering the Science Power Platform with four solar arrays to the station, and to have carried out a station crew rotation.[36]
STS-12215 April 2004ColumbiaIntended to conduct the fourth Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission, which was ultimately carried out by STS-125 in 2009. [37]
STS-123October 2004AtlantisResupply mission ISS-UF4 to the International Space Station. [38]
STS-124December 2004EndeavourAssembly mission ISS-1J/A to the International Space Station, delivering the Japanese JEM ELM PS module and SPP to the station. [39]
STS-125February 2005DiscoveryAssembly mission ISS-1J to the International Space Station, delivering the Japanese Kibo Experiment Module and JEM RMS to the station. [40]
STS-126April 2005EndeavourResupply mission ISS-UF3 to the International Space Station. [41]
STS-127June 2005DiscoveryAssembly mission ISS-1E to the International Space Station, delivering the European Columbus module. [42]
STS-128August 2005ColumbiaIntended to carry out the fifth Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission, which ultimately was not conducted. [43]
STS-129October 2005DiscoveryAssembly mission ISS-2J/A to the International Space Station, delivering the Japanese hardware JEM EF and the Cupola. [44]
STS-130February 2006EndeavourResupply mission ISS-UF5 to the International Space Station.[45]
STS-131April 2006AtlantisAssembly mission ISS-14A to the International Space Station, delivering 4 SPP arrays and the MMOD. No crew had been named at the time of cancellation.[46]
STS-132June 2006DiscoveryResupply mission ISS-UF6 to the International Space Station. No crew had been named at the time of cancellation.[47]
STS-133August 2006EndeavourAssembly mission ISS-20A to the International Space Station, delivering Tranquility. No crew had been named at the time of cancellation.[48]
STS-134October 2006AtlantisAssembly mission ISS-16A to the International Space Station, delivering the Habitation Module. No crew had been named at the time of cancellation.[49]
STS-135February 2007EndeavourAssembly mission ISS-17A to the International Space Station, delivering a Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM)) with Destiny lab racks and a CBA to the station. No crew had been named at the time of cancellation.[50]
STS-136April 2007DiscoveryAssembly mission ISS-18A to the International Space Station, delivering the first US Crew Return Vehicle (CRV). No crew had been named at the time of cancellation.[51]
STS-137July 2007AtlantisAssembly mission ISS-19A to the International Space Station, delivering an MPLM and other station hardware. No crew had been named at the time of cancellation.[52]
STS-138October 2007DiscoveryResupply mission ISS-UF7 to the International Space Station. The Centrifuge Accommodations Module would also have been delivered to the station. No crew had been named at the time of cancellation.[53]

References

Notes and References

  1. Turnill, p.73
  2. Turnill, inner cover
  3. What Shuttle Should Have Been: The October 1977 Flight Manifest. Wired. 5 November 2012 . Portree . David S. F. .
  4. Web site: STS-1 - First Space Shuttle Mission Press Kit. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. 6 November 2012. 46. 1981. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005843/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/shuttle_pk/pk/Flight_001_STS-001_Press_Kit.pdf. 5 March 2016. dead.
  5. 2010-11-18. Jack Lousma: We Were Going to Rescue Skylab . Air & Space.
  6. Web site: STS-2A . Encyclopedia Astronautica. 31 March 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100108023229/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts2a.htm. 8 January 2010.
  7. News: Skylab brings NASA down to Earth . New Scientist. 11 May 1978. Lewis, Richard S.. 350.
  8. Web site: STS-2 Conceptual Flight Profile . NASA Mission Planning and Analysis Division. 6 November 2012. 1979.
  9. Book: Evans, Ben. Space Shuttle Columbia: Her Missions and Crews. limited. 2005. Praxis Publishing. 0-387-21517-4. 48.
  10. Web site: STS-7 Flight Feasibility Assessment. NASA Flight Planning Branch. 5 November 2012. 1979.
  11. News: Astronauts in Danger . https://web.archive.org/web/20080208195129/http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/air_space/1282596.html?page=4 . dead . 8 February 2008 . . Stefano . Coledan . December 2000 . 27 November 2006 .
  12. Book: Evans, Ben . Space Shuttle Challenger: Ten Journeys Into the Unknown . 2007 . Praxis Publishing . 978-0-387-46355-1 . 95 .
  13. Web site: Space Shuttle Mission Summaries . NASA . 3 August 2000 . NASA . 23 November 2008.
  14. Web site: Columbia . https://web.archive.org/web/20020127073429/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/columbia.htm . dead . 27 January 2002 . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 31 March 2010.
  15. Web site: STS-61-G . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108021734/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts61g.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  16. Web site: Atlantis . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100428110539/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/atlantis.htm . 28 April 2010 .
  17. Web site: STS-62-A . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108035802/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts62a.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  18. Web site: Discovery . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100421011250/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/disovery.htm . 21 April 2010 .
  19. Web site: STS-61-J . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108041720/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts61j.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  20. Web site: STS-61-N . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108022348/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts61n.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  21. Web site: Bhat . https://web.archive.org/web/20160915033853/http://www.astronautix.com/b/bhat.html . dead . 15 September 2016 . www.astronautix.com . 30 August 2016.
  22. Web site: Nair . https://web.archive.org/web/20160915081402/http://www.astronautix.com/n/nair.html . dead . 15 September 2016 . www.astronautix.com . 30 August 2016.
  23. Web site: STS-62-B . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108040428/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts62b.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  24. Web site: STS-61-L . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108034832/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts61l.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  25. Web site: STS-71-C . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108041551/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts71c.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  26. Web site: STS-71-F . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108032748/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts71f.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  27. Book: Evans, Ben . Space Shuttle Challenger: Ten Journeys Into the Unknown . limited . 2007 . Praxis Publishing . 978-0-387-46355-1 . 268.
  28. Book: Evans, Ben . Space Shuttle Challenger: Ten Journeys Into the Unknown . limited . 2007 . Praxis Publishing . 978-0-387-46355-1 . 269.
  29. Web site: STS-81-M . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108041120/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts81m.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  30. Web site: STS-114 . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 30 August 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131108101420/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts114.htm . 8 November 2013 .
  31. Web site: STS-115 . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 30 August 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131108110904/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts115.htm . 8 November 2013 .
  32. Web site: Endeavour . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100116164856/http://astronautix.com/craft/endavour.htm . 16 January 2010 .
  33. Web site: STS-116 . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 30 August 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131108114706/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts116.htm . 8 November 2013 .
  34. Web site: STS-117 . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 30 August 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131108120513/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts117.htm . 8 November 2013 .
  35. Web site: STS-118 . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 30 August 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131108154646/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts118.htm . 8 November 2013 .
  36. Web site: STS-121A . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108031550/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts121a.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  37. Web site: STS-122A . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090323175621/http://www.astronautix.com/flights/sts122a.htm . 23 March 2009.
  38. Web site: STS-123A . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108040642/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts123a.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  39. Web site: STS-124A . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071206100635/http://www.astronautix.com/flights/sts124a.htm . 6 December 2007.
  40. Web site: STS-125A . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071206111612/http://www.astronautix.com/flights/sts125a.htm . 6 December 2007.
  41. Web site: STS-126A . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108021528/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts126a.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  42. Web site: STS-127A . https://archive.today/20070620124930/http://www.astronautix.com/flights/sts127a.htm . dead . 20 June 2007 . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010.
  43. Web site: STS-128A . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108022407/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts128a.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  44. Web site: STS-129A . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010.
  45. Web site: STS-130A . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108033801/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts130a.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  46. Web site: STS-131A . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108024830/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts131a.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  47. Web site: STS-132A . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108041201/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts132a.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  48. Web site: STS-133A . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108031311/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts133a.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  49. Web site: STS-134A . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108024000/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts134a.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  50. Web site: STS-135A . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108040032/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts135a.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  51. Web site: STS-136A . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108035430/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts136a.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  52. Web site: STS-137A . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108033254/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts137a.htm . 8 January 2010 .
  53. Web site: STS-138A . Encyclopedia Astronautica . 17 November 2007 . 31 March 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100108040302/http://astronautix.com/flights/sts138a.htm . 8 January 2010 .

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