Blue toe syndrome explained

Blue toe syndrome is a situation that may reflect atherothrombotic (clots resulting from the build-up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls)[1] microembolism, causing transient focal ischaemia, a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain or spinal cord, occasionally with minor apparent tissue loss, but without diffuse forefoot ischemia.[2] The development of blue or violaceous toes can also occur with trauma, cold-induced injury, disorders producing generalized cyanosis, decreased arterial flow, impaired venous outflow, and abnormal circulating blood.[3] [4] [5] [6] The terms "blue toe syndrome", "grey toe syndrome" and "purple toe syndrome" are sometimes used interchangeably.[7]

Studies may include echocardiography, thoracic and abdominal CT or MRI,[8] [9] [10] [11] peripheral arterial run off imaging studies, hypercoagulopathy labs, and interrogation of syndromes that lead to peripheral vascular pathology.[12]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Mojca . Stegnar . 2003-07-03 . Atherothrombosis: Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease . EJIFCC . 14 . 2 . 47–50 . 1650-3414 . 6169144 . 30302073.
  2. http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0741-5214/PIIS0741521497700454.pdf 'Standards for vascular reporting'
  3. 10834489 . 11 . 5 . Blue toe syndrome: treatment with intra-arterial stents and review of therapies . 2000 . J Vasc Interv Radiol . 585–92 . Matchett WJ, McFarland DR, Eidt JF, Moursi MM . 10.1016/s1051-0443(07)61610-8 .
  4. 8889381 . 11 . 5 . Evaluation and management of cholesterol embolization and the blue toe syndrome . 1996 . Curr Opin Cardiol . 533–42 . Applebaum RM, Kronzon I . 10.1097/00001573-199609000-00013 .
  5. 7963875 . 13 . 2 . Femoral artery hypoplasia and persistent sciatic artery with blue toe syndrome: a case report, histologic analysis and review of the literature . 1994 . Int Angiol . 154–9 . Sottiurai VS, Omlie W .
  6. 27274647 . 10.5021/ad.2016.28.3.400 . 28 . 3 . Blue Toe Syndrome as an Early Sign of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation . 4884725 . 2016 . Ann Dermatol . 400–1 . Choi KH, Yoo J, Huh JW, Jeong YI, Kim MS, Jue MS, Park HJ .
  7. Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ . Blue (or purple) toe syndrome . J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. . 60 . 1 . 1–20; quiz 21–2 . January 2009 . 19103358 . 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.038 .
  8. Kopani K, Liao S, Shaffer K . 2009 . The Coral Reef Aorta: Diagnosis and Treatment Following CT. . Radiol. Case Rep. . 4 . 1. 209 . 10.2484/rcr.v4i1.209 . 27843516 . 5106526 . free .
  9. Belczak SQ, Sincos IR, Aun R, Costa KV, Araujo EA . Apr 2014 . Coral reef aorta, emergency surgical: case report and literature review . Einstein (Sao Paulo) . 12 . 2. 237–41 . 10.1590/s1679-45082014rc2772. 4891170 . 25003933 . free .
  10. Schulte KM, Reiher L, Grabitz L, Sandmann W . Nov 2000 . Coral reef aorta: a long-term study of 21 patients . Ann Vasc Surg . 14 . 6. 626–33 . 10.1007/s100169910091 . 11128458 . 25265011 .
  11. 23518854 . 10.1177/1708538113478764 . 21 . 4 . Coral reef aorta: case report and review of the literature . 2013 . Vascular . 251–9 . Policha A, Moudgill N, Eisenberg J, Rao A, DiMuzio P . 63550 .
  12. Blackshear JL, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD . Dec 1994 . Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes' . Geriatrics . 49 . 12. 37–9, 43–5 . 7982584 .

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