| Penang International Airport | |
| Iata: | PEN |
| Icao: | WMKP |
| Wmo: | 48601 |
| Type: | Public |
| Owner-Oper: | Malaysia Airports |
| City-Served: | George Town Conurbation |
| Location: | Bayan Lepas, George Town, Penang, Malaysia |
| Timezone: | MST |
| Elevation-F: | 11 |
| Metric-Elev: | yes |
| Coordinates: | 5.2971°N 100.2769°W |
| Pushpin Map: | Malaysia Penang George Town city centre#Malaysia West#Malaysia#Southeast Asia |
| Pushpin Map Caption: | Location in George Town##Location in West Malaysia##Location in Malaysia##Location in Southeast Asia |
| Pushpin Label: | PEN/WMKP |
| R1-Number: | 04/22 |
| R1-Length-M: | 3,354 |
| R1-Surface: | Asphalt |
| Metric-Rwy: | yes |
| Stat1-Header: | Passenger |
| Stat1-Data: | 6,789,712 (58.6%) |
| Stat-Year: | 2023 |
| Stat2-Header: | Airfreight (tonnes) |
| Stat2-Data: | 119,919 (26.0%) |
| Stat3-Header: | Aircraft movements |
| Stat3-Data: | 62,145 (26.7%) |
Penang International Airport (PIA) is an international airport in George Town, the capital city of the Malaysian state of Penang. The airport is located at the southeastern tip of Penang Island, 16km (10miles) south of the city centre, and serves the country's second largest conurbation.[1]
As the main gateway into northwestern Malaysia, PIA is the third busiest airport in Malaysia in terms of passenger traffic, recording nearly 6.8 million tourist arrivals in 2023 alone. It is also the second busiest in the country by cargo handled and the highest in terms of export value, with RM365 billion in exports in 2023. Additionally, the airport is the main hub for local budget airline Firefly and one of AirAsia's operating bases.[2]
The airport, then named Bayan Lepas International Airport, was completed in 1935, when Penang was part of the British crown colony of the Straits Settlements.[3] Governor of the Straits Settlements Cecil Clementi had overseen the nascent aviation development in Malaya. Under his administration, aerodromes were built at Bayan Lepas and Kallang, Singapore.[4]
The Bayan Lepas airport was constructed on mudflats, which necessitated the installation of concrete runways to ensure all-weather operational capabilities. Kallang airport was regarded as the "finest" in the Far East at that time, while the Bayan Lepas airport was perceived as Malaya's "second airport", enjoying advantages such as closer proximity to Indochina and East Asia compared to Kallang.[5]
As early as 1938, the Straits Settlements government estimated that an additional 10acres was necessary for the expansion of the Bayan Lepas airport.[6] At the time, the airport served both civilian air traffic and the Royal Air Force (RAF).[7] At the onset of World War II, the Straits Settlements imposed regulations to manage air traffic in Penang, designating specific corridors for aircraft overflying the colony.[8] The Bayan Lepas airport, along with the Butterworth air base, was subjected to aerial attacks by Japanese forces in December 1941.[9]
Following the independence of Malaya, transportation infrastructure throughout the new federation falls under the purview of the federal government.[10] In 1967, the federal government announced an allocation of $2.3 million (Malaya and British Borneo dollar) to expand the Bayan Lepas airport.[11] The expansion was carried out in the 1970s, during which a terminal building of Minangkabau architecture was built and the runway extended to accommodate Boeing 747s, then the largest passenger jet aircraft. Upon the completion of the expansion works in 1979, the airport was renamed Penang International Airport (PIA). The airport's new terminal increased its annual passenger capacity to 1.5 million.[12]
The development of the adjacent Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone enhanced the PIA's role as a logistics hub.[13] However, the surging cargo tonnage resulting from industrial demand prompted the Penang state government, under Chief Minister Koh Tsu Koon, to propose a new, larger airport in Seberang Perai in 1993 to accommodate the increase in air traffic.[14] In 1997, then Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad announced plans to build a new airport in neighbouring Kedah and close the PIA, overlooking Koh's earlier proposals for the Seberang Perai airport.[15] [16] [17] Fearing potential backlash from local civil societies and the opposition Democratic Action Party (DAP), Mahathir later relented, stating that the PIA would "still be maintained if investors need it". The PIA was expanded in 1998 to accommodate 3.5 million passengers yearly.
The airport was further expanded in 2012, increasing its capacity to 6.5 million passengers per year. Nonetheless, it remained a source of contention between the Penang and federal governments after Pakatan Rakyat (now Pakatan Harapan) which included the DAP gained control of the state in 2008. Calls by the Penang state government for further expansion of the PIA were ignored, even though passenger traffic quickly surpassed the airport's new capacity of 6.5 million.[18] The then Chief Minister Lim Guan Eng raised concerns that the federal government lacked urgency regarding the issue, as it was still considering the proposal for a new airport in Kedah.
It was not until 2017 when the federal government announced plans to expand the PIA to accommodate 12 million passengers per year by 2028.[19] [20] [21] While the planned expansion met with delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in 2023, the federal government approved an allocation of RM93 million to facilitate land acquisition and infrastructure development for the airport's expansion.[22] In 2024, it was announced that the PIA's expansion will entail the addition of new infrastructure and an upgrade of the main terminal. The expansion aims to increase the aircraft capacity from 16 to 28 at any given time. The Mutiara line, a proposed light rail system expected to be completed by 2030, will also incorporate a station at the airport.[23]
This flight operates with a stop at Phuket. However, the airline has no fifth-freedom rights to transport passengers solely between Penang and Phuket.
PIA is the third busiest airport in the country in terms of passenger traffic after Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) and Kota Kinabalu International Airport (KKIA).[24] The airport experienced its peak passenger traffic of 8.3 million in 2019, surpassing its annual capacity of 6.5 million passengers, before the outbreak of COVID-19 caused global disruptions in air travel.[25] In 2023, PIA recorded nearly 6.8 million passengers, compared to 4.275 million in 2022.[26]
The PIAKLIA route is one of the busiest air corridors in Malaysia, having flown 2.2 million passengers in 2019. Additionally, the PIAChangi corridor is estimated to be the third busiest among Malaysia's ASEAN routes, with around 300,000 passengers flown throughout 2022.[27]
While it processes the second largest cargo tonnage after KLIA, in terms of export value, PIA's is the highest of all Malaysian airports, with RM365 billion worth of exports passing through PIA in 2023 alone.[28]
| Passengers handled | Passenger % change | Cargo (tonnes) | Cargo % change | Aircraft movements | Aircraft % change | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | 2,334,669 | 197,567 | 30,558 | ||||
| 2004 | 2,987,993 | 28.0 | 212,369 | 7.5 | 33,069 | 8.2 | |
| 2005 | 2,834,545 | 5.1 | 221,971 | 4.5 | 34,616 | 4.7 | |
| 2006 | 3,103,772 | 9.5 | 225,952 | 1.8 | 36,259 | 4.7 | |
| 2007 | 3,173,117 | 2.2 | 208,582 | 7.7 | 39,265 | 8.3 | |
| 2008 | 3,405,762 | 7.3 | 192,936 | 7.5 | 43,796 | 11.5 | |
| 2009 | 3,325,423 | 2.4 | 137,775 | 28.6 | 43,621 | 0.4 | |
| 2010 | 4,166,969 | 25.3 | 147,057 | 6.7 | 50,205 | 15.1 | |
| 2011 | 4,600,274 | 10.4 | 131,846 | 10.3 | 54,713 | 9.0 | |
| 2012 | 4,767,815 | 3.6 | 123,246 | 6.5 | 53,766 | 1.7 | |
| 2013 | 5,487,751 | 15.1 | 153,703 | 24.7 | 60,020 | 11.6 | |
| 2014 | 6,041,583 | 10.1 | 141,213 | 8.1 | 65,734 | 9.5 | |
| 2015 | 6,258,756 | 3.6 | 130,392 | 7.7 | 66,670 | 1.4 | |
| 2016 | 6,684,026 | 6.8 | 130,491 | 0.1 | 66,247 | 0.6 | |
| 2017 | 7,232,097 | 8.2 | 134,187 | 2.8 | 70,609 | 6.6 | |
| 2018 | 7,790,423 | 7.7 | 145,649 | 8.5 | 75,552 | 7.0 | |
| 2019 | 8,331,291 | 6.9 | 139,646 | 4.1 | 80,598 | 6.7 | |
| 2020 | 1,826,121 | 78.1 | 137,685 | 1.4 | 30,433 | 62.2 | |
| 2021 | 542,681 | 70.3 | 153,782 | 11.7 | 17,452 | 42.7 | |
| 2022 | 4,275,791 | 687.9 | 162,048 | 5.4 | 49,036 | 181.0 | |
| 2023 | 6,789,712 | 58.6 | 119,919 | 26.0 | 62,145 | 26.7 | |
| Source: Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad,[29] Ministry of Transport | |||||||
| Nationality | Arrivals | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||
| 279,173 | 238,056 | 268,892 | 286,896 | 232,423 | ||
| 68,341 | 56,116 | 62,215 | 61,095 | 43,934 | ||
| 67,774 | 135,107 | 144,581 | 144,368 | 110,323 | ||
| 26,610 | 12,951 | 22,087 | 20,712 | 18,337 | ||
| 24,346 | 21,916 | 27,682 | 30,927 | 26,325 | ||
| 22,346 | 14,482 | 17,687 | 19,590 | 17,685 | ||
| 19,539 | 18,326 | 22,488 | 20,960 | 19,218 | ||
| 16,082 | 15,871 | 22,033 | 22,423 | 22,664 | ||
| 15,541 | 15,708 | 18,850 | 18,660 | 16,946 | ||
| 7,155 | 6,954 | 7,534 | 8,757 | 7,871 | ||
| Source: Immigration Department of Malaysia[30] | ||||||
Rapid Penang has provided four bus routes to and from Penang International Airport, connecting the airport with various parts of George Town.[31]