In particle physics, the baryon number is a strictly conserved additive quantum number of a system. It is defined aswhere is the number of quarks, and is the number of antiquarks. Baryons (three quarks) have a baryon number of +1, mesons (one quark, one antiquark) have a baryon number of 0, and antibaryons (three antiquarks) have a baryon number of -1. Exotic hadrons like pentaquarks (four quarks, one antiquark) and tetraquarks (two quarks, two antiquarks) are also classified as baryons and mesons depending on their baryon number.
See also: Color charge.
Quarks carry not only electric charge, but also charges such as color charge and weak isospin. Because of a phenomenon known as color confinement, a hadron cannot have a net color charge; that is, the total color charge of a particle has to be zero ("white"). A quark can have one of three "colors", dubbed "red", "green", and "blue"; while an antiquark may be either "anti-red", "anti-green" or "anti-blue".[1]
For normal hadrons, a white color can thus be achieved in one of three ways:
The baryon number was defined long before the quark model was established, so rather than changing the definitions, particle physicists simply gave quarks one third the baryon number. Nowadays it might be more accurate to speak of the conservation of quark number.
In theory, exotic hadrons can be formed by adding pairs of quarks and antiquarks, provided that each pair has a matching color/anticolor. For example, a pentaquark (four quarks, one antiquark) could have the individual quark colors: red, green, blue, blue, and antiblue. In 2015, the LHCb collaboration at CERN reported results consistent with pentaquark states in the decay of bottom Lambda baryons .[2]
Particles without any quarks have a baryon number of zero. Such particles are
See also: Conservation law (physics).
The baryon number is conserved in all the interactions of the Standard Model, with one possible exception. The conservation is due to
U(1)V
The hypothetical concepts of grand unified theory (GUT) models and supersymmetry allows for the changing of a baryon into leptons and antiquarks (see B − L), thus violating the conservation of both baryon and lepton numbers.[5] Proton decay would be an example of such a process taking place, but has never been observed.
The conservation of baryon number is not consistent with the physics of black hole evaporation via Hawking radiation.[6] It is expected in general that quantum gravitational effects violate the conservation of all charges associated to global symmetries.[7] The violation of conservation of baryon number led John Archibald Wheeler to speculate on a principle of mutability for all physical properties.
. David Griffiths (physicist) . Introduction to Elementary Particles . 2nd . 2008 . John Wiley & Sons . New York . 9783527618477 . 77 . In the grand unified theories new interactions are contemplated, permitting decays such as → + or → + in which baryon number and lepton number change. . 2020-10-12 . 2024-04-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240428045336/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wb9DYrjcoKAC&q=%22In+the+grand+unified+theories+new+interactions+are+contemplated%2C+permitting+decays+such+as%22+%22in+which+baryon+number+and+lepton+number+change.%22&pg=PA77#v=snippet&q=%22In%20the%20grand%20unified%20theories%20new%20interactions%20are%20contemplated%2C%20permitting%20decays%20such%20as%22%20%22in%20which%20baryon%20number%20and%20lepton%20number%20change.%22&f=false . live .