Satureja Explained

Satureja is a genus of aromatic plants of the family Lamiaceae, related to rosemary and thyme. It is native to southern and southeastern Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Historically, Satureja was defined broadly and many species of the subtribe Menthinae from throughout the world were included in it. In the modern cladistic era of botany, Satureja was redefined to a narrower monophyletic genus who's species are all native to Eurasia.^{[1] [2]} Several species are cultivated as culinary herbs called savory, and they have become established in the wild in a few places.^{[3] [4]}

Description

Satureja species may be annual or perennial. They are low-growing herbs and subshrubs, reaching heights of 15-.

The leaves are NaNcm (-2,147,483,648inches) long, with flowers forming in whorls on the stem, white to pale pink-violet.

Ecology and cultivation

Satureja species are food plants for the larva of some Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). Caterpillars of the moth Coleophora bifrondella feed exclusively on winter savory (S. montana).

Savory may be grown purely for ornamental purposes; members of the genus need sun and well-drained soil.

Uses

Both summer savory (Satureja hortensis) and winter savory (Satureja montana) are used to flavor food. The former is preferred by cooks but as an annual is only available in summer; winter savory is an evergreen perennial.

Savory plays an important part in Persian, Armenian, Georgian, Bulgarian and Italian cuisine, particularly when cooking beans. It is also used to season the traditional Acadian stew known as French: [[fricot]]. The modern spice mixture Herbes de Provence has savory as one of the principal ingredients.

In Azerbaijan, savory is often incorporated as a flavoring in black tea.

Species

Source:^[3]

• Satureja adamovicii Šilic – Balkans
• Satureja aintabensis P.H.Davis – Turkey
• Satureja amani P.H.Davis – Turkey
• Satureja atropatana Bunge – Iran
• Satureja avromanica Maroofi – Iran
• Satureja bachtiarica Bunge – Iran
• Satureja boissieri Hausskn. ex Boiss. – Turkey, Iran
• Satureja bzybica Woronow – Caucasus
• Satureja × caroli-paui G.López – Spain (S. innota × S. montana)
• Satureja cilicica P.H.Davis – Turkey
• Satureja coerulea Janka – Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey
• Satureja cuneifolia Ten – Spain, Italy, Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia, Iraq
• Satureja × delpozoi Sánchez-Gómez, J.F.Jiménez & R.Morales – Spain (S. cuneifolia × S. intricata var. gracilis)
• Satureja edmondii Briq. – Iran
  • A recent study found the essential oils of Satureja edmondii have antimicrobial properties and can protect food from S. aureus.^[5] The test was conducted on commercial soup products.
• Satureja × exspectata G.López – Spain (S. intricata var. gracilis × S. montana)
• Satureja fukarekii Šilic – Yugoslavia
• Satureja hellenica Halácsy – Greece
• Satureja hortensis L. – summer savory – Italy, Bulgaria, Albania, Yugoslavia, Crimea, Caucasus, Altai Republic, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, western Himalayas; naturalized in western Mediterranean, Persian Gulf sheikdoms, Cuba, Dominican Republic, scattered locations in United States
  • The heterogeneous mixture of the Satureja hortensis L. essential oil in water serves as a natural herbicide. The addition of this mixture inhibits the root elongation of weeds which reduces the weed's root-to-shoot ratio. This further reduces the weed's cell division and inhibits its germination, growth, and physiological processes.^[6]
• Satureja horvatii Šilic – Greece, Yugoslavia
• Satureja icarica P.H.Davis – Greek Islands
• Satureja innota (Pau) Font Quer – Spain
• Satureja intermedia C.A.Mey. – Iran, Caucasus
• Satureja intricata Lange – Spain
• Satureja isophylla Rech.f. – Iran
• Satureja kallarica Jamzad – Iran
• Satureja kermanshahensis Jamzad – Iran
• Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad – Iran
  • Essential oils of Satureja khuzistanica have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties which can be useful in medical treatments.^[7] A recent study found that higher concentrations of essential oils of Satureja khuzistanica helped reduce adverse effects of traumatic brain injuries in rats.
• Satureja kitaibelii Wierzb. ex Heuff. – Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia
• Satureja laxiflora K.Koch – Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Caucasus
• Satureja linearifolia (Brullo & Furnari) Greuter – Cyrenaica region of Libya
• Satureja macrantha C.A.Mey. – Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Caucasus
• Satureja metastasiantha Rech.f. – Iraq
• Satureja montana L. – winter savory – southern Europe, Turkey, Syria
• Satureja mutica Fisch. & C.A.Mey. – Caucasus, Iran, Turkmenistan
• Satureja nabateorum Danin & Hedge – Jordan
• Satureja × orjenii Šilic – Yugoslavia (S. horvatii × S. montana)
• Satureja pallaryi J.Thiébaut – Syria
• Satureja parnassica Heldr. & Sart. ex Boiss. – Greece, Turkey
• Satureja pilosa Velen. – Italy, Greece, Bulgaria
• Satureja rumelica Velen. – Bulgaria
• Satureja sahendica Bornm. – Iran
• Satureja salzmannii (Kuntze) P.W.Ball – Morocco, Spain
• Satureja spicigera (K.Koch) Boiss. – Turkey, Iran, Caucasus
• Satureja spinosa L. – Turkey, Greek Islands including Crete
• Satureja subspicata Bartl. ex Vis. – Austria, Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, Italy
• Satureja taurica Velen. – Crimea
• Satureja thymbra L. – Libya, southeastern Europe from Sardinia to Turkey; Cyprus, Lebanon, Palestine
• Satureja thymbrifolia Hedge & Feinbrun – Israel, Saudi Arabia
• Satureja visianii Šilic. – Yugoslavia
• Satureja wiedemanniana (Avé-Lall.) Velen. – Turkey

Formerly in Satureja

• Browne's savory, Clinopodium brownei (as Satureja brownei)
• San Miguel Savory, Clinopodium chandleri (as Satureja chandleri)
• Large-flowered calamint, Clinopodium grandiflorum (as Satureja grandiflora)
• Stone mint, Cunila mariana (as Satureja origanoides)
• Satureja acinos (L.) Scheele = Clinopodium acinos (L.) Kuntze
• Satureja alpina (L.) Scheele = Clinopodium alpinum (L.) Kuntze
• Satureja biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Benth = Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Benth
• Satureja gilliesii (Graham) Briq. = Clinopodium chilense (Benth.) Govaerts
• Satureja mexicana (Benth.) Briq. = Clinopodium mexicanum (Benth.) Govaerts
• Satureja multiflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Briq. – Chilean shrub mint = Clinopodium multiflorum (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze
• Satureja palmeri (A.Gray) Briq. (believed extinct; rediscovered 2001) = Clinopodium palmeri (A.Gray) Kuntze
• Satureja paradoxa (Vatke) Engl. ex Seybold = Clinopodium paradoxum (Vatke) Ryding
• Satureja robusta (Hook.f) Brenan = Clinopodium robustum (Hook.f) Ryding
• Satureja viminea L. – serpentine savory = Clinopodium vimineum (L.) Kuntze
• Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritschl = Clinopodium vulgare L.
• Satureja vernayana Brenan = Clinopodium vernayanum (Brenan) Ryding
• Satureja douglasii (Benth.) Briq. – yerba buena (syn. S. chamissonis) = Micromeria douglasii Benth

Etymology

The etymology of the Latin word "satureia" is unclear. Speculation that it is related to saturare,^[8] to satyr,^[8] or to za'atar^[9] is not well supported. The ancient Hebrew name is Tzatrah צתרה.

Notes and References

1. Web site: University of Edinburgh. Doroszenko. Anton Mykola. Taxonomic studies on the Satureja complex (Labiatae). 1986. 2023-06-24. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anton-Doroszenko/publication/319540144_Taxonomic_studies_on_the_satureja_complex_Labiatae/links/5acf6156aca2723a33452706/Taxonomic-studies-on-the-satureja-complex-Labiatae.pdf.
2. 10.2307/2807719. 2807719. 50. 1. 63–70. Cantino. Philip D. Wagstaff. Steven J. A reexamination of North American Satureja s.l. (Lamiaceae) in light of molecular evidence. Brittonia. 1998.
3. Web site: Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
4. http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=Satureja Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Satureja
5. Study of the antimicrobial effects of essential oil of Satureja edmondi and nisin on Staphylococcus aureus in commercial soup. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 41. 4. e13337. 10.1111/jfpp.13337. 2017. Moradi. Shirin. Sadeghi. Ehsan. free.
6. Hazrati. Hossein. Saharkhiz. Mohammad Jamal. Niakousari. Mehrdad. Moein. Mahmoodreza. August 2017. Natural herbicide activity of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil nanoemulsion on the seed germination and morphophysiological features of two important weed species. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 142. 423–430. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.041. 1090-2414. 28456128. 2017EcoES.142..423H .
7. Abbasloo. Elham. Denhgan. Mohammad. Najafipour. Hamid. Vahidi. Reza. Dabiri. Shahriar. Sepehri. Gholamreza. Asadikaram. Gholamreza. The anti-inflammatory properties of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad essential oil attenuate the effects of traumatic brain injuries in rats. Scientific Reports. September 21, 2016. 6. 31866. 31866. 10.1038/srep31866. 27535591. 4989136. 2016NatSR...631866A.
8. F. E. J. Valpy, An Etymological Dictionary of the Latin Language, 1828, p. 542.
9. Book: DeBaggio . Thomas . Tucker . Arthur O. . The encyclopedia of herbs : a comprehensive reference to herbs of flavor and fragrance . 2009 . Timber Press . 978-0881929942 . 2nd.