| Anthropos phonetic alphabet | |
| Languages: | Reserved for phonetic transcription of any language |
| Time: | 1907 to 1940s |
| Fam1: | Latin alphabet |
The Anthropos phonetic alphabet is a phonetic transcription to be used in the journal Anthropos and published by Wilhelm Schmidt in 1907.[1] Transcription is italic, without other delimiters. It shares similarities with Karl Richard Lepsius’ Standard Alphabet or some Americanist phonetic notations Edward Sapir and Franz Boas introduced to the United States.
| Labial | Coronal ("Dental") | Palatal | Dorsal ("Guttural") | Pharyn- geal | Epi- glottal | Glottal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Labio- dental | Inter- dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Pre- velar | Velar | Uvular | |||||||
| Plosive | p | t̯ | t | ṭ | c | k̯ | k | ḳ | ʼ | |||||
| b | d̯ | d | ḍ | j | g̯ | g | g̣ | ꜣ | ||||||
| Affricate | p̌ (pf) | t͏̯̌ (t̯s̯) | t͏̌ (ts) | ṭ̌ (ṭṣ) | č (tš) | ǩ̯ (k̯x̯) | ǩ (kx) | ḳ̌ (ḳx̣) | ||||||
| b̌ (bv) | d͏̯̌ (d̯z̯) | d͏̌ (dz) | ḍ̌ (ḍẓ) | ǰ (dž) | ǧ̯ (g̯y) | ǧ (gÿ) | ǧ̣ (g̣ỵ̈) | |||||||
| Fricative | ff (f̯) | f | s̯ | s | ṣ | š | x̯ | x | x̣ | ḥ | h́ | h | ||
| w | v | z̯ | z | ẓ | ž | y | ÿ | ỵ̈ | ꜣ | |||||
| Rhotic | r̯ ꭈ̯ | r ꭈ | ṛ ꭈ̣ | ꭉ̯ ꭊ̯ | ꭉ ꭊ | ꭉ̣ ꭊ̣ | ||||||||
| Lateral flap | ' | |||||||||||||
| Lateral liquid | l̯ | l | ḷ | (ĺ) | ɫ | |||||||||
| Lateral affricate | t̪ (t̰)[2] | k̪ (k̰) | ||||||||||||
| d̪ (d̰) | g̪ (g̰) | |||||||||||||
| Lateral fricative | s̪ (s̰) | x̪ (x̰) | ||||||||||||
| z̪ (z̰) | y̪ (y̰) | |||||||||||||
| Nasal | m ꬺ (ṁ) | n̯ | n | ṇ | (ń) | ꬻ̯ | ꬻ (ṅ) | ꬻ̣ | ||||||
| Prenasalized? | p̰ | t̰ | k̰ | |||||||||||
| b̰ | d̰ | g̰ | ||||||||||||
| Ejective | p̓ | t̕ | k̓ | |||||||||||
| Ingressive | p | ʇ | ʇ̣ | ɔ | ʞ | |||||||||
Palatalized consonants are written with an acute – pronounced as /t́ d́ ć j́ ś ź ĺ ń/ etc. Semivowels are pronounced as /i̯ u̯ ü̯ o̯ e̯/ etc.
Vowels are inconsistent between languages. pronounced as /ï ë/ etc. may be used for unrounded central vowels,[3] and the (a)-based letters are poorly defined, with height and rounding confounded.
| Front | Central | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| i̯ | ü̯ | ī̯ | ū̯ | ï̯ | u̯ | ||
| High | i | ü | ī (ï) | ū | ï | u | |
| i̠ | ü̠ | ī̠ | ū̠ | ï̠ | u̠ | ||
| Mid | ẹ | ọ̈ | ẹ̄ | ọ̄ | ẹ̈ | ọ | |
| e | ö | ē (ë) | ō | ë | o | ||
| e̠ | ö̠ | ē̠ | ō̠ | ë̠ | o̠ | ||
| Low | a̤̣ | a̰̣ | |||||
| a̤ ạ | ä | a̰ a̠ | |||||
| a | |||||||
There are actually three heights of low front and back vowels. pronounced as /ā/ is also seen for a low back vowel.
Reduced (obscure) vowels are pronounced as /i̥ e̥ ḁ/ etc. There are also extra-high vowels pronounced as /ị ụ/ etc.