| Adams revolver | |
| Origin: | United Kingdom |
| Type: | Revolver |
| Is Ranged: | yes |
| Is Uk: | yes |
| Service: | 1851–1868 (percussion) 1868-1880 (breechloader) |
| Used By: | United Kingdom & Colonies Confederate States |
| Wars: | Crimean War Indian Rebellion of 1857 American Civil War Anglo-Zulu War |
| Designer: | Robert Adams |
| Design Date: | 1851 |
| Manufacturer: | Deane, Adams&Deane Robert Adams of London |
| Weight: | 30 oz (0.85 kg), unloaded |
| Length: | 11.5 in. (292 mm) |
| Part Length: | 6.5 in. (165 mm) |
| Cartridge: | .450 Adams Boxer centerfire cartridge (conversion & variants) |
| Caliber: | 0.44inches, 0.5inches, 0.32inches |
| Action: | Double-action |
| Velocity: | c550 ft/s (168 m/s) |
| Range: | 35yd |
| Max Range: | 100yd |
| Feed: | 5-round cylinder (percussion) 5-6 shot cylinder (breechloader) |
| Sights: | Fixed front post and rear notch |
The Adams revolver, also known as the Deane-Adams revolver, is a black powder, double-action, percussion revolver. Introduced in 1851, it was the first revolver designed and produced in the United Kingdom. It was heavily used by British officers during the Crimean War (1853–1856) and the Indian Rebellion of 1857. It was the precursor of the more advanced Beaumont-Adams revolver, designed in 1856. After 1867, the production of breechloading Adams revolvers began, and many existing Adams and Beaumont-Adams revolvers were converted to breechloaders, using .450 Boxer centerfire cartridges. From 1872 to 1880, these revolvers (conversions and new breechloaders) were adopted as the official sidearms of the British Army and Navy and were in use until the 1880s.
Since the production of the first Colt revolvers in 1836 up to 1851, the American Colt's Manufacturing company held a monopoly in revolver production in the United States and Europe. Between 1853 and 1857, Colt established a factory in London, supplying British customers with cheap, mass-produced revolvers with interchangeable, machine-produced parts. Colt even obtained some government contracts, selling 4,000 revolvers to the British Navy in 1854 and 14,000 to the British Army in 1855.
As Colt's English patents expired in 1851, British designer Robert Adams made his own version of the revolver and patented it the same year, making a successful presentation of his design at the Great Exhibition of London in 1851. The weapons were tested by the official British military commission for the adoption in the British Army, although none was ultimately selected, due to the revolver's high price, equivalent to several single-shot percussion pistols commonly used in the military at the time.
Unlike contemporary Colt revolvers, whose hammer had to be cocked manually before every shot, the Adams revolver had a double-action trigger mechanism: pulling the trigger simultaneously cocked the hammer, rotated the cylinder, and fired the shot. This selfcocking revolver feature enabled a high rate of fire, although it required a heavy pull on the trigger, which made it almost impossible to aim the weapon except at point-blank range. Also, it was not possible to cock the hammer manually, and the hammer had no thumb projection. However, the British military commission found the double-action trigger mechanism superior to the Colt's single-action.
Adams revolvers had a solid, one-piece frame with an integral barrel, all made from a single piece of steel, which gave them inherent strength and durability, although they was somewhat more expensive to produce, as their production required skilled workers. The British military commission found this construction superior to the Colt's multi-part open-frame revolver design, which was seen as inherently weaker and prone to break under pressure.
Although the Adams revolver was rejected as an official British military weapon, its characteristics were well appreciated by the British public, soldiers and civilians alike, and many officers privately purchased the revolver at their own expense, along with the most popular contemporary revolver, the Colt 1851 Navy. As such, Adams revolvers saw heavy combat in Crimean war (1853–1856) and Indian Mutiny of 1857. In these conflicts, Adams revolvers were deemed better than Colts, due to their higher rate of fire at close range and better stopping power (due to their larger caliber, 0.44 vs 0.36 in the Colt Navy). In 1860, one officer of the 88th Regiment wrote a letter to Robert Adams, praising his pistols:
In April 1896, Lieutenant Colonel G. V. Fosbery commented about an incident with a Colt Navy revolver during the Indian Rebellion of 1857:
Early Adams revolvers had three widely reported deficiencies, which were resolved in later models:
Beginning in 1867, Adams Patent Small Arms Company of London started the conversion of the existing percussion revolvers into breechloaders using .450 Boxer centerfire cartridges, and simultaneously, the production of new breechloading revolvers began.
The adaptation of the old percussion revolvers included several operations:
Along with adaptation of the so-called Mark I revolvers, the production of new breechloading revolvers, called Mark II, began in 1867. The main difference compared to the conversion revolvers was the six-shot cylinder and a somewhat improved cartridge ejector.
In 1872, a new model was produced, called Mark III. It was similar to its predecessor, but had a shorter cylinder and a more durable cartridge ejector. A new ejector rod was mounted on a yoke under the barrel and mostly housed in the hollow cylinder arbor, so it could be pulled out and swung to the right when needed. From 1872 to 1880, all of these revolvers (conversions and new breechloaders) were adopted as official sidearms of the British Army and Royal Navy, and were in use until the 1880s.
Adams and Beaumont-Adams caplock revolvers, privately purchased by British officers, were used in the field during Crimean War (1853–1856) and the Indian Rebellion of 1857. They were used as a self-defence weapon in battle and praised for their high rate of fire and stopping power. After 1868, Adams centerfire cartridge revolvers were issued to British officers, non-commissioned officers, and horsemen as official sidearms. They were used extensively in the Anglo-Zulu War (1879). Practical use showed that these revolvers were not accurate at distances greater than 25 yards, and that the .450 Adams cartridge was often unable to stop the charge of heavily built opponents in hand-to-hand combat. For those reasons, the British government in 1880 adopted the new, stronger .476 Enfield ammunition, and a new service revolver for it – the Enfield.