ADD1 explained

Alpha-adducin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADD1 gene.^{[1] [2]}

Adducins are a family of cytoskeleton proteins encoded by three genes (alpha, beta, gamma). Adducin is a heterodimeric protein that consists of related subunits, which are produced from distinct genes but share a similar structure. Alpha- and beta-adducin include a protease-resistant N-terminal region and a protease-sensitive, hydrophilic C-terminal region. Alpha- and gamma-adducins are ubiquitously expressed. In contrast, beta-adducin is expressed at high levels in brain and hematopoietic tissues. Adducin binds with high affinity to Ca(2+)/calmodulin and is a substrate for protein kinases A and C. Alternative splicing results in multiple variants encoding distinct isoforms; however, not all variants have been fully described. Polymorphism in ADD1 is associated with hypertension.

Further reading

• Mangeat PH . Interaction of biological membranes with the cytoskeletal framework of living cells . Biol. Cell . 64 . 3 . 261–81 . 1989 . 2976282 . 10.1016/0248-4900(88)90001-9 . 3030663 .
• Matsuoka Y, Li X, Bennett V . Adducin: structure, function and regulation . Cell. Mol. Life Sci. . 57 . 6 . 884–95 . 2000 . 10950304 . 10.1007/PL00000731 . 29317393 . 11146971 .
• Goldberg YP, Lin BY, Andrew SE . Cloning and mapping of the alpha-adducin gene close to D4S95 and assessment of its relationship to Huntington disease . Hum. Mol. Genet. . 1 . 9 . 669–75 . 1993 . 1284592 . 10.1093/hmg/1.9.669 . etal.
• Taylor SA, Snell RG, Buckler A . Cloning of the alpha-adducin gene from the Huntington's disease candidate region of chromosome 4 by exon amplification . Nat. Genet. . 2 . 3 . 223–7 . 1994 . 1345173 . 10.1038/ng1192-223 . 21772716 . etal.
• Gardner K, Bennett V . Modulation of spectrin-actin assembly by erythrocyte adducin . Nature . 328 . 6128 . 359–62 . 1987 . 3600811 . 10.1038/328359a0 . 1987Natur.328..359G . 4304432 .
• Gilligan DM, Lieman J, Bennett V . Assignment of the human beta-adducin gene (ADD2) to 2p13-p14 by in situ hybridization . Genomics . 28 . 3 . 610–2 . 1996 . 7490111 . 10.1006/geno.1995.1205 . free .
• Lin B, Nasir J, McDonald H . Genomic organization of the human alpha-adducin gene and its alternately spliced isoforms . Genomics . 25 . 1 . 93–9 . 1995 . 7774961 . 10.1016/0888-7543(95)80113-Z . etal.
• Nasir J, Lin B, Bucan M . The murine homologues of the Huntington disease gene (Hdh) and the alpha-adducin gene (Add1) map to mouse chromosome 5 within a region of conserved synteny with human chromosome 4p16.3 . Genomics . 22 . 1 . 198–201 . 1994 . 7959767 . 10.1006/geno.1994.1361 . etal. free .
• Kuhlman PA, Hughes CA, Bennett V, Fowler VM . A new function for adducin. Calcium/calmodulin-regulated capping of the barbed ends of actin filaments . J. Biol. Chem. . 271 . 14 . 7986–91 . 1996 . 8626479 . 10.1074/jbc.271.14.7986. free .
• Li X, Bennett V . Identification of the spectrin subunit and domains required for formation of spectrin/adducin/actin complexes . J. Biol. Chem. . 271 . 26 . 15695–702 . 1996 . 8663089 . 10.1074/jbc.271.26.15695 . free .
• Matsuoka Y, Hughes CA, Bennett V . Adducin regulation. Definition of the calmodulin-binding domain and sites of phosphorylation by protein kinases A and C . J. Biol. Chem. . 271 . 41 . 25157–66 . 1996 . 8810272 . 10.1074/jbc.271.41.25157 . free .
• Hadano S, Ishida Y, Tomiyasu H . Transcript map of the human chromosome 4p16.3 consisting of 627 cDNA clones derived from 1 Mb of the Huntington's disease locus . DNA Res. . 3 . 4 . 239–55 . 1997 . 8946164 . 10.1093/dnares/3.4.239 . etal. free .
• Cusi D, Barlassina C, Azzani T . Polymorphisms of alpha-adducin and salt sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension . Lancet . 349 . 9062 . 1353–7 . 1997 . 9149697 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)01029-5 . 54358840 . etal.
• Kamitani A, Wong ZY, Fraser R . Human alpha-adducin gene, blood pressure, and sodium metabolism . Hypertension . 32 . 1 . 138–43 . 1998 . 9674650 . 10.1161/01.HYP.32.1.138 . etal.
• Matsuoka Y, Li X, Bennett V . Adducin is an in vivo substrate for protein kinase C: phosphorylation in the MARCKS-related domain inhibits activity in promoting spectrin-actin complexes and occurs in many cells, including dendritic spines of neurons . J. Cell Biol. . 142 . 2 . 485–97 . 1998 . 9679146 . 10.1083/jcb.142.2.485 . 2133059 .
• Fukata Y, Oshiro N, Kinoshita N . Phosphorylation of adducin by Rho-kinase plays a crucial role in cell motility . J. Cell Biol. . 145 . 2 . 347–61 . 1999 . 10209029 . 10.1083/jcb.145.2.347 . 2133101 . etal.
• Halushka MK, Fan JB, Bentley K . Patterns of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for blood-pressure homeostasis . Nat. Genet. . 22 . 3 . 239–47 . 1999 . 10391210 . 10.1038/10297 . 4636523 . etal.
• Ferrandi M, Salardi S, Tripodi G . Evidence for an interaction between adducin and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase: relation to genetic hypertension . Am. J. Physiol. . 277 . 4 Pt 2 . H1338–49 . 1999 . 10516168 . 10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.4.H1338. 4474240 . etal.

Notes and References

1. Joshi R, Gilligan DM, Otto E, McLaughlin T, Bennett V . Primary structure and domain organization of human alpha and beta adducin . J Cell Biol . 115 . 3 . 665–75 . Nov 1991. 1840603 . 2289184 . 10.1083/jcb.115.3.665 .
2. Web site: Entrez Gene: ADD1 adducin 1 (alpha).