400 metres explained

Event:400 metres
Image Upright:1.25

The 400 metres, or 400-meter dash, is a sprint event in track and field competitions. It has been featured in the athletics programme at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1964 for women. On a standard outdoor running track, it is one lap around the track. Runners start in staggered positions and race in separate lanes for the entire course. In many countries, athletes previously competed in the 440-yard dash (402.336 m)—which is a quarter of a mile (1,760 yards) and was referred to as the "quarter-mile"—instead of the 400 m (437.445 yards), though this distance is now obsolete.

Like other sprint disciplines, the 400 m involves the use of starting blocks. The runners take up position in the blocks on the "ready" command, adopt a more efficient starting posture which isometrically preloads their muscles on the "set" command, and stride forwards from the blocks upon hearing the starter's pistol. The blocks allow the runners to begin more powerfully and thereby contribute to their overall sprint speed capability. Maximum sprint speed capability is a significant contributing factor to success in the event, but athletes also require substantial speed endurance and the ability to cope well with high amounts of lactic acid to sustain a fast speed over a whole lap. While considered to be predominantly an anaerobic event, there is some aerobic involvement and the degree of aerobic training required for 400-metre athletes is open to debate.[1]

The current men's world record and Olympic record is held by Wayde van Niekerk of South Africa; his time of 43.03 seconds is the fastest 400 m ever run, in either an open 400 m or a relay. While Michael Johnson holds the fastest 400 m relay split with a time of 42.94, relay splits are typically faster because athletes have a running start and do not need to react to the gun if they are not the leadoff leg. Considering van Niekerk's reaction time of 0.181 seconds in his run of 43.03, van Niekerk covered the 400-metre distance itself in 42.85 seconds, therefore being 0.09 s faster than Johnson's relay split.[2]

Quincy Hall is the reigning men's Olympic champion. Antonio Watson is the current men's world champion. Christopher Morales Williams is the men's world indoor record holder with a time of 44.49 seconds.[3]

The current women's world record is held by Marita Koch, with a time of 47.60 seconds. Marileidy Paulino is the current women's world champion and women’s Olympic champion, and holds the Olympic record in a time of 48.17 seconds. Femke Bol holds the women's world indoor record at 49.17 (2024). The men's T43 Paralympic world record of 45.07 seconds is held by Oscar Pistorius.[4]

An Olympic double of 200 metres and 400 m was first achieved by Valerie Brisco-Hooks in 1984, and later by Marie-José Pérec of France and Michael Johnson from the United States on the same evening in 1996. Alberto Juantorena of Cuba at the 1976 Summer Olympics became the first and so far the only athlete to win both the 400 m and 800 m Olympic titles. Pérec became the first to defend the Olympic title in 1996, Johnson became the first and only man to do so in 2000. From 31 appearances in the Olympic Games, the men's gold medalist came from the US 19 times (as of 2019).

Continental records

AreaMenWomen
Time (s)AthleteNationTime (s)AthleteNation
43.03 Wayde van Niekerk49.10Falilat Ogunkoya
43.93Yousef Masrahi48.14Salwa Eid Naser
43.44Matthew Hudson-Smith47.60 Marita Koch
43.18Michael Johnson48.17Marileidy Paulino
44.38Darren Clark48.63Cathy Freeman
43.93Anthony Zambrano49.64Ximena Restrepo

All-time top 25

Tables show data for two definitions of "Top 25" - the top 25 400m times and the top 25 athletes:
- denotes top performance for athletes in the top 25 400m times
- denotes lesser performances, still in the top 25 400m times, by repeat athletes
- denotes top performance (only) for other top 25 athletes who fall outside the top 25 400m times

Men (outdoor)

See also: Men's 400 metres world record progression.

Time (s) Reaction (s) Athlete Nation Date Place
1 1 43.03 0.181 14 August 2016 [9]
2 2 43.18 0.150 26 August 1999 [10]
3 3 43.29 17 August 1988
4 43.39 Johnson #29 August 1995 Gothenburg
45 43.40 0.168Quincy Hall7 August 2024 Saint-Denis
6 43.44 align=center Johnson #3 19 June 1996
5643.440.149Matthew Hudson-Smith7 August 2024 Saint-Denis[11]
68 43.45 0.182 31 August 2007 [12]
Michael Norman20 April 2019 [13]
10 43.48 0.156 van Niekerk #2 26 August 2015 [14]
8 11 43.48 0.164 4 October 2019 [15] [16]
12 43.49 Johnson #4 29 July 1996
9 13 43.50 5 August 1992
14 43.50 Wariner #2 7 August 2007
1543.56Norman #225 June 2022Eugene[17]
16 43.60 0.130 Norman #328 May 2022 Eugene[18] [19]
17 43.61 Norman #48 June 2018 Eugene
18 43.62 Wariner #3 14 July 2006
0.164 van Niekerk #3 6 July 2017 [20]
10 20 43.64 27 July 2019 [21]
21 43.65 Johnson #5 17 August 1993
11 2143.65 0.195 26 August 2015 [22]
23 43.66 Johnson #6 16 June 1995
Johnson #7 3 July 1996
25 43.68 Johnson #8 12 August 1998
1243.70Champion Allison25 June 2022Eugene
13 43.72 5 July 2015 [23]
14 43.743 July 2014 [24]
0.185Muzala Samukonga7 August 2024Saint-Denis
1643.780.144Jereem Richards7 August 2024Saint-Denis
17 43.81 Danny Everett26 June 1992 New Orleans
18 43.85 Randolph Ross11 June 2021 Eugene[25]
19 43.86 Lee Evans18 October 1968 Mexico City
20 43.87 28 September 1988
21 43.9323 August 2015 [26]
23 August 2015
2 August 2021 [27]
24 43.94 Akeem Bloomfield8 June 2018 [28]
25 43.97 Larry James18 October 1968

Women (outdoor)

See also: Women's 400 metres world record progression.

Time (s) Athlete Nation Date Place
1 1 47.60 6 October 1985
2 2 47.99 10 August 1983
3 3 48.14 3 October 2019 [31]
4 48.16 Koch #2 8 September 1982
Koch #3 16 August 1984
4648.17Marileidy Paulino9 August 2024Saint-Denis[32]
7 48.22 Koch #4 28 August 1986
5 8 48.25 Marie-José Pérec29 July 1996 Atlanta
9 48.26 Koch #527 July 1984 Dresden
6 10 48.27 Olga Bryzgina6 October 1985 Canberra
7 11 48.36 Shaunae Miller-Uibo6 August 2021 Tokyo
12 48.37 Miller-Uibo #23 October 2019
13 48.45 Kratochvílová #223 July 1983 Prague
1448.53Naser #29 August 2024Saint-Denis
8 15 48.57 Nickisha Pryce20 July 2024 London[33]
9 16 48.59 10 August 1983
17 48.60 Koch #6 4 August 1979
Bryzgina #2 17 August 1985
19 48.61 Kratochvílová #3 6 September 1981
10 20 48.63 29 July 1996
21 48.65 Bryzgina #3 26 September 1988
2248.66Paulino #225 August 2024Chorzów[34]
11 23 48.70 Sanya Richards-Ross16 September 2006 Athens
24 48.73 Kocembová #216 August 1984 Prague
12 25 48.74 8 July 2023 [35]
13 48.83 Valerie Brisco-Hooks6 August 1984 Los Angeles
14 48.89 27 August 2003
1548.90Natalia Kaczmarek20 July 2024London
16 49.05 Chandra Cheeseborough6 August 1984 Los Angeles
17 49.07 Tonique Williams-Darling12 September 2004 Berlin
Rhasidat Adeleke10 June 2024Rome[36]
19 49.10 Falilat Ogunkoya29 July 1996 Atlanta
20 49.11 25 September 1988
2149.13Britton Wilson13 May 2023Baton Rouge[37]
Kaylyn Brown8 June 2024Eugene[38]
23 49.16 Antonina Krivoshapka5 July 2012 Cheboksary
24 49.19 Mariya Pinigina10 August 1983 Helsinki
25 49.22 Christine Mboma17 April 2021 Windhoek

Annulled marks

Men (indoor)

Time (s)AthleteNationDatePlace
1144.49Christopher Morales Williams24 February 2024Fayetteville[40]
2244.52Michael Norman10 March 2018College Station
3344.57Kerron Clement12 March 2005Fayetteville
4444.62Randolph Ross12 March 2022Birmingham[41]
5544.63Michael Johnson4 March 1995Atlanta
644.66Johnson #22 March 1996Atlanta
744.67Morales Williams #27 March 2024Boston
6846.71Noah Williams13 March 2021Fayetteville[42]
7944.75Elija Godwin25 February 2023Fayetteville[43]
1044.75 Godwin #211 March 2023Albuquerque[44]
81144.80Kirani James27 February 2011Fayetteville
91244.82Tyrell Richard9 March 2019Birmingham[45]
1344.83Ross #211 February 2022Clemson
101444.85Fred Kerley11 March 2017College Station
111544.86Akeem Bloomfield10 March 2018College Station
121644.88Bralon Taplin3 February 2018College Station
131744.91Auhmad Robinson9 March 2024Boston[46]
141844.93LaShawn Merritt11 February 2005Fayetteville
44.93 Ryan Willie11 March 2023Albuquerque[47]
2044.94Kerley #225 February 2017Nashville
2144.97Johnson #310 February 1995Reno
2244.99Ross #313 March 2021Fayetteville
2345.00Norman #29 February 2018Clemson
162345.00Jereem Richards19 March 2022Belgrade[48]
172545.02Danny Everett2 February 1992Stuttgart
2545.02Kerley #310 February 2017Clemson
Bloomfield #29 February 2018Clemson
172545.02Khaleb McCrae3 February 2024Albuquerque
1945.03Torrin Lawrence12 February 2010Fayetteville
Deon Lendore1 March 2014College Station
Kahmari Montgomery9 March 2019Birmingham
2245.04Champion Allison26 February 2022College Station[49]
2345.05Thomas Schönlebe5 February 1988Sindelfingen
Alvin Harrison28 February 1998Atlanta
Karsten Warholm2 March 2019Glasgow[50]
Trevor Bassitt19 March 2022Belgrade
Jacory Patterson25 February 2023Fayetteville

Women (indoor)

Time (s)AthleteNationDatePlace
1149.17Femke Bol2 March 2024Glasgow[52]
249.24Bol #217 February 2024Apeldoorn[53]
349.26Bol #319 February 2023Apeldoorn[54]
2449.48 Britton Wilson11 March 2023Albuquerque
3549.59Jarmila Kratochvílová7 March 1982Milan
649.63Bol #410 February 2024Liévin[55]
749.64Kratochvílová #228 January 1981Vienna
4849.68Natalya Nazarova18 February 2004Moscow
949.69Kratochvílová #36 March 1983Budapest
Bol #51 February 2024Metz[56]
51149.76Taťána Kocembová2 February 1984Vienna
1249.85Bol #64 March 2023Istanbul[57]
1349.96Bol #711 February 2023Metz[58]
1449.97Kocembová #24 March 1984Göteborg
1549.98Nazarova #218 February 2006Moscow
1650.00Kratochvílová #410 February 1983Vienna
61750.01Sabine Busch2 February 1984Vienna
71850.02Nicola Sanders3 March 2007Birmingham
81950.04Olesya Krasnomovets18 February 2006Moscow
1950.04Krasnomovets #212 March 2006Moscow
2150.07Kratochvílová #522 February 1981Grenoble
92250.10Lieke Klaver18 February 2024Apeldoorn[59]
102350.15Olga Zaytseva25 January 2006Moscow
112450.15Talitha Diggs25 February 2023Fayetteville[60]
2550.16Klaver #22 March 2024Glasgow
1250.21Vania Stambolova12 March 2006Moscow
Shaunae Miller-Uibo13 February 2021New York City[61]
1450.23Irina Privalova12 March 1995Barcelona
1550.24Alexis Holmes2 March 2024Glasgow
1650.28Petra Müller6 March 1988Budapest
1750.33Rhasidat Adeleke25 February 2023Lubbock
1850.34Christine Amertil12 March 2006Moscow
Kendall Ellis10 March 2018College Station
2050.36Sydney McLaughlin10 March 2018College Station
2150.37Natalya Antyukh18 February 2006Moscow
2250.40Dagmar Neubauer2 February 1984Vienna
2350.41Svetlana Pospelova5 March 2005Madrid
2450.42Olga Kotlyarova27 January 2001Moscow
2550.43Amber Anning24 February 2024Fayetteville[62]

Fastest relay splits

Men

SplitAthleteDatePlace
42.9122 August 1993Stuttgart
42.93 2007Osaka[63]
43.0410 August 2024Paris[64]
43.0627 May 2018Sacramento[65]
43.0910 August 2024Paris
43.18 August 1992Barcelona
2 September 2007Osaka
43.1810 August 2024Paris
43.220 October 1968Mexico City
22 August 1993Stuttgart
20 August 2016Rio de Janeiro[66]
43.2610 August 2024Paris

Women

SplitAthleteDatePlace
47.6 1982Athens
47.73 June 1984Erfurt
30 August 2015Beijing
47.7110 August 2024Paris[67]
47.818 August 1984Prague
1 October 1988Seoul
47.9124 July 2022Eugene
48.003 August 2024Paris[68]
48.01 October 1988Seoul

Most successful athletes

3 or more 400-metre victories at the Olympic Games and World Championships:

The Olympic champion has frequently won a second gold medal in the 4 × 400 metres relay. This has been accomplished 14 times by men; Charles Reidpath, Ray Barbuti, Bill Carr, George Rhoden, Charles Jenkins, Otis Davis, Mike Larrabee, Lee Evans, Viktor Markin, Alonzo Babers, Steve Lewis, Quincy Watts, Jeremy Wariner and LaShawn Merritt; and 4 times by women; Monika Zehrt, Valerie Brisco-Hooks, Olga Bryzgina and Sanya Richards-Ross. All but Rhoden, Markin, Zehrt and Bryzgina ran on American relay teams. Injured after his double in 1996, Johnson also accomplished the feat in 2000 only to have it disqualified when his teammate Antonio Pettigrew admitted to doping.

Olympic medalists

Women

World Championships medalists

Women

World Indoor Championships medalists

Men

1985 Paris
1987 Indianapolis
1989 Budapest
1991 Seville
1993 Toronto
1995 Barcelona
1997 Paris
1999 Maebashi
2001 Lisbon
2003 Birmingham
2004 Budapest
2006 Moscow
2008 Valencia
2010 Doha
2012 Istanbul
2014 Sopot
2016 Portland
2018 Birmingham
2022 Belgrade
2024 Glasgow

Women

1985 Paris
1987 Indianapolis
1989 Budapest
1991 Seville
1993 Toronto
1995 Barcelona
1997 Paris
1999 Maebashi
2001 Lisbon
2003 Birmingham
2004 Budapest
2006 Moscow
2008 Valencia
2010 Doha
2012 Istanbul
2014 Sopot
2016 Portland
2018 Birmingham
2022 Belgrade
2024 Glasgow

Season's bests

Men

YearTimeAthletePlace
196644.82 Kingston
196744.74 San Jose
196843.86 Mexico City
196944.67 Knoxville
197045.01Edinburgh
197144.44 Eugene
197244.34 Eugene
197344.85 Baton Rouge
197444.94 Mexico City
197544.45 Mexico City
197644.26Montreal
197744.65La Habana
197844.27 Medellin
197944.92Stuttgart
198044.60Moscow
198144.58Baton Rouge
198244.68Indianapolis
198344.50München
198444.27Los Angeles
198544.47Canberra
198644.30Indianapolis
198744.10Columbus
198843.29Zürich
198944.27Houston
199044.06Seville
199144.17Lausanne
199243.50Barcelona
199343.65Stuttgart
199443.90Madrid
199543.39Gothenburg
199643.44Atlanta
199743.75Waco
199843.68Zürich
199943.18Sevilla
200043.68Sacramento
200144.28Los Angeles
200244.45Belém
200344.33Palo Alto
200444.00Athens
200543.93Helsinki
200643.62Rome
200743.45Osaka
200843.75Beijing
200944.06Berlin
201044.13Zürich
201144.35Daegu
201243.94London
201343.74Moscow
201443.74Lausanne
201543.48Beijing
201643.03Rio de Janeiro
201743.62Lausanne
201843.61Eugene
201943.45Torrance
202044.91Marietta
202143.85Eugene
Tokyo
202243.56Eugene
202343.74Székesfehérvár
202443.40Saint-Denis

Women

YearTimeAthletePlace
1966
1967
196852.03 Mexico City
196951.72Athens
197051.02Edinburgh
197152.14Helsinki
197251.08Munich
197351.27Helsinki
197450.14Rome
197550.50Nice
197649.28Montreal
197749.52Düsseldorf
197848.94Prague
197948.60Potsdam
198048.88Moscow
198148.61Rome
198248.16Athens
198347.99Helsinki
198448.16Prague
198547.60Canberra
198648.22Stuttgart
198749.38Rome
198848.65Seoul
198950.01Duisburg
199049.50Split
199149.32Frankfurt
199248.83Frankfurt
199349.81Beijing
199449.77Paris
199549.28Gothenburg
199648.25Atlanta
199749.39Oslo
199849.29Rome
199949.62Lagos
200049.11Sydney
200149.59Athens
200249.16Zürich
200348.89Saint-Denis
200449.07Berlin
200548.92Zürich
200648.70Athens
200749.27Berlin
Stuttgart
200849.62Beijing
200948.83Brussels
201049.64Des Moines
201149.35Cheboksary
201249.16Cheboksary
201349.33Monaco
201449.48Sacramento
201549.26Beijing
201649.44Rio de Janeiro
201749.46Brussels
201848.97Monaco
201948.14Doha
202050.42 Pretoria
202148.36Tokyo
202248.99Zürich
202348.74Eugene
202448.17Saint-Denis

External links

Notes and References

  1. http://coachsci.sdsu.edu/csa/vol11/shepard.htm Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences
  2. Web site: Škraba . Žiga P. . 2016-08-15 . 43.03 – The Fastest 400m in History . 2024-08-04 . Žiga P. Škraba . en.
  3. Web site: Canadian teenager Christopher Morales Williams denied 400m indoor world record due to starting block issue. George. Ramsay. 26 February 2024. CNN.
  4. Web site: Who is Oscar Pistorius ??? « Flightunit : News, Tips, Music, video, games & more . 2 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120817032800/http://www.flightunit.com/uncategorized/who-oscar-pistorius-is/ . 17 August 2012 . dead . dmy-all.
  5. Web site: Men's outdoor 400 Metres . iaaf.org . . 21 December 2018.
  6. Web site: Women's outdoor 400 Metres . iaaf.org . . 9 August 2024.
  7. Web site: Senior Outdoor 400 Metres Men . . 12 June 2021.
  8. Web site: All-time men's best 400m. alltime-athletics.com. 8 January 2017. 31 January 2017.
  9. Web site: Men's 400m Results . Rio 2016 official website . 14 August 2016 . 15 August 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160920130147/https://smsprio2016-a.akamaihd.net/_odf-documents/A/T/ATM004101_Results_2016_08_14_ff3d0a74_10b4_4382_91f3_8783d2c9311c.pdf . 20 September 2016 .
  10. Web site: 400 Metres Result 7th IAAF World Championships in Athletics . worldathletics.org . 1 June 2023 . en.
  11. Web site: Men's 400m - Final results . Olympics . 8 August 2024 . 7 August 2024.
  12. Web site: 400 Metres Result 11th IAAF World Championships in Athletics . worldathletics.org . 1 June 2023 . en.
  13. Web site: 61st ANNUAL MT. SAC RELAYS . rtspt.com . RecordTiming . 20 April 2019 . 20 April 2019.
  14. Web site: 400 Metres Result 15th IAAF World Championships . worldathletics.org . 1 June 2023 . en.
  15. Web site: 400m Results. IAAF. 4 October 2019. 6 October 2019.
  16. Web site: 400 Metres Result IAAF World Athletics Championships, DOHA 2019 . worldathletics.org . 1 June 2023 . en.
  17. News: McLaughlin breaks world 400m hurdles record with 51.41 at US Championships. World Athletics. Karen Rosen. 26 June 2022. 28 June 2022.
  18. News: Norman reigns in fierce 400m clash with record run in Eugene. World Athletics. Cathal Dennehy. 29 May 2022. 15 June 2022.
  19. Web site: Wanda Diamond League Hayward Field - Eugene, OR (USA) 27th - 28th May 2022 Results 400m Men . 1 June 2023.
  20. Web site: IAAF DIAMOND LEAGUE Lausanne (SUI) 6 July 2017 Results 400m Men . 1 June 2023.
  21. News: Kendricks tops 6.06m in Des Moines. IAAF. Roy Jordan. 28 July 2019. 29 July 2019.
  22. Web site: 400m Results. IAAF. 26 August 2015. 26 August 2015.
  23. Web site: 400m Results . www.sep-olympic.ch . 5 July 2015 . 5 July 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150714102404/http://www.sep-olympic.ch/resisprintdoc/400m3.pdf . 14 July 2015 .
  24. Web site: 400m . 2014-07-03 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140708001133/http://www.diamondleague-lausanne.com/en/Live-StartlistsResults/Overview/400m/ . 8 July 2014 .
  25. News: Burrell breaks world U20 400m hurdles record in Eugene. World Athletics. Jess Whittington. 12 June 2021. 29 June 2021.
  26. Web site: 400m Men - Heats Results. IAAF. 23 August 2015. 23 August 2015.
  27. Web site: Men's 400m Semifinal Results Summary. olympics.com. 2 August 2021. 17 August 2021. 9 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211009132117/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/ATH/OG2020-_ATH_C74A_ATHM400M--------------SFNL--------.pdf. dead.
  28. News: Benjamin and Norman break collegiate records at NCAA Championships. IAAF. Roy Jordan. 9 June 2018. 13 June 2018.
  29. Web site: Toplists - All time Top lists - Senior Outdoor 400 Metres Women . . 17 April 2021.
  30. Web site: All-time women's best 400m. alltime-athletics.com. 26 November 2016. 31 January 2017.
  31. Web site: 400m Results. IAAF. 3 October 2019. 4 October 2019.
  32. Web site: Paulino powers to Olympic record to win 400m gold in Paris News Paris 24 Olympic Games . 2024-08-09 . worldathletics.org . en.
  33. Web site: 400m Result. swisstiming.com. 20 July 2024. 20 July 2024.
  34. Web site: Ingebrigtsen and Duplantis break world records in Silesia REPORT World Athletics . 2024-08-26 . worldathletics.org.
  35. Web site: McLaughlin-Levrone cruises to 400m win at US Championships REPORT World Athletics . 2023-07-09 . worldathletics.org.
  36. Web site: 400m Results. World Athletics. 11 June 2024.
  37. Web site: Wilson clocks 49.13 for 400m, Hibbert breaks world U20 triple jump record with 17.87m REPORT World Athletics . 2023-05-14 . worldathletics.org.
  38. Web site: Pryce, Long and Jones impress in sprints at NCAA Championships REPORT World Athletics . 2024-06-09 . worldathletics.org.
  39. Web site: Toplists - All time Top lists - Senior Indoor 400 Metres Men . . 13 March 2021.
  40. Web site: Men 400m Result . 24 February 2024 . flashresults.com.
  41. Web site: 12 March 2022 . 400m Result . 14 March 2022 . Flash Results.
  42. Web site: 13 March 2021 . Results: Men 400 M (Finals) . 13 March 2021 . Flash Results.
  43. Web site: 25 February 2023 . 400m Result . 4 March 2023 . flashresults.com.
  44. Web site: Alfred, Garland and Wilson threaten world records at NCAA Indoor Championships REPORT World Athletics . 2023-03-12 . www.worldathletics.org.
  45. Web site: 9 March 2019 . 400m Results . 10 March 2019 . flashresults.com.
  46. Web site: Men 400 M . 2024-03-09 . flashresults.ncaa.com.
  47. Web site: 11 March 2023 . 400m Result . 18 March 2023 . Flash Results.
  48. Web site: 19 March 2022 . 400m Results . 19 March 2022 . World Athletics.
  49. Web site: 26 February 2022 . 400m Result . 27 February 2022 . flashresults.com.
  50. Web site: 2 March 2019 . 400m Final Results . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190323034601/https://www.european-athletics.org/externalmodules/AT/pdf/ATM004101_C73A.pdf . 23 March 2019 . 10 March 2019 . EAA.
  51. Web site: Senior Indoor 400 Metres Women . iaaf.org . . 21 December 2018.
  52. Web site: 2 March 2024 . 400m Final Result . 2 March 2024 . World Athletics.
  53. Web site: 18 February 2024 . Bol breaks world indoor 400m record with 49.24 in Apeldoorn . 18 February 2024 . World Athletics.
  54. Web site: 19 February 2023 . Bol breaks world indoor 400m record with 49.26 in Apeldoorn . 19 February 2023 . World Athletics.
  55. Web site: Mills . Steven . 10 February 2024 . 49.63 for Bol and 22.37m for Fabbri light up Lievin . 10 February 2024 . European Athletics.
  56. Web site: Mills . Steven . 3 February 2024 . Bol launches season with a 22.64/49.69 double in Metz . 3 February 2024 . European Athletics.
  57. Web site: Dennehy . Cathal . 4 March 2023 . Bol and Warholm claim European indoor 400m crowns in Istanbul . 4 March 2023 . World Athletics.
  58. Web site: 11 February 2023 . Bol clocks 49.96 and 22.87 in Metz, Bromell breezes to 6.42 in Clemson . 11 February 2023 . World Athletics.
  59. Web site: 18 February 2024 . FLASH: Bol breaks world indoor 400m record with 49.24 in Apeldoorn . 18 February 2024 . World Athletics.
  60. Web site: 25 February 2023 . Weekend Recap: All-Time Marks Canvas Conference Championships Weekend . 25 February 2023 . . en.
  61. News: Taylor Dutch . 14 February 2021 . Three American Records and 10 National Records Fall at the New Balance Indoor Grand Prix . 23 February 2021 . runnersworld.com.
  62. Web site: Women 400m Result . 24 February 2024 . flashresults.com.
  63. Web site: 4x400 Metres Relay Icons. 10 June 2018. Jeremy Wariner: The two-time world 400m champion was a key member of the USA 4x400m squad in the 2000s, picking up two Olympic relay golds and three world titles. He also boasts the second-fastest relay split in history with his 42.93 from the 2007 World Championships..
  64. Web site: Men's 4 x 400m Relay Results. olympics.com. 10 August 2024. 17 August 2024.
  65. Web site: Men's 4×400m Relay Results. ncaa.com. 27 May 2018. 28 May 2018.
  66. Web site: Men's 4 x 400m Relay Final Results . 23 August 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160920195835/https://smsprio2016-a.akamaihd.net/_odf-documents/A/T/ATM404101_Results_2016_08_20_3f946dd6_c984_4e33_bf39_31afec5beb68.pdf . 20 September 2016 . dead.
  67. "Web site: Athletics – Women's 4 x 400m Relay – Final – Results – Revised. olympics.com. 10 August 2024. 11 August 2024.
  68. "Athletics – 4 x 400m Relay Mixed – Final – Results – Revised", Olympics.com, 5 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.

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