3D textiles explained

3D textiles are three-dimensional structures made with different manufacturing methods such as weaving, knitting, braiding, or nonwoven, or made with alternative technologies. 3D textiles are produced with three planar geometry, opposed to 2D textiles that are made on two planes. The weave in 2D textiles is perpendicular. The yarn is fed along two axis: length (x-axis) and width (y-axis), while 3D textiles also have a perpendicular weave, but they have an extra yarn with an angular feeding (z-axis) which creates thickness.[1] 3D weaves are orthogonal weave structures, multilayer structures, and angle interlocks. 3D textiles have more manufacturing opportunities, various properties, and a broader scope of applications. These textiles have a wide range of applications, but they are most commonly used where performance is the primary criterion, such as technical textiles. Composite materials, manufacturing is one of the significant areas of using 3D textiles.[2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

3D structures have two kinds of structural formations, i.e., hollow and solid.

Types

3D fabrics can be formed with 3D weaving, 3D knitting, 3D braiding, non-woven methods and with many newer technologies, such as 3D printing, etc.

!3D Fabric type!Advantage and disadvantages!Reason
3D Woven fabricsFree of delamination,Multilayered, and low in plane properties.Because of extra strength provided by the z-yarn in the through thickness dimension.
3D knitting fabricsLow fiber volume fractionBecause of looped structure.
3D Braided fabricsFree of delamination,Multilayered, and low transverse properties.Because of interlacement of interwine type
3D Nonwoven fabricsLacks mechanical propertiesBecause of short fibers

3D weaving

There are several types of 3D woven fabrics that are commercially available; they can be classified according to their weaving technique.[7]

  1. 3D woven interlock fabrics, are 3D woven fabrics produced on a traditional 2D weaving loom, using proper weave design and techniques, it could either have the weaver/z-yarn going through all the thickness of the fabric or from layer to layer.
  2. 3D orthogonal woven fabrics, are 3D woven fabrics produced on a special 3D weaving loom. The process to form such fabric was patented by Mohamed and Zhang.[8] The architecture of the 3D orthogonal woven fabric consists of three different sets of yarns; warp yarns (y-yarn), weft yarns (x-yarn), and (z-yarn). The Z - yarn is placed in the through-thickness direction of the preform. In 3D orthogonal woven fabrics there is no interlacing between the warp and weft yarns and they are straight and perpendicular to each other. On the other hand, z-yarns combine the warp and the weft layers by interlacing (moving up and down) along the y-direction over the weft yarn. Interlacing occurs on the top and the bottom surface of the fabric.[9] [10]

Advantages

3D knitting

3D knitting is a method of forming an article of clothing directly from the yarns.[13] Typical examples are socks and one piece tights. 3D knitted fabrics are also used for the production of certain reinforcement structures.[14] Since 2017, Uniqlo has been offering fully 3D knit garments including T-shirts and dresses through a partnership with Shima Seiki.[15] Other companies and designers have been exploring this technology, including for knit-on-demand or customized garments.[16] Another technology that can be considered 3D knit is spacer knit. This technique creates a flat textile that has a sponge-like character.

3D braiding

See main article: 3D braided fabrics.

Nonwoven

Non-woven 3D fabrics are made of short fibers (natural and cut filaments of synthetic yarn). They are comparatively less successful.[17]

3D printing

See main article: 3D printing.

Additive manufacturing

Fabric manufacturing by three-dimensional printer employs additive manufacturing, also known as additive layer manufacturing (ALM), a CAD-aided manufacturing technique that builds the object layer by layer.[18]

3D printing has entered the world of clothing, with fashion designers experimenting with 3D-printed bikinis, shoes, dresses, bags and pouches.

Bikini

"N-12" is a nylon bikini that was 3D printed by Shapeways.[19] [20] [21]

Footwear and accessories

Nike is using 3D printing to prototype and manufacture the 2012 Vapor Laser Talon football shoe for players of American football, and New Balance is 3D manufacturing custom-fit shoes for athletes. ''Vapor Laser Talon boots'' has 3D-printed footplates.[22] ''Futurecraft STRUNG'' is another 3D printed variant belongs to Adidas.[23]

Dresses

Though very expensive, the 3D printer also printed a dress. Dita Von Teese wore a 3D printed gown with a fibonacci sequence that was designed by Michael Schmidt and the architect, Francis Bitonti.[24] [25]

Bags and Pouches

3D printing is increasingly utilized in the design and production of bags and pouches. Notable examples include XYZBAG, an Italian brand specializing in personalized 3D-printed bags, and JK3D, a company fabricating various 3D-printed products. ASTERYAM, a US-based startup, focuses on creating unique pouches and bags using 3D-printed chainmail fabric.

Auxetic textiles

Auxetic materials are materials which expand when stretched. They have the ability to be thicker when stretched.[26] Fibers, yarns, and fabrics with auxetic properties are known as auxetic textiles.[27] [28] There are certain types of needle-punched nonwovens.[29] [30] 3D printers are also helpful in making auxetic materials for textiles. These fabrics have advanced properties that are useful in making various composite materials and high-performance applications.[31] [32] [33] [34] [35]

Use

Auxetic textiles are used in protective clothing, upholstery, sports, filtration, body armor, bulletproof vests (because of shock absorbing properties), etc.[36] [37]

Applications

Other applications of 3D textiles are:[38]

Composite materials

See main article: Composite material. 3D textiles are primarily used in manufacturing textile structural composites that are usable in military and construction.

Medical textiles

3D textiles in medical textiles contribute to the following sectors:[39]

Wound care

In treating a wound over time by creating a favorable environment for healing, using both direct and indirect approaches, as well as preventing skin disintegration. Examples include 3D spacer fabrics.[40]

Vascular grafting

See main article: Vascular bypass.

Tissue engineering

See main article: Tissue engineering.

Implants

See main article: Implant (medicine). Medical textiles use tubular fabrics with carefully chosen materials that are biocompatible, nonallergic, and nontoxic. For example, Dyneema, PTFE, Polyester, and Teflon are used for implants. The material type varies depending on the implant area; for example, PTFE is preferred for stent implants due to its nonstick properties, while polyolefin is used for mesh implants.[41] [42]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Book: Chen, Xiaogang. Advances in 3D Textiles. 2015-05-28. Elsevier. 978-1-78242-219-8. 2. en.
  2. Book: Chen, Xiaogang. Advances in 3D Textiles. 2015-05-28. Elsevier. 978-1-78242-219-8. 1–12. en.
  3. Book: Paul, Roshan. High Performance Technical Textiles. 2019-04-29. John Wiley & Sons. 978-1-119-32501-7. 374. en.
  4. Book: Hu, Jinlian. 3-D Fibrous Assemblies: Properties, Applications and Modelling of Three-Dimensional Textile Structures. 2008-09-09. Elsevier. 978-1-84569-498-2. 34, 57, 60,102, 128. en.
  5. Chen. X.. Potiyaraj. P.. 1999-09-01. CAD/CAM of Orthogonal and Angle-Interlock Woven Structures for Industrial Applications. Textile Research Journal. en. 69. 9. 648–655. 10.1177/004051759906900905. 111178802. 0040-5175.
  6. Book: Harris, Bryan. Fatigue in Composites: Science and Technology of the Fatigue Response of Fibre-Reinforced Plastics. 2003-10-31. Elsevier. 978-1-85573-857-7. 297. en.
  7. N. Khokar, "3D Fabric-forming Processes: Distinguishing between 2D-weaving, 3Dweaving and an Unspecified Non-interlacing Process," Journal of the Textile Institute, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 97–106, 1996.
  8. M. H. Mohamed and Z.-H. Zhang, "Method of Forming Variable Cross-Sectional Shaped Three-Dimensional Fabrics". US Patent 5085252, 4 February 1992.
  9. N. Khokar, "3D-weaving: Theory and Practice," Journal of the Textile Institute, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 193–207, 2001.
  10. N. Khokar, "Noobing: A Nonwoven 3D Fabric-forming process explained," Journal of the Textile Institute, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 52–74, 2002.
  11. 10.1115/1.2349543. 3D Woven Carbon/Glass Hybrid Spar Cap for Wind Turbine Rotor Blade. 2006. Mohamed. Mansour H.. Wetzel. Kyle K.. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering. 128. 4. 562–573.
  12. P. Schwartz, "Structure and Mechanics of Textile Fibre Assemblies", Woodhead publishing Ltd. 2008.
  13. Web site: 2015-03-08. 3D knitting: after 8,000 years a new dimension in weaving and spinning. 2021-06-24. The Guardian. en.
  14. Book: Au, K. F.. Advances in Knitting Technology. 2011-02-26. Elsevier. 978-0-85709-062-1. 141. en.
  15. Web site: Fast Retailing Launches Innovation Factory Co., Ltd. - Enters Joint Venture with Shima Seiki Mfg., Ltd. FAST RETAILING CO., LTD. . 2023-11-06 . www.fastretailing.com.
  16. Web site: Reilly . Michael . April 6, 2017 . 3-D Knitting Brings Tech to Your Sweaters—for a Price . November 6, 2023 . MIT Technology Review.
  17. Book: Chen, Xiaogang. Advances in 3D Textiles. 2015-05-28. Elsevier. 978-1-78242-219-8. 183–202. en.
  18. Book: Hu . Hong . Auxetic Textiles . Zhang . Minglonghai . Liu . Yanping . 2019-07-11 . Woodhead Publishing . 978-0-08-102212-2 . 69 . en.
  19. Web site: Stephanie . Pappas . The 10 Weirdest Things Created By 3D Printing. 2021-06-25. livescience.com. 21 May 2013 . en.
  20. Web site: 2013-11-01. 3D Printed Clothing Becoming a Reality . 2021-06-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20131101165629/http://www.resins-online.com/blog/3d-printed-clothing/. 2013-11-01.
  21. Web site: 2011-06-10. World's first 3D printed bikini heads for the beach. 2021-06-25. New Atlas. en-US.
  22. Web site: 2013-03-04. Nike Vapor Laser Talon 3D printed football boot studs by Nike. 2021-06-25. Dezeen. en.
  23. Web site: 2020-10-09. Adidas reveals Futurecraft STRUNG, the "ultimate" 3D printed running shoe. 2021-06-25. 3D Printing Industry. en-US.
  24. Web site: Revealing Dita Von Teese in a Fully Articulated 3D Printed Gown - Shapeways Blog. 2021-06-25. www.shapeways.com.
  25. Web site: 2013-03-07. 3D-printed dress for Dita Von Teese. 2021-06-25. Dezeen. en.
  26. Book: Lim, Teik-Cheng. Auxetic Materials and Structures. 2014-12-27. Springer. 978-981-287-275-3. 3. en.
  27. Book: Hu. Hong. Auxetic Textiles. Zhang. Minglonghai. Liu. Yanping. 2019-07-11. Woodhead Publishing. 978-0-08-102212-2. 1–13. en.
  28. Auxetic Textiles. Journals.matheo.si.
  29. Verma. Prateek. Shofner. Meisha L.. Lin. Angela. Wagner. Karla B.. Griffin. Anselm C.. 2015-07-01. Inducing out-of-plane auxetic behavior in needle-punched nonwovens. Physica Status Solidi B . 252. 7. 1455–1464. 10.1002/pssb.201552036. 2015PSSBR.252.1455V. 120375878 . 0370-1972.
  30. 2019-01-01. Micromechanical analysis of nonwoven materials with tunable out-of-plane auxetic behavior. Mechanics of Materials. en. 129. 236–245. 10.1016/j.mechmat.2018.11.004. 0167-6636. Rawal. Amit. Sharma. Sumit. Kumar. Vijay. Rao. P.V. Kameswara. Saraswat. Harshvardhan. Jangir. Nitesh Kumar. Kumar. Rajat. Hietel. Dietmar. Dauner. Martin. 139246418.
  31. Book: Hu. Hong. Auxetic Textiles. Zhang. Minglonghai. Liu. Yanping. 2019-07-11. Woodhead Publishing. 978-0-08-102212-2. 337, 340. en.
  32. Grimmelsmann. N.. Meissner. H.. Ehrmann. A.. 2016. 3D printed auxetic forms on knitted fabrics for adjustable permeability and mechanical properties. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. en. 137. 1. 012011. 10.1088/1757-899X/137/1/012011. 2016MS&E..137a2011G. 1757-899X. free.
  33. Kabir. Shahbaj. Kim. Hyelim. Lee. Sunhee. 2020-06-01. Characterization of 3D Printed Auxetic Sinusoidal Patterns/Nylon Composite Fabrics. Fibers and Polymers. en. 21. 6. 1372–1381. 10.1007/s12221-020-9507-6. 219976867. 1875-0052.
  34. Book: Jawaid. Mohammad. Mechanical and Physical Testing of Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites. Thariq. Mohamed. Saba. Naheed. 2018-09-14. Woodhead Publishing. 978-0-08-102300-6. 414. en.
  35. Book: Kettley, Sarah. Designing with Smart Textiles. 2016-06-02. Bloomsbury Publishing. 978-1-4725-6916-5. 155. en.
  36. Web site: 2001-03-09. Auxetic Materials - Applications. 2021-06-24. AZoM.com. en.
  37. News: 2012-12-01. Hook's law. The Economist. 2021-06-24. 0013-0613.
  38. Book: Materials World: The Journal of the Institute of Materials. 2006. Institute of Materials. en.
  39. 2015-01-01. Three-dimensional fabrics as medical textiles. Advances in 3D Textiles. en. 305–340. 10.1016/B978-1-78242-214-3.00012-7. Eriksson. S.. Sandsjö. L.. Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles . 9781782422143.
  40. Book: Rajendran, S.. Advanced Textiles for Wound Care. 2018-09-20. Woodhead Publishing. 978-0-08-102193-4. 185. en.
  41. Book: Gandhi, Kim. Woven Textiles: Principles, Technologies and Applications. 2019-11-01. Woodhead Publishing. 978-0-08-102498-0. 332. en.
  42. Book: Chen, Xiaogang. Advances in 3D Textiles. 2015-05-28. Elsevier. 978-1-78242-219-8. 324. en.

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