2G Explained

2G, or second-generation cellular network technology, marks the transition from analog to digital communication in mobile networks. Defined by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) under the GSM standard, which became the first globally adopted framework for mobile communications, 2G was first commercially launched in 1991 by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in Finland.[1] Following its introduction, the earlier mobile wireless network systems were retroactively designated as 1G. 2G networks were primarily designed to support voice calls and Short Message Service (SMS), with later advancements such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enabling basic data services, including email and limited internet access. Unlike 1G networks, which used analog radio signals, 2G networks utilized digital radio signals for communication between mobile devices and base stations. This transition to digital technology enabled the implementation of encryption for voice calls and data transmission, significantly improving the security of mobile communications while also increasing capacity and efficiency compared to earlier analog systems.

Later 2G releases, often referred to as 2.5G and 2.75G, include General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). GPRS allows 2G networks to achieve a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s). EDGE increases this capacity, providing a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s).

2G was succeeded by 3G technology, which provided higher data transfer rates and expanded mobile internet capabilities.

Technical overview

The most common 2G technology was the time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based GSM standard, used in most of the world outside Japan. In North America, Digital AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136) and cdmaOne (IS-95) were dominant, but GSM was also used.[2] In Japan the ubiquitous system was Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), though another, Personal Handy-phone System (PHS), also existed.

Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their 1G predecessors were:

Evolution

2.5G (GPRS)

See main article: GPRS.

2.5G ("second-and-a-half generation") refers to 2G systems that incorporate a packet-switched domain alongside the existing circuit-switched domain, most commonly implemented through General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).[3] GPRS enables packet-based data transmission by dynamically allocating multiple timeslots to users, improving network efficiency. However, this does not inherently provide faster speeds, as similar techniques, such as timeslot bundling, are also employed in circuit-switched data services like High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD). Within GPRS-enabled 2G systems, the theoretical maximum transfer rate is 40 kbit/s (5 kB/s).[4]

2.75G (EDGE)

See main article: EDGE.

2.75G refers to the evolution of GPRS networks into EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) networks, achieved through the introduction of 8PSK (8 Phase Shift Keying) encoding. While the symbol rate remained constant at 270.833 samples per second, the use of 8PSK allowed each symbol to carry three bits instead of one, significantly increasing data transmission efficiency. Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), also known as Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC), is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology built as an extension to standard GSM. First deployed in 2003 by AT&T in the United States, EDGE offers a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s).[5]

2.875G (EDGE Evolution)

Evolved EDGE (also known as EDGE Evolution or 2.875G) is an enhancement of the EDGE mobile technology that was introduced as a late-stage upgrade to 2G networks. While EDGE was first deployed in the early 2000s as part of GSM networks, Evolved EDGE was launched much later, coinciding with the widespread adoption of 3G technologies such as HSPA and just before the emergence of 4G networks. This timing limited its practical application.

Evolved EDGE increased data throughput and reduced latencies (down to 80 ms) by utilizing improved modulation techniques, dual carrier support, dual antennas, and turbo codes. It achieved peak data rates of up to 1 Mbit/s, significantly enhancing network efficiency for operators that had not yet transitioned to 3G or 4G infrastructures. However, despite its technical improvements, Evolved EDGE was never widely deployed. By the time it became available, most network operators were focused on implementing more advanced technologies like UMTS and LTE. As of 2016, no commercial networks were reported to support Evolved EDGE.

Phase-out

2G, understood as GSM and CdmaOne, has been superseded by newer technologies such as 3G (UMTS / CDMA2000), 4G (LTE / WiMAX) and 5G (5G NR). However, 2G networks were still available in most parts of the world, while notably excluding the majority of carriers in North America, East Asia, and Australasia.[6] [7] [8]

Many modern LTE-enabled devices have the ability to fall back to 2G for phone calls, necessary especially in rural areas where later generations have not yet been implemented.[9] In some places, its successor 3G is being shut down rather than 2G – Vodafone previously announced that it had switched off 3G across Europe in 2020 but still retains 2G as a fallback service.[10] In the US T-Mobile shut down their 3G services while retaining their 2G GSM network.[11] [12]

Various carriers have made announcements that 2G technology in the United States, Japan, Australia, and other countries are in the process of being shut down, or have already shut down 2G services so that carriers can re-use the frequencies for newer technologies (e.g. 4G, 5G).[13] [14]

As a legacy protocol, 2G connectivity is considered insecure.[15] Specifically, there exist well known methods to attack weaknesses in GSM since 2009[16] with practical use in crime.[17] Attack routes on 2G CdmaOne were found later and remain less publicized.[18]

Android 12 and later provide a network setting to disable 2G connectivity for the device.[19] iOS 16 and later can disable 2G connectivity by enabling Lockdown Mode.[20]

Criticism

In some parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, 2G remains widely used for older feature phones and for internet of things (IoT) devices such as smart meters, eCall systems and vehicle trackers to avoid the high patent licensing cost of newer technologies.[21] Terminating 2G services could leave vulnerable people who rely on 2G infrastructure unable to communicate even with emergency contacts, causing harm and possibly deaths.[22]

Past 2G networks

Standard! style=width:35em
Notes
ÅlcomGSM2G availability cannot be guaranteed after 1 Jan 2022, all stations are planned to be shut down in 2024.[23]
AnguillaDigicelGSM900 MHz: 5 MHz GSM + 5 MHz UMTS
1900 MHz: 5 MHz UMTS [24] [25] [26] [27]
FLOW2024-04-22GSM[28] [29]
Antigua and BarbudaAPUA2018-04-01GSM[30]
Digicel2024-05-31GSM[31]
FLOW2024-07-31GSM[32]
Arubapartially
unconfirmed		DigicelGSM[33]
SETARGSMGSM-900 & GSM-1900
AustraliaHutchison 32006-08-09cdmaOne[34] [35] [36] [37] [38]
Optus2017-08-01GSM2G shut down in WA and NT on 3 Apr 2017.[39] [40]
Telstra2008-04-28cdmaOne[41] [42] [43] [44] [45]
Telstra2016-12-01GSM[46]
Vodafone2018-06-14GSM[47]
BahamasAlivN/A
BTC2024-06-30GSM[48] [49] [50]
BahrainBatelco2021-11-30GSM[51]
Barbadospartially
unconfirmed		DigicelGSM900 MHz: 6 MHz GSM /
1800 MHz: 12 MHz GSM [52]
FLOWGSM
BelgiumOrangeGSM[53]
TelenetGSM[54]
ProximusGSM[55]
BermudaDigicelGSM1900 MHz: 15 MHz GSM + 15 MHz LTE [56]
OneGSM1900 MHz: 5 MHz GSM + 20 MHz LTE
partially
unconfirmed		DigicelGSM
FLOWGSM
CCTGSM1900 MHz: 10 MHz GSM + 20 MHz LTE [57]
DigicelGSM1800 MHz: 15 MHz GSM
1900 MHz: 5 MHz GSM + 10 MHz UMTS
FLOW2024-04-22GSM[58]
UNN 2021-06-01GSMNational Wholesale Network used by DSTCom, Progresif and imagine.[59] [60]
CanadaBell2019-04-30cdmaOneShutdown of CDMA transmitters commenced in remote areas in 2017, followed by an official announcement in June 2018 that 2G devices will lose service soon.[61] [62]
Rogers WirelessGSM
850 MHz remains active.[63] [64] [65] [66]
SaskTel2017-07-31cdmaOne[67] [68]
Telus Mobility2017-05-31cdmaOne[69] [70]
Cayman Islandspartially
unconfirmed		Digicel2020-07-01GSM[71] [72]
FLOWGSM
ChinaChina MobileGSM900 MHz: 15 MHz GSM
1800 MHz: 25 MHz GSM [73]
China TelecomcdmaOne
CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service also terminates.[74]
China UnicomGSM[75] [76] [77] [78]
EntelGSM[79]
ColombiaClaro2023-02-23GSM[80] [81]
Tigo2022-11-01GSM[82]
DigicelGSM
FLOW2024-02-29GSM[83] [84]
Dominicapartially
unconfirmed		DigicelGSM
FLOWGSM[85]
FranceBouyguesGSM[86]
OrangeGSM
SFRGSM[87]
GermanyDeutsche TelekomGSM[88]
VodafoneGSM[89]
Telefónica (O2)GSM
GrenadaunconfirmedDigicelGSM
FLOWGSM
GuamunconfirmedGTA TeleguamGSM
Hong Kong32008-11-20cdmaOneShut down due to license expiry. Government originally did not allow the license to be renewed due to unpopularity, however the government later reversed the decision and held an auction for CDMA2000 service, which PCCW-HKT (its mobile business now merged into CSL) won the auction and provided CDMA2000 service immediately after 3's license expiry.
32021-09-30GSM[90]
CMHKGSM1800 MHz only
CSL2005D-AMPSService previously provided by Pacific Link, which subsequently merged into CSL. Shut down due to license expiry. Government did not allow the license to be renewed due to unpopularity.
CSL2017-10-31cdmaOneService previously provided by PCCW-HKT, which merged its mobile business into CSL. No service for local customers, only served incoming roaming tourists.
CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[91]
CSL2024-11-08GSM[92]
SmarTone2022-10-14GSM[93]
IcelandGSMPer government statement.[94]
IsraelHot Mobile2019-12-31iDEN[95]
GSMPer government statement.[96]
JamaicaDigicel2024-08-31GSM[97]
FLOW2024-04-15GSM[98] [99] [100]
Japanau KDDI2012-07-22 cdmaOne[101]
NTT Docomo2012-03-31PDC[102]
Softbank2010-03-31PDC[103]
JordanUmniah2021-03-11GSM[104]
LuxembourgOrangeGSM
CTM2019-08-01GSMService for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.[105] [106] [107]
32019-08-01GSMService for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.
SmarTone2019-08-01GSMService for local customers terminated on 4 Jun 2015, but remained for roaming users.
MexicoAT&T2019-09-01GSM[108]
Local shutdown commenced in Q1 2019.
Movistar2021-01-01GSM[109]
MontserratunconfirmedDigicelGSM
FLOWGSM
NetherlandsT-Mobile2021-06-01 /
2023-11-15 (IoT)		GSM[110]
New CaledoniaOPT-NCGSM[111]
New Zealand2degrees2018-03-15GSM[112]
Spark2012-07-31cdmaOne[113] [114]
NorwayTelenorGSM[115]
TeliaGSM
PanamaDigicel2022-06-30GSMComplete shutdown of operations and market exit.[116] [117] [118] [119]
PeruBitelN/A
PolandOrangeGSM
RomaniaOrangeGSM
Saint Kitts and NevisDigicelGSM
FLOW2024-04-22GSM[120]
Saint Luciapartially
unconfirmed		DigicelGSM
FLOWGSM[121]
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesDigicelGSM
FLOW2023-09-30GSM[122] [123] [124] [125]
SingaporeM12017-04-18GSM[126]
Singtel2017-04-18GSM
StarHub2017-04-18GSM


TelCell2019-01-01GSM[127]
FLOW (UTS)2017-09-26GSM[128]
SlovakiaOrangeGSM
South AfricaGSMPer government statement.[129] [130]
KT2012-03-19cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.[131]
LG Uplus2021-06-30cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A/B (3G) service has also terminated.[132]
SK Telecom2020-07-27cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rel. 0 (3G) service has also terminated.[133]
SpainOrangeGSM
SwedenNet4Mobility (Telenor/Tele2)GSM2G network will be shut down by the end of 2025.[134] [135] [136]
TeliaGSMShutdown pushed back from 2025 to 2027.[137] [138]
SwitzerlandSalt2020-12-31GSMShutdown commenced on 1 Jul 2020. A few single 2G-only sites remained until Sep 2023 to preserve CSFB functionality.[139] [140] [141]
Sunrise2023-01-03GSMWith the introduction of S-RAN in 2018 phaseout was previously postponed to 2022.[142] [143] [144]
Swisscom2021-04-07GSMOfficial shutdown on 31 Dec 2020 (guaranteed availability).[145] [146] [147]
Chunghwa Telecom2017-06-30GSM[148]
FarEasTone2017-06-30GSM
Taiwan Mobile2017-06-30GSM
Trinidad and TobagoDigicelGSM[149] [150] [151]
bmobile (TSTT)GSM850 MHz: 2.5 MHz GSM + 5 MHz UMTS [152] [153]
Turks and Caicos IslandsDigicelGSM900 MHz: 9.8 MHz GSM [154]
FLOW2024-04-22GSM[155]
United Arab EmiratesDu2023-12-31GSM[156]
Etisalat2023-12-31GSM[157]
United KingdomGSMPer government statement on confirmation by mobile providers.[158] [159] [160]
United States
Puerto Rico
AT&T2017-01-01GSM[161]
Cellcom
(US only)		2023-12-01cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[162]
Claro
(PR only)		GSM
Commnet Wireless (Choice)
(US only)		2022-12-31cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[163]
Copper Valley Wireless2022-09-30cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[164]
T-MobileGSM[165] [166]
T-Mobile (Sprint)2022-05-31cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.
Shutdown commenced on 31 Mar 2022.[167] [168] [169] [170]
UScellular
(US only)		2024-01-14cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[171] [172]
Verizon
(US only)		2022-12-31cdmaOneCDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO Rev. A (3G) service has also terminated.[173]
DigitelGSM[174]
MovilnetGSM
MovistarGSM
Gmobile2024-10-16GSMper government regulation[175]
Mobifone2024-10-16GSMper government regulation
VietnamobileN/A
Viettel2024-10-16GSMper government regulation
Vinaphone2024-10-16GSMper government regulation

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Radiolinja's History . 2004-04-20 . 2009-12-23 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061023212724/http://www.elisa.com/english/index.cfm?t=6 . 2006-10-23 .
  2. Web site: 2G Sunset Brings Faster Speeds, Newer Technologies . 16 January 2017 . 27 January 2023 .
  3. Web site: What is Second and a Half Generation (2.5G) . IGI Global . 2019-10-06 . 2019-10-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191006162125/https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/security-mobile-systems/26010 . live.
  4. Web site: GPRS & EDGE . 3gpp.org . 2019-08-17 . 2020-04-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200417193611/https://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/102-gprs-edge . live.
  5. Web site: GPRS & EDGE . 3gpp.org . 2019-08-17 . 2020-04-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200417193611/https://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/102-gprs-edge . live.
  6. Web site: Germany's rural 4G users still spend one-fourth of their time on 3G and 2G networks . Opensignal . 2019-06-13 . 2019-10-06.
  7. Web site: T-Mobile Poland expects to keep 2G for five-to-six years . TeleGeography . 2019-07-17 . 2019-10-06 . 2019-10-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191006162125/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2019/06/17/t-mobile-poland-expects-to-keep-2g-for-five-to-six-years/index.html . live.
  8. Web site: 2G phase-out – modernisation of the Swisscom mobile network . Swisscom . 2019-10-06 . 2020-04-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200406193609/https://www.swisscom.ch/en/about/company/portrait/network/2g-phase-out.html . dead.
  9. Web site: SUNSET ON 2G/3G MOBILE NETWORKS? NOT EXACTLY... . CSL Group . 2023-10-16.
  10. Web site: Sod 3G, that can go, but don't rush to turn off 2G, UK still needs it – report . Kat . Hall . The Register . 2023-10-16 . 2020-09-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200926151011/https://www.theregister.com/2019/10/18/dont_switch_off_2g_report/ . live.
  11. Web site: T-Mobile Network Evolution . T-Mobile US . 2022-06-19 . 2021-10-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211021002204/https://www.t-mobile.com/support/coverage/t-mobile-network-evolution . live.
  12. Web site: T-Mobile US to shut down 3G network on 1 July 2022 . TeleGeography . 2021-09-17 . 2021-09-18 . 2022-04-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220414193658/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/09/17/t-mobile-us-to-shut-down-3g-network-on-1-july-2022/ . live.
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  14. Web site: The status of the 2G/3G network sunset . nae_ global . 2019-07-31 . 2019-12-11 . 2019-12-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191211030308/https://nae.global/en/the-status-of-the-2g-3g-network-sunset/ . live.
  15. Web site: Your Phone Is Vulnerable Because of 2G, But it Doesn't Have to Be . Electronic Frontier Foundation . 2020-06-29 . Cooper Quintin and Andrés Arrieta . https://web.archive.org/web/20240416183448/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/06/your-phone-vulnerable-because-2g-it-doesnt-have-be . 2024-04-16 . live.
  16. Web site: The GSM encryption algorithm was broken . GSMArena . 2023-10-16 . 2023-05-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230505050751/https://www.gsmarena.com/the_gsm_encryption_algorithm_was_broken-news-1347.php . live.
  17. Web site: China Arrests 1,500 People for Sending Spam Text Messages from Fake Mobile Base Stations . Russon . Mary-Ann . International Business Times UK . 2014-03-27 . 2023-10-16.
  18. Side-Channel Analysis for the Authentication Protocols of CDMA Cellular Networks . Journal of Computer Science and Technology . Zhang . Chi . Liu . Jun-Rong . Gu . Da-Wu . Wang . Wei-Jia . Lu . Xiang-Jun . Guo . Zheng . Lu . Hai-Ning . 34 . 5 . 1079–1095 . 10.1007/s11390-019-1961-5 . 2019-09-01 . 203640029.
  19. Web site: EFF praises Android's new 2G kill switch, wants Apple to follow suit . Ars Technica . Amadeo . Ron . 2022-01-14 . 2022-01-14.
  20. Web site: About Lockdown Mode . Apple . 2024-06-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240620022230/https://support.apple.com/en-us/105120 . 2024-06-20 . live.
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  22. Web site: Millions Will Lose Out When Government Kills 2G . Simon . Rockman . Forbes . 2023-10-16 . 2020-11-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201130234529/https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonrockman1/2019/08/01/millions-will-lose-out-when-government-kills-2g/ . live.
  23. Web site: Frågor och svar (FAQ). 2G . Ålcom . 2023-07-12 . sv . https://web.archive.org/web/20230712082632/https://www.alcom.ax/privat/kundservice/info/fragor-och-svar-faq/2g . 2023-07-12 . live.
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  27. Web site: Agreement Between The Administrations Of Anguilla, France, Sint Maarten And The State Of Netherlands For Saba And St. Eustatius Concerning The Spectrum Coordination Of Land Mobile Radiocommunication Networks In The Frequency Range 698 MHz to 3800 MHz . Agence Nationale Des Frèquences (ANFR) . 2023-03-01 . 2024-09-15 . 2024-09-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240915125539/https://www.anfr.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/Agreement_AIA-F-SXM-HOL_BES.pdf . live.
  28. Web site: License and Frequency Authorisations - Flow . Public Utilities Commission Anguilla . 2014 . 2024-09-08 . 2024-06-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615224736/https://pucanguilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/FlowContract-2014.pdf . live.
  29. Web site: We're saying goodbye to our 2G mobile network . Flow Anguilla . 2024-04-17 . 2024-09-10 . 2024-09-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240910001941/https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https://www.facebook.com/FlowAnguilla/posts/pfbid02tzAgbe4DqSHZNMAskTNGkqMtXhwGSJGWbC3fHqNao3z4h2H9gCk3ez9qZ1eAswzil . live.
  30. Web site: APUA Seeks Portion of Premium Spectrum . Antigua Public Utilities Authority . 2019-06-13 . 2024-09-08 . 2024-09-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240908202207/http://www.apua.ag/apua-seeks-portion-of-premium-spectrum/ . live.
  31. Web site: Digicel Antigua to say good-bye to 2G this month . Loop Caribbean News by Digicel . 2024-05-23 . 2024-09-08.
  32. Web site: FLOW to retire 2G networks, shutdown in phased manner . Associates Times LLC . 2024-06-07 . 2024-09-08.
  33. Web site: Digicel Network Upgrade . Digicel Aruba . 2023-12-12 . 2024-09-14.
  34. Web site: Hutchison to upgrade Orange network . TeleGeography . 2004-01-26 . 2016-12-23.
  35. Web site: Telstra fails to prise Orange from Hutch as 3G network share talks fail . TeleGeography . 2004-04-20 . 2016-12-23 . 2016-12-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161223133903/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2004/04/20/telstra-fails-to-prise-orange-from-hutch-as-3g-network-share-talks-fail/ . live.
  36. Web site: Hutch to push 2G users to 3G and close Orange network . TeleGeography . 2006-02-01 . 2016-12-23 . 2016-12-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161223133351/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/02/01/hutch-to-push-2g-users-to-3g-and-close-orange-network/ . live.
  37. Web site: Hutch to shut down CDMA network in August . TeleGeography . 2006-05-10 . 2014-07-26 . 2016-12-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161221093023/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/05/10/hutch-to-shut-down-cdma-network-in-august/ . live.
  38. Web site: 2G network closure increases Hutch Australia revenues and losses . TeleGeography . 2006-08-23 . 2016-12-23 . 2016-12-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161223133555/https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/08/23/2g-network-closure-increases-hutch-australia-revenues-and-losses/ . live.
  39. Web site: Optus to shutter GSM network in April 2017 . TeleGeography . 2015-08-05 . 2021-01-23 . 2021-01-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210119064325/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2015/08/05/optus-to-shutter-gsm-network-in-april-2017/ . live.
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  96. Web site: Ministry orders shutdown of Israeli 2G, 3G networks by 2025 . TeleGeography . 2021-07-02 . 2022-06-06 . 2022-08-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220812141829/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2021/07/02/ministry-orders-shutdown-of-israeli-2g-3g-networks-by-2025/ . live.
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  105. Web site: Macau mobile users reach 1.56m in 3Q13; 2G users number less than 5,000 as switch off looms . TeleGeography . 2013-10-29 . 2021-01-23 . 2021-01-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210130005510/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2013/10/29/macau-mobile-users-reach-1-56m-in-3q13-2g-users-number-less-than-5000-as-switch-off-looms/ . live.
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  139. Web site: Salt und Swisscom besiegeln das Aus für Uralt-Handys – 2020 wird das 2G-Netz abgeschaltet . watson . de . 2017-04-07 . 2021-01-23 . 2021-01-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210129071125/https://www.watson.ch/digital/schweiz/853324977-das-aus-fuer-uralt-handys-kommt-2020-wird-das-2g-netz-abgeschaltet . live.
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  149. Web site: Digicel to decommission 2G network . Loop News by Digicel . 2023-11-10 . 2023-11-10.
  150. Web site: Digicel to shut down Trinidadian 2G network on 31 March 2024 . TeleGeography . 2023-11-13 . 2023-11-18 . 2023-11-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231118200523/https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2023/11/13/digicel-to-shut-down-trinidadian-2g-network-on-31-march-2024/ . live.
  151. Web site: Network - Frequently Asked Questions - Why are we decommissioning 2G services on our Network? What are the benefits to the customers? . Digicel Trinidad and Tobago . 2024-03-31 . 2023-11-09.
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